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41-406: Rolfing is typically delivered as a series of ten hands-on physical manipulation sessions sometimes called "the recipe". Practitioners combine superficial and deep manual therapy with movement prompts. The process is sometimes painful. The safety of Rolfing has not been confirmed. The principles of Rolfing contradict established medical knowledge, and there is no good evidence Rolfing is effective for

82-609: A pseudoscience , and its practice has been characterized as quackery. Writing for Science-Based Medicine , lawyer Jann Bellamy writes that in the United States of America the public is inadequately protected from bodywork practices such as Rolfing because of the lack of independent oversight; instead regulation is carried out within a "closed loop" system by such bodies as the National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork . In 2015

123-624: A chronological listing of specific accomplishments in the fight against cancer in which the ACS had a hand, including the funding of various scientists who went on to discover life-saving cancer treatments, and advocating for increased use of preventative techniques. The organization also runs public health advertising campaigns , and organizes projects such as the Relay For Life and the Great American Smokeout . It operates

164-489: A healthy dietary pattern similar to the Mediterranean diet that consists mostly of plant-based foods (fruits, legumes, vegetables and whole grains) that are high in dietary fibre with fish and poultry whilst avoiding or limiting intake of red and processed meats to reduce cancer risk. The ACS also recommends people to avoid or limit sugar-sweetened beverages , highly processed foods and refined grains. In 2020,

205-564: A monthly bulletin with information about cancer. They began recruiting doctors from all over the United States to help educate the public about cancer. In 1936, Marjorie Illig, an ASCC field representative, suggested the creation of a network consisting of new volunteers for the purpose of waging "war on cancer". From 1935 to 1938 the number of people involved in cancer control in the US grew from 15,000 to 150,000. According to Working to Give,

246-416: A more confident person. The connection between physical structure and psychology has not been proven by scientific studies. Rolfing is typically performed in ten sessions, sometimes called "the recipe", which claim to reorganize the body's connective tissues. The first three sessions focus on superficial tissues, the next four focus on deeper tissues and specifically the pelvis, and the final sessions address

287-641: A nonreligious charitable organization, in its Relay For Life "National Team" program. As of November 2020 , using data from 2019, the Charity Navigator gave the American Cancer Society a score of 80.88, earning it a 3-Star rating, with the finance category being scored as 73.13 (2-Star) and the Accountability & Transparency category being scored as 97.00 (4-Star). As of last check on Jan 2024, using real time data,

328-566: A number of ideas from other areas including osteopathic manipulation , cranial osteopathy , hatha yoga , and the general semantics of Alfred Korzybski . In 1971 she founded the Rolf Institute of Structural Integration. The school has been based in Boulder, Colorado, since 1972, and as of 2010 included five institutes worldwide. Since Rolf's death, the field of Structural Integration has branched into various schools. Of these schools,

369-605: A series of thrift stores to raise money for its operations. The ACS participates in the Hopkins 4K for Cancer, a 4000-mile bike ride from Baltimore to San Francisco to raise money for the society's Hope Lodge. The society's allocation of funds for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2019, lists 79% of funds for Program Services (Patient Support 36%, Research 19%, Prevention 14%, Detection and Treatment 10%). The remaining 21% are allocated for supporting services (Fundraising 17%, and Management, General administration 4%). This meets

410-534: A structured profession), such as bonesetters also provide some forms of manual therapy. A survey released in May 2004 by the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health focused on who used complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), what was used, and why it was used in the United States by adults during 2002. Massage was the fifth most commonly use CAM in the United States in 2007. From

451-410: A type of massage . Some osteopaths were influenced by Rolf, and some of her students became teachers of massage, including one of the founders of myofascial release . Rolf claimed to have found an association between emotions and the soft tissue, writing "although rolfing is not primarily a psychotherapeutic approach to the problems of humans", it does constitute an "approach to the personality through

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492-453: Is a feature of therapeutic interactions in traditional cultures around the world. Due to the wide range of issues with various parts of the body and different techniques used, as well as a lack of modeling behavior, it can be difficult to tell just how effective manual therapy can be for a patient. Results for migraines, headaches, and asthma are mixed due to a lack of clinical trials, though at least one article states that manual therapy

533-509: Is a treatment primarily used by physical therapists and occupational therapists to treat musculoskeletal pain and disability. It mostly includes kneading and manipulation of muscles, joint mobilization and joint manipulation . It is also used by Rolfers , massage therapists , athletic trainers , osteopaths , and physicians . Irvin Korr, J. S. Denslow and colleagues did the original body of research on manual therapy. Korr described it as

574-517: Is effective for asthma. Manual therapy was shown to be effective for treating back pain, with trigger point therapy being used for myofascial pain, and manual manipulation for lower back pain. American Cancer Society The American Cancer Society ( ACS ) is a nationwide non-profit organization dedicated to eliminating cancer . Established in 1913, the society is organized into six geographical regions of both medical and lay volunteers operating in more than 250 Regional offices throughout

615-606: The Australian Government's Department of Health published a review of 17 alternative therapies, including Rolfing, which concluded no clear evidence of effectiveness was found. Accordingly, in 2017, the Australian government named Rolfing as a practice that would not qualify for insurance subsidy, to ensure the best use of insurance funds. Proponents of Rolfing claim it can be used to alleviate pain. However, Rolfing's focus on appropriate "alignment" of structures of

656-696: The Better Business Bureau's Standards for Charity Accountability: Standard 8 (Program Service Expense Ratio) of at least 65% of total expenses spent on program activities. In 2020, the American Cancer Society launched Gamers Vs Cancer, a series of charity online streams that feature professional gaming live streamers. The ACS continues to sponsor many pledge-based activities such as the American Cancer Society Pennsylvania Perimeter Ride Against Cancer. The ACS recommends

697-574: The "Application of an accurately determined and specifically directed manual force to the body, in order to improve mobility in areas that are restricted; in joints, in connective tissues or in skeletal muscles." According to the Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapy Description of Advanced Specialty Practice manual therapy is defined as a clinical approach utilizing specific hands-on techniques, including but not limited to manipulation/mobilization, used by

738-527: The "chiropractic adjustment" in the profession) as "Procedures by which the hands directly contact the body to treat the articulations and/or soft tissues." In Pakistan , Western Europe , North America and Australasia , manual therapy is usually practiced by members of specific health care professions (e.g. Chiropractors , Occupational Therapists, Osteopaths , Osteopathic physicians , Physiotherapists /Physical Therapists, Massage Therapists and Physiatrists ). However, some lay practitioners (not members of

779-589: The 1940s with the premise that the human structure could be organized "in relation to gravity". She developed structural integration with one of her sons and by the 1950s she was teaching her work across the United States. In the mid-1960s she began teaching at Esalen Institute , where she gathered a loyal following of students and practitioners. Esalen was the epicenter of the Human Potential Movement , allowing Rolf to exchange ideas with many of their leaders, including Fritz Perls . Rolf incorporated

820-482: The ACS in their "Diet and Physical Activity Guideline", stated "evidence that red and processed meats increase cancer risk has existed for decades, and many health organizations recommend limiting or avoiding these foods." In 1994, The Chronicle of Philanthropy , a nonprofit industry publication, released the results of the largest study of charitable and non-profit organization popularity and credibility, conducted by Nye Lavalle & Associates. The study showed that

861-457: The American Cancer Society was ranked as the tenth "most popular charity/non-profit in America" of over 100 charities researched, with 38% of Americans over the age of 12 choosing "love" and "like a lot" for the ACS. As of January 2012 , the Better Business Bureau listed American Cancer Society as an accredited charity meeting all of its Standards for Charity Accountability. In 1995,

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902-455: The Arizona chapter of the American Cancer Society was targeted for its extremely high overhead. Two economists, James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo , issued a report analyzing the chapter's financial statements and demonstrating that the Arizona chapter used about 95% of its donations for paying salaries and other overhead costs, resulting in a 22 to 1 ratio of overhead to actual money spent on

943-614: The International Association of Structural Integration, which has certified practitioners by exam since 2007. In some states such as New Hampshire and Nevada, there is a separate license for SI. Internationally, some countries have a Board of Health that regulates bodywork while others don't. Four Canadian provinces require licensure for bodywork practitioners. Switzerland has separate licensure for complementary therapies including Structural Integration. Manual therapy Manual therapy , or manipulative therapy ,

984-544: The Rolf Institute is the only one with the use of the trademarked terms "Rolfing" and "Certified Rolfer". Other programs of Structural Integration certify "Practitioners of the Rolf Method of Structural Integration" including the Guild for Structural Integration, Hellerwork Structural Integration, Aston Patterning, SOMA, KMI, and a dozen other Structural Integration programs. A professional membership organization exists called

1025-674: The United States. Its global headquarters is located in the American Cancer Society Center in Atlanta, Georgia . The ACS publishes the journals Cancer , CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians and Cancer Cytopathology . The society was founded on May 22, 1913, by ten physicians and five businessmen in New York City under the name "American Society for the Control of Cancer" (ASCC). The current name

1066-523: The Women's Field Army, a group of volunteers working for the ASCC, was primarily responsible for this increase. The sword symbol, adopted by the American Cancer Society in 1928, was designed by George E. Durant of Brooklyn , New York . According to Durant, the two serpents forming the handle represent the scientific and medical focus of the society's mission, and the blade expresses the "crusading spirit of

1107-524: The area and slow healing. Elastic taping methods may relieve pressure from swollen tissue and enhance circulation to the injured area. According to the medical and skeptical community there is no known benefit from this technique and it is a pseudoscience . There are many different styles of manual therapy. It is a fundamental feature of ayurvedic medicine, traditional Chinese medicine and some forms of alternative medicine as well as being used by mainstream medical practitioners. Hands-on bodywork

1148-407: The body as organized around an axis perpendicular to the earth, pulled downward by gravity, and she believed the function of the body was optimal when it was aligned with that pull. In her view, gravity tends to shorten fascia , leading to disorder of the body's arrangement around its axis and creating imbalance, inefficiency in movement, and pain. Rolfers aim to lengthen the fascia in order to restore

1189-734: The body does not reflect modern science about pain. The American Cancer Society says the deep soft tissue manipulations such as those used in Rolfing are a concern if practiced on people with cancer near tumor sites. In 2010 The New York Times reported that Rolfing was enjoying a "resurgence" following an endorsement from Mehmet Oz on The Oprah Winfrey Show . In 2019 a taxonomy of "internet scams" identified Rolfing as having been used for deceptive claims about alleviating gastrointestinal problems by "restructuring" muscle tissue. Ida Rolf began working on clients in New York City in

1230-423: The body's arrangement around its axis and facilitate improved movement. Rolf also discussed this in terms of " energy " and said: Rolfers make a life study of relating bodies and their fields to the earth and its gravity field, and we so organize the body that the gravity field can reinforce the body's energy field. This is our primary concept. The manipulation is sometimes referred to as a type of bodywork , or as

1271-496: The cancer control movement". In 1972, Offie Wortham, unaffiliated with ASCC and acting as a private citizen, suggested to the Philadelphia Chapter the creation of a button which said, "HELP! Your smoking is hazardous to my health." Initially, 50,000 buttons were produced, the first evidence of a campaign against secondary smoke. In 1973 the tobacco industry agreed not to advertise on billboards and in cinemas, and

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1312-450: The cause. The report also asserted that the Arizona chapter's annual report had grossly misrepresented the amount of money spent on patient services, inflating it by more than a factor of 10. The American Cancer Society responded by alleging that the economists issuing the report were working for a group funded by the tobacco industry. For the 2009–2010 fiscal year, then-CEO John R. Seffrin received $ 2,401,112 salary and compensation from

1353-428: The charity. At that time, this was the second most money given to the head of a charity, according to CharityWatch . The money included $ 1.5 million in a retention benefit approved in 2001, "to preserve management stability". Seffrin's compensation for the fiscal year ending August 31, 2012, was $ 832,355. The American Cancer Society was criticized in 2011 for turning down participation from Foundation Beyond Belief ,

1394-481: The first health warnings were displayed on cigarette packages in 1974. In 2012, the American Cancer Society raised $ 934 million and spent $ 943 million. This prompted a national consolidation and cost-cutting reorganization in 2013. It centralized its operations and consolidated, merging previous regional affiliates into the parent organization. It also required all employees to reapply for their jobs. In February 2021, Tennessee-based advertising agency Tombras Group

1435-416: The main article's effectiveness section: Manual therapy practitioners often use therapeutic taping to relieve pressure on injured soft tissue, alter muscle firing patterns or prevent re-injury. Some techniques are designed to enhance lymphatic fluid exchange. After a soft tissue injury to muscles or tendons from sports activities, over exertion or repetitive strain injury swelling may impede blood flow to

1476-551: The myofascial collagen components of the physical body". She claimed Rolfing could balance the mental and emotional aspects of subjects, and that "the amazing psychological changes that appeared in Rolfed individuals were completely unexpected". Rolfers suggest their manipulations can cause the release of painful repressed memories. Rolfers also hold that by manipulating the body they can bring about changes in personality; for example, teaching somebody to walk with confidence will make them

1517-441: The physical therapist to diagnose and treat soft tissues and joint structures for the purpose of modulating pain; increasing range of motion (ROM); reducing or eliminating soft tissue inflammation; inducing relaxation; improving contractile and non-contractile tissue repair, extensibility, and/or stability; facilitating movement; and improving function. A consensus study of US chiropractors defined manual therapy (generally known as

1558-490: The treatment of any health condition. Professor of Complementary Medicine, Edzard Ernst , offered this definition: "Rolfing is a system of bodywork invented by Ida Pauline Rolf (1896–1979) employing deep manipulation of the body's soft tissue allegedly to realign and balance the body's myofascial structures." Rolfing is based on the unproven belief that such alignment results in improved movement, breathing, pain reduction, stress reduction, and emotional changes. Rolf described

1599-411: The whole body. A session typically lasts between 60 and 90 minutes. The recipient wears undergarments and moves between the positions of lying on a table, sitting, and standing. Rolfing treatments can be painful and cause soreness. Because of its dependence on vitalistic concepts and its unevidenced propositions about the connection between physical manipulation and psychology, Rolfing is classified as

1640-602: Was adopted in 1944. At the time of founding, it was not considered appropriate to mention the word "cancer" in public and information concerning this illness was cloaked in a climate of fear and denial. The top item on the founders' agenda was to raise awareness of cancer, before any other progress could be made in funding research. Therefore, a frenetic writing campaign was undertaken to educate doctors, nurses, patients and family members about cancer. Articles were written for popular magazines and professional journals. The ASCC undertook to publish their own journal, Campaign Notes ,

1681-669: Was named the Society's agency of record. Karen E. Knudsen was named the chief executive officer in 2021. She is the first woman to lead the organization as CEO. The ACS' activities include providing grants to researchers, including funding 49 Nobel Laureate researchers; discovering the link between smoking and cancer; and serving one million callers every year through its National Cancer Information Center. The Nobel Prize laureates include James D. Watson , Mario Capecchi , Oliver Smithies , Paul Berg , E. Donnall Thomas , and Walter Gilbert . The American Cancer Society's website contained

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