167-551: Rolla is an Italian surname and also a diminutive for the Toyota Corolla . Rolla may refer to: Italian people Italians ( Italian : italiani , pronounced [itaˈljaːni] ) are an ethnic group native to the Italian geographical region . Italians share a common culture , history , ancestry and language . Their predecessors differ regionally, but generally include native populations such as
334-709: A worldwide famous cuisine . Due to comparatively late national unification, and the historical autonomy of the regions that comprise the Italian peninsula, many traditions and customs of the Italians can be identified by their regions of origin. Despite the political and social isolation of these regions, Italy's contributions to the cultural and historical heritage of the Western world remain immense. Famous elements of Italian culture are its opera and music, its iconic gastronomy and food, which are commonly regarded as amongst
501-581: A Napoleonic sister republic of Revolutionary France , took place, on the basis of the events following the French Revolution (1789–1799) which, among its ideals, advocated the national self-determination . This event is celebrated by the Tricolour Day . The Italian national colours appeared for the first time on a tricolour cockade in 1789, anticipating by seven years the first green, white and red Italian military war flag , which
668-528: A Piedmontese immigrant. Crosa arrived in Uruguay in 1765 where he set up a farm and later, on the same plot, he opened a grocery store called "El Penareul". Due to the customs of the time it was common for the immigrants' country of origin to appear in the registry documents, thus Crosa began to appear as Crosa Pinerolo, later Spanishized as Crosa Peñarol. The area in which he had settled was renamed Villa Peñarol ; Crosa died in 1790. Another theory states that
835-417: A Uruguay at that time without industrial development, with extensive farming but little agricultural exploitation. Around the year 1842 it was estimated that the colony consisted of 7,945 Italians, with a prevalence of Lombards, dedicated to agriculture or domestic services, and also counting on the presence of Genoese sailors who dealt with the trade of Italian goods. Around the year 1843, Italians were 25% of
1002-523: A census of industry in Montevideo was carried out, indicating that of the 2,355 industries registered in the department, 45.5%, or 1,072 establishments, many of them modest artisan offices, were owned by Italians. Although no national censuses were carried out in the last 20 years of the 19th century, data on Italians in Montevideo were collected. In 1884 they were 32,829 (20% of the total population), and in 1889 they were 46,991 (22%). Starting in 1890,
1169-528: A certain number of Italian Jews came to Uruguay, feeling rejected in their mother country by the anti-Semitic racial laws . Alfredo Baldomir Ferrari — of Italian origin — was president of Uruguay from 1938 to 1943. At the beginning of the World War II, Uruguay — hitherto neutral — broke off diplomatic, commercial and financial relations with Italy and with Axis countries in January 1942, shortly after
1336-428: A considerable Italian immigration between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. There is a ritual that accompanies lunch with gnocchi, namely putting money under the plate which symbolizes the desire for new gifts. It is also customary to leave a banknote or coin under the plate to attract luck and prosperity to the dinner. The tradition of serving gnocchi on the 29th of each month stems from
1503-755: A dessert originally from Italy but which has become popular in Uruguay, also arrived in Uruguay. At the beginning of the 1900s, the marketing of gelato also began; one of the first gelato shops was the Heladería Napolitana, located in front of the Plaza Independencia in Montevideo . In 1938, the Salvino Soleri family arrived in Montevideo and opened Los Trovadores, an artisanal gelato shop that stood out for its gelato with flavors such as zabaione and melon. Subsequently,
1670-968: A half million are in Switzerland , as well as in France , the entire population of San Marino . In addition, there are also clusters of Italian speakers in the former Yugoslavia , primarily in Istria , located between in modern Croatia and Slovenia (see: Istrian Italians ), and Dalmatia , located in present-day Croatia and Montenegro (see: Dalmatian Italians ). Due to the wide-ranging diaspora following Italian unification in 1861, World War I and World War II , (with over 5 million Italian citizens that live outside of Italy) over 80 million people abroad claim full or partial Italian ancestry. This includes about 60% of Argentina 's population ( Italian Argentines ), 1/3 of Uruguayans ( Italian Uruguayans ), 15% of Brazilians ( Italian Brazilians ,
1837-549: A higher level of education than in the first wave of migration and in comparison spoke a more formal Italian, being able to differentiate it from Spanish and avoiding linguistic mixtures. Besides speaking their regional dialects, they had some knowledge of standard Italian. This is the case with the Waldenses, who spoke patois, French and, to a lesser extent, Italian. This was related to the situation in Italy, where standard Italian
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#17327729553502004-693: A key role in ushering the Age of Discovery and the European colonization of the Americas. The most notable among them were: Christopher Columbus (Italian: Cristoforo Colombo [kriˈstɔːforo koˈlombo] ), colonist in the name of Spain, who is credited with discovering the New World and the opening of the Americas for conquest and settlement by Europeans; John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto [dʒoˈvanni kaˈbɔːto] ), sailing for England, who
2171-475: A large part of the migratory flow of Italians towards Argentina. In the period from 1880 to 1916, 153,554 immigrants arrived in the South American country, of whom 66,992 (43.63%) were Italians and 62,466 (40.68%) were Spanish. With the Italian entry into World War I , the migratory flow decreased and some Italians residing in Uruguay also enlisted. On 11 November 1918, Uruguay celebrated the signing of
2338-508: A legend based on the story of Saint Pantaleon , a young doctor from Nicomedia who, after converting to Christianity, made a pilgrimage through northern Italy. There, Pantaleon practiced miraculous cures for which he was canonized. According to legend, on one occasion when he asked Venetian peasants for bread, they invited him to share their poor table. In gratitude, Pantaleon announced a year of excellent fishing and excellent harvests. That episode occurred on 29 July, and for this reason that day
2505-586: A lesser extent in the Middle East ( Italians in the United Arab Emirates ). Italians have influenced and contributed to fields like arts and music , science , technology , fashion , cinema , cuisine , restaurants , sports , jurisprudence , banking and business . Furthermore, Italian people are generally known for their attachment to their locale, expressed in the form of either regionalism or municipalism . Hypotheses for
2672-526: A new stage of Italian journalism opened in Uruguay, with publications such as Il Bersagliere — also written in Spanish — which dedicated a large part of its content to the war, above all to the situation on the Italian front in Europe. It was in this period that the first concerns about the future of the Italian press in Uruguay arose. According to the writer Pantaleone Sergi "the drop in the migratory flow and
2839-400: A period of rapid industrialization and urbanization. Their influence can still be seen in various aspects of Uruguayan life, from cuisine and architecture to art and music. Uruguayan culture bears important similarities to Italian culture in terms of language, customs, and traditions. In 1527, Venetian explorer Sebastiano Caboto founded San Lázaro, the first European settlement on
3006-505: A program on Italian current events every fortnight, including shows, sports and interviews. At the end of the 20th century La Voce dei calabresi was broadcast on CX 28 Radio Imparcial and new programs were broadcast such as Buongiorno dall'Italia on Radio Fénix CX40 and Spazio Italia on Radio Sarandí ; there were also radio programs in other Uruguayan cities such as Tacuarembó , Salto and Paysandú . Montevideo radio host Italo Colafranceschi also devoted himself to television, producing
3173-820: A result of invasions by another Germanic tribe, the Lombards . Much of the peninsula was now politically dominated by the Kingdom of the Lombards ; however, remnants of Byzantine control remained, especially in Southern Italy , where the Byzantine Empire retained control into the 11th century until the Norman conquest of Southern Italy . In addition to the Normans , Arabs conquered parts of Southern Italy in
3340-421: A sandwich with fillet meat, ham and spread with butter. Later other ingredients such as lettuce, tomato and eggs would be added. Since then the dish began to gain more and more popularity. During World War I , Genoese fishermen introduced ciuppin , a fish and shellfish soup that was eaten on boats, into Uruguay. Fishermen also brought the recipe to other parts of the world such as California , where it adopted
3507-763: Is Marco Polo , explorer of the 13th century, who recorded his 24 years-long travels in the Book of the Marvels of the World , introducing Europeans to Central Asia and China. The country boasts several world-famous cities. Rome was the ancient capital of the Roman Empire, seat of the Pope of the Catholic Church, capital of reunified Italy and artistic, cultural and cinematographic centre of world relevance. Florence
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#17327729553503674-547: Is considered the "father of the Italian flag". After the Battle of Waterloo , the reaction set in with the Congress of Vienna allowed the restoration of many of the old rulers and systems under Austrian domination. The concept of nationalism continued strong, however, and sporadic outbreaks led by such inveterate reformers as Giuseppe Mazzini occurred in several parts of the peninsula down to 1848–49. In this context, in 1847,
3841-540: Is remembered with a simple meal represented by gnocchi. A typical creation of Italian-Uruguayan cuisine is cappelletti with Caruso sauce , a dish that originated in a well-known pasta restaurant called Mario y Alberto . In 1954, to accompany the cappelletti, the Piedmontese chef Raimondo Monti combined cream, cooked ham, mushrooms sautéed in lard and a spoonful of meat extract to create the Caruso sauce, in honor of
4008-451: Is the chivito , a sandwich with beef tenderloin and other ingredients that is accompanied by french fries . The chivito was born in 1946 in a restaurant in Punta del Este called El Mejillón when an Argentine woman asked for a plate of goat meat and, given the lack of this type of meat, the owner and chef of the restaurant Antonio Carbonaro - of Calabrian parents from Siderno - made
4175-474: Is unknown the number of Italian immigrants residing in Paysandú Department and Río Negro Department in the year 1860. Canelones Department , San José Department , Florida Department , Durazno Department and Lavalleja Department . Tacuarembó Department , Rivera Department , Cerro Largo Department , Treinta y Tres Department , Rocha Department and Maldonado Department . In
4342-637: The Baroque , Neoclassicism , the Risorgimento , Fascism , and European integration . Italy also became a seat of great formal learning in 1088 with the establishment of the University of Bologna , the oldest university in continuous operation , and the first university in the sense of a higher-learning and degree-awarding institute, as the word universitas was coined at its foundation. Many other Italian universities soon followed. For example,
4509-1013: The Etruscans , the Rhaetians , the Ligurians , the Adriatic Veneti , and the Italic peoples , including the Latins , from which the Romans emerged and helped create and evolve the modern Italian identity. Foreign influences include the ancient Greeks in Magna Graecia , and the Phoenicians , who had a presence in Sicily and Sardinia , the Celts , who settled in parts of the north,
4676-568: The Germanics and the Slavs. Legally, Italian nationals are citizens of Italy , regardless of ancestry or nation of residence (in effect, however, Italian nationality is largely based on jus sanguinis ) and may be distinguished from ethnic Italians in general or from people of Italian descent without Italian citizenship and ethnic Italians living in territories adjacent to the Italian peninsula without Italian citizenship. The Latin equivalent of
4843-512: The Italian Renaissance to which then, at the beginning of the 20th, some Italian modernist architectural motifs were added. It was not just a question of transplanted Italian models, but from them the techniques were adapted to the new territory. The buildings of the time maintained an aesthetic harmony in every neighborhood and at the same time each architectural work kept its own characteristics, paying particular attention to
5010-452: The Italian diaspora , or Italian-born people in Uruguay. Outside of Italy, Uruguay has one of the highest percentages of people of Italian descent in the world. It is estimated that approximately 44% of the total population of Uruguay—around 1,500,000 people—are of Italian ancestry. Furthermore, as of recent estimates, there are around 90,000 Italian citizens residing in Uruguay. Italian emigrants began to arrive in Uruguay in large numbers in
5177-496: The Italian language , began to spread throughout the Uruguayan territory. The integration of these immigrants into Uruguayan social life was facilitated by their linguistic proximity to the Spanish language. The preservation of Italian as a mother tongue, over time, has depended on various factors such as age, family composition, cultural level, type of work performed, ties with the mother country or traditions. Since independence,
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5344-579: The Italy national football team and was world champion at the 1938 FIFA World Cup , also being included in the All-Star Team for the competition . Andreolo's was the only case of a football player born in Uruguay and world champion with a national team other than that of Uruguay. The phenomenon of Italian institutions was born in the 19th century, developing above all during the 1880s. In 1918, in Montevideo alone, there were 26 Italian associations,
5511-470: The Kingdom of Sicily . From the 11th century on, Italian cities began to grow rapidly in independence and importance. They became centres of political life, banking , and foreign trade. Some became wealthy, and many, including Florence , Rome , Genoa , Milan , Pisa , Siena and Venice , grew into nearly independent city-states and maritime republics . Each had its own foreign policy and political life. They all resisted, with varying degrees of success,
5678-451: The Nation through emblems , metaphors , personifications , allegories , which are shared by the entire Italian people. Some of them are official, i.e. they are recognized by the Italian state authorities, while others are part of the identity of the country without being defined by law. Traditions of Italy are sets of traditions , beliefs , values , and customs that belongs within
5845-698: The Ostrogoths . Theodoric and Odoacer ruled jointly until 493, when Theodoric murdered Odoacer. Theodoric continued to rule Italy with an army of Ostrogoths and a government that was mostly Italian. After the death of Theodoric in 526, the kingdom began to grow weak. By 553, emperor Justinian I expelled the Ostrogoths, and Italy was included into the Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty . Byzantine rule in much of Italy collapsed by 572 as
6012-528: The Papal States in central Italy. The Lombards remained a threat to papal power, however, until they were crushed by Charlemagne in 774. Charlemagne added the Kingdom of the Lombards to his vast realm. In recognition of Charlemagne's power, and to cement the church's alliance with him, Charlemagne was crowned emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III in 800. After Charlemagne's death in 814, his son Louis
6179-586: The Praetorian prefecture of Italy ( praefectura praetoria Italiae ), and was subdivided into two dioceses. Diocesis Italia annonaria (Italy of the annona , governed from Milan) and Diocesis Italia Suburbicaria (Italy "under the government of the urbs ", i.e. governed from Rome). Christianity became the Roman state religion in AD 380, under Emperor Theodosius I . The last Western emperor, Romulus Augustulus ,
6346-598: The Río de la Plata . The first Italians arrived in the Spanish colony in the 16th century. These were, mainly, Ligurians from the Republic of Genoa , who worked on transoceanic merchant ships. The first inhabitant of Montevideo was the Genoese Giorgio Borghese (who Hispanicized his name to Jorge Burgues ), who built a stone house on a ranch where he raised cattle before the city was founded. Sailing in
6513-612: The Schola Medica Salernitana , in southern Italy, was the first medical school in Europe. These great centres of learning presaged the Rinascimento : the European Renaissance began in Italy and was fueled throughout Europe by Italian painters, sculptors, architects, scientists, literature masters and music composers. Italy continued its leading cultural role through the Baroque period and into
6680-569: The Uffizi Gallery . The Catholic Church openly condemned the Mafia, and two churches were bombed and an anti-Mafia priest shot dead in Rome. Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino were named as heroes of the last 60 years in 13 November 2006 issue of Time . Italy is considered one of the birthplaces of Western civilization and a cultural superpower . Italian culture is the culture of
6847-418: The attack on Pearl Harbor . The Italian language acquired considerable importance in Uruguay in those years, in 1942, under the presidency of Baldomir Ferrari, and its study became compulsory in high schools. Due to the excess rural population, the lack of employment and the hardships caused by the war, the migratory flow of Italians to Uruguay resumed. In 1952 an agreement on emigration was signed in Rome for
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7014-539: The cioppino name and became part of Italian-American cuisine . In Montevideo it was one of the most popular dishes in the early 20th century and, as in the United States, it was also adapted to local customs, in this case by including corvina and marine catfish . Other Italian foods that became part of Uruguayan cuisine are Lombard busecca , torte fritta , polpette , and Ligurian torta pasqualina . Sweet foods such as pastafrola , panettone and massini,
7181-870: The culture of Italian people. These traditions have influenced life in Italy for centuries, and are still practiced in modern times. Italian traditions are directly connected to Italy's ancestors, which says even more about Italian history . Folklore of Italy refers to the folklore and urban legends of Italy . Within the Italian territory, various peoples have followed one another over time, each of which has left its mark on current culture. Some tales also come from Christianization , especially those concerning demons , which are sometimes recognized by Christian demonology . Italian folklore also includes Italian folk dance , Italian folk music and folk heroes . Women in Italy refers to females who are from (or reside in) Italy . The legal and social status of Italian women has undergone rapid transformations and changes during
7348-559: The dulce de leche . Italian immigration also boosted the production of wine in the country, when small family businesses dedicated to viticulture were established starting in the 20th century. In 1871 the Italian Federico Carrara was successfully producing wine from the Piedmontese Barbera and Nebbiolo vines. Buonaventura Caviglia arrived in Montevideo from Castel Vittorio (Liguria) in 1868 at
7515-704: The four great powers after the victory of the Allies . In the decades following unification, Italy began creating colonies in Africa , and under Benito Mussolini 's fascist regime conquered Ethiopia , founding the Italian Empire in 1936. The population of Italy grew to 45 million in 1940 and the economy, which had been based upon agriculture until that time, started its industrial development, mainly in northern Italy. World War II soon severely damaged Italy and destroyed its colonial power. Between 1945 and 1948,
7682-548: The term Italian had been in use for natives of the geographical region since antiquity. The majority of Italian nationals are native speakers of the country's official language, Italian, a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin , or a variety thereof, that is regional Italian . However, many of them also speak a regional or minority language native to Italy,
7849-877: The " Maxi Trial ", and of the new anti-mafia measures launched by the government. In 1992, two major dynamite attacks killed the judges Giovanni Falcone (23 May in the Capaci bombing ) and Paolo Borsellino (19 July in the Via D'Amelio bombing ). One year later (May–July 1993), tourist spots were attacked, such as the Via dei Georgofili in Florence, Via Palestro in Milan, and the Piazza San Giovanni in Laterano and Via San Teodoro in Rome, leaving 10 dead and 93 injured and causing severe damage to cultural heritage such as
8016-401: The 12% held other jobs. Among the northern Italians the majority were merchants (50%) and farmers (19%), numbers similar to those of central Italy which were mostly farmers (50%), shop assistants (25%) and merchants (21%). In contrast, immigrants from the south were artisans (56%), traders (22%) and farmers (15%). After their arrival at the port of Montevideo at the beginning of the 20th century,
8183-424: The 14th century, and led to an unparalleled flourishing of the arts, literature, music, and science. However, the city-states were often troubled by violent disagreements among their citizens. The most famous division was between the Guelphs and Ghibellines . The Guelphs supported supreme rule by the pope, and the Ghibellines favoured the emperor. City-states often took sides and waged war against each other. During
8350-441: The 1840s and this migratory flow continued until the 1960s. The population of Italian origin, alongside that of the Spaniards , is often regarded as the foundational pillar of modern Uruguayan society. These two groups significantly contributed to the country's economic, social, and cultural development. Italian immigrants played a pivotal role in the growth of Uruguay, particularly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, during
8517-412: The 1880s, from the merger of L'Era italiana and L'Italia Nuova , a newspaper called L'Italia was born, whose journalist was Giovacchino Odicini, for whom an important journalist of the time reported that Odicini wrote «in the same way in language of Cervantes as in that of Boccaccio ». L'Italia became a point of reference for the Italian community in Uruguay. Towards the end of the 19th century,
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#17327729553508684-471: The 1880s, the Italian community in the Florida Department numbered 940, 4.5% of the department's population. The Italian presence was more significant in the city , where towards the end of the century the urban center had a neighborhood called the "Italian quarter" made up mostly of Italian workers. Every third day of the month of July. the city reverences Saint Conus ( San Cono ), a waldensian saint who has dedicated an homonymous chapel , located on
8851-447: The 1940s. L'Italiano , the first Italian-language newspaper in Uruguay, that was published weekly, appeared in 1841 and was founded by the Ligurian Giovanni Battista Cuneo, a pioneer of Italian journalism in South America and the first biographer of Giuseppe Garibaldi . Despite being well received by Italian immigrants, the Cuneo newspaper was last published on 10 September 1842 with number 23, due to lack of funds and collaborators. In
9018-455: The 1960s, when the area began to become urbanised. In mid-1883, the city of Nico Pérez was founded, which counted immigrants from the Italian peninsula among its first inhabitants. Between the years 1879 and 1891 the company of Francisco Piria La Comercial was born, hence the name of the district , where, on the outskirts of Montevideo, plots of land were divided up and sold, which were mostly occupied by Italian immigrant workers. This area
9185-442: The 19th century relations began between Uruguay and the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia , which signed some commercial and navigation treaties. After the revolutions of 1820 and of 1830 in Italy, some revolutionaries fled to America from Piedmont , the Papal States and the regions of Southern Italy . The number of immigrants began to increase starting from 1830, after the obstacles imposed on immigration that were in place during
9352-405: The 19th century, immigrants from Liguria and Campania respectively introduced farinata and pizza to Uruguay. At the end of that century, the Italians began to devote themselves to itinerant sales and opened the first pizzerias with a wood-burning oven. Uruguayan variants emerged from the Neapolitan pizza , such as the "pizza al tacho", made with various cheeses and without tomatoes, made by
9519-436: The 47,000 emigrants who left Liguria, more than 31,000 headed for South America. However, of the Italians who landed between 1882 and 1886, 53% came from the southern regions or islands. While the Ligurians, who had settled in the capital for the longest time, tended to monopolize small and large businesses, the Southerners carried out jobs such as shoemakers, unskilled workers, fruit peddlers, shoe shiners or labourers. In 1889,
9686-425: The 9th century, establishing an Emirate of Sicily that lasted until it was also eventually overtaken by the Normans in the 11th century. The subsequent interaction between Latin, Byzantine, Arab, and Norman cultures resulted in the formation of a Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture in Southern Italy. During the 5th and 6th centuries, the popes increased their influence in both religious and political matters in Italy. It
9853-442: The Barcella family of Trescore Balneario in Lombardy settled in Punta del Este and in 1998 opened the Arlecchino gelato shop. The Arlecchino gelato shop has been well received by both the local public and tourists, maintaining an elaboration based on the origins of gelato in Italy — importing some products such as almonds or pistachios — and at the same time adapting to the customs of the Uruguayan public, including flavors such as
10020-530: The Elder 's Origines , the first work of history composed in Latin , described Italy as the entire peninsula south of the Alps . According to Cato and several Roman authors, the Alps formed the "walls of Italy". In 264 BC, Roman Italy extended from the Arno and Rubicon rivers of the centre-north to the entire south. The northern area of Cisalpine Gaul was occupied by Rome in the 220s BC and became considered geographically and de facto part of Italy, but remained politically and de jure separated. It
10187-416: The European kings who opposed France. After the French king was overthrown and France became a republic, secret clubs favouring an Italian republic were formed throughout Italy. The armies of the French Republic began to move across Europe. In 1796, Napoleon Bonaparte led a French army into northern Italy and drove out the Austrian rulers. Once again, Italy was the scene of battle between the Habsburgs and
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#173277295535010354-417: The French. Wherever France conquered, Italian republics were set up, with constitutions and legal reforms. Napoleon made himself emperor in 1804, and part of northern and central Italy was unified under the name of the Kingdom of Italy, with Napoleon as king. The rest of northern and central Italy was annexed by France. Only Sicily, where the Bourbon king had taken refuge upon the French invasion of Naples, and
10521-420: The Italian Cultural Center, as well as the specific cultural centers of each Italian region such as the Piedmontese Association, the Association of Sons of Tuscany, the Association Venetian in Uruguay, the Group of Lombard Paysandú, the Group Trentini Rivera, the Association of Lombards in Montevideo, the Lucan Association, the Ligurian Association, the Calabrian Association of Uruguay, the Campanian Association and
10688-402: The Italian community had the largest number of foreign-owned newspapers in Uruguay, concentrated in the capital, and the most circulated were L'Italia and L'Italia al Plata . Towards the beginning of the 20th century, the Italian press also carried out its activity in other cities of the territory such as Salto , where 3,000 Italians lived, or Paysandú . After the outbreak of World War I ,
10855-421: The Italian economy which, until the late 1960s, enjoyed a period of sustained economic growth commonly called the " Economic Miracle ". In 1957, Italy was a founding member of the European Economic Community (EEC), which became the European Union (EU) in 1993. Italy faced several terror attacks between 1992 and 1993 perpetrated by the Sicilian Mafia as a consequence of several life sentences pronounced during
11022-404: The Italian pizza maker Angelo Nari at the Bar Tasende in Montevideo in 1931. In 1915, the Guidos, two Piedmontese brothers, founded the first mill for the production of the flour for the farinata. The farinata — originally from Liguria and also known in Piedmont and Tuscany — was more widespread and rooted in Uruguay than in Italy. Another of the most important dishes of Uruguayan gastronomy
11189-501: The Italian tenor Enrico Caruso . While in Italy most of the dry pasta is consumed, in Uruguay the consumption is divided between dry and fresh pasta. Thus the "pasta factories" proliferated in the countryside of the Rio de la Plata , places for the preparation and sale of fresh pasta. One of the traditional pasta factories in the town was La Spezia , active from 1938 to 2017, founded by the Bonfiglio brothers, originally from Manarola ( province of La Spezia , Liguria , Italy). In
11356-423: The Italians and is incredibly diverse spanning the entirety of the Italian peninsula and the islands of Sardinia and Sicily . Italy has been the starting point of phenomena of international impact such as the Roman Republic , Roman Empire , the Roman Catholic Church , the Maritime republics , Romanesque art , Scholasticism , the Renaissance , the Age of Discovery , Mannerism , the Scientific revolution ,
11523-503: The Italians, is medieval and was used alternatively with Italicus during the early modern period . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , which was caused by the invasion of the Ostrogoths , the Kingdom of Italy was created. After the Lombard invasions, "Italia" was retained as the name for their kingdom , and for its successor kingdom within the Holy Roman Empire , which nominally lasted until 1806, although it had de facto disintegrated due to factional politics pitting
11690-404: The Middle Ages to the early modern period, with its intricate canal system attracts tourists from all over the world especially during the Venetian Carnival and the Biennale . Naples , with the largest historic city centre in Europe and the oldest continuously active public opera house in the world ( Teatro di San Carlo ). Bologna is the main transport hub of the country, as well as the home of
11857-422: The Neapolitan Club. Overall, there are currently about 70 Italian organizations in Uruguay. To spread Italian culture and the Italian language , the Dante Alighieri Society and the Istituto Italiano di Cultura settled in Montevideo. The important presence of Italian immigrants in Uruguayan territory gave rise to the written press in Italian language , which developed mainly from the mid-19th century to
12024-589: The Pious succeeded him. Louis divided the empire among his sons, and Frankish Italy became part of Middle Francia , extending as far south as Rome and Spoleto . This Kingdom of Italy became part of the Holy Roman Empire in the 10th century, while southern Italy was under the rule of the Lombard Principality of Benevento or of the Byzantine Empire , in the 12th century absorbed into
12191-520: The Renaissance, Italy became an even more attractive prize to foreign conquerors. After some city-states asked for outside help in settling disputes with their neighbours, King Charles VIII of France marched into Italy in 1494; he soon withdrew, showing that the Italian peninsula's delicate equilibrium could be taken advantage of. After the Italian Wars , Spain emerged as the dominant force in
12358-578: The Rio Plateans vocabulary; also diminutive or pejorative suffixes were added. Along with the demographic expansion that Uruguay was experiencing, the construction industry flourished between the 1880s and 1920s in the Río de la Plata area, influenced by Italian and French architecture. The work of Italian builders and architects in that period was to determine the characteristic architectural style of Uruguay, which responded to currents such as eclecticism and historicism , with characteristics of
12525-555: The Romantic period, when its dominance in painting and sculpture diminished but the Italians re-established a strong presence in music. Italian explorers and navigators in the 15th and 16th centuries left a perennial mark on human history with the modern "discovery of America", due to the Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus . In addition, the name of " America " derives from the geographer Amerigo Vespucci 's first name. Also noted
12692-756: The Scuola Italiana delle Società Riunite in 1886, which in 1918, was renamed the Scuola Italiana di Montevideo , which is still active today. Other associations that served as a meeting point for the community had recreational purposes, such as the Casinò Italiano — in operation since 1880 — or the Circolo Italiano; others were oriented towards sport, such as the Italian Athletic Center, or towards music, such as
12859-477: The Uruguayan state has engineered a linguistically homogeneous country, and its Spanish literacy policies have discouraged bilingualism. Studies carried out by the University of the Republic of Uruguay indicated that Italian immigrants used their mother tongue, but their spoken language was influenced by Spanish, while the next generation — born in Uruguay — learned Italian at home, but this did not interfere with
13026-451: The aesthetic aspect both in the design of public buildings and private residences. This consistency has been maintained despite the passage of time, when houses were built with more or less decoration, size or value. At that time Italian immigration was vital to the architectural development of the city, and it was also the largest foreign community in the construction sector; for every Spanish worker there were four Italian workers. Most of
13193-442: The age of 21, an important entrepreneur and businessman who during the 1890s began to found various agro-industries to devote to the production of wine in the municipality of Mercedes from where it expanded and became the largest producer in the area. An 1888 survey found that most winegrowers were Italians or sons of Italians. In Uruguay, between 1960 and 1970, wines were produced from Nebbiolo and Sangiovese grapes, widespread in
13360-482: The almost complete assimilation of the old emigration" did not favor the situation of the immigrant press, observing that in the following years it had an ever smaller diffusion. In the 1940s Italian journalism was characterized by the use of the radio instead of the press. After the disappearance of L'Italiano in 1940, in 1946 no Italian newspaper was printed in Uruguay. Finally, in 1949, the Messaggero italico ,
13527-441: The armistice which marked the end of the war. As the Uruguayan minister to Italy Manuel Bernardez stated after the war, among the countries of America "in none as in Uruguay does the Italian spirit flourish with such pride" and he added that "of the Italian war loans, Uruguay was the South American nation which subscribed the highest percentages per capita". The optimal relations between the two countries in that period increased with
13694-535: The arrival of workers from the south of the peninsula, mainly from Basilicata and Campania . During this period, immigration increased year over year without interruption. In the second half of the 19th century, Uruguay experienced the highest percentage of demographic growth in South America where the country's population multiplied almost sevenfold between 1850 and 1900, due to immigration, mostly Italian. The Argentine historian Fernando Devoto identified
13861-530: The arrival to the presidency in 1922 of José Serrato , the 70-year-old son of an Italian immigrant and the Minister of Foreign Affairs Pedro Manini. In 1923, the "Convention for the Abolition of Visa Passports" was signed. With the rise of fascism in Italy, the number of emigrants at the port of Montevideo was not remarkable; in the 1920s, only 18,830 Italian immigrants arrived in Uruguay. Further, around 1938
14028-784: The associated Romanization , culminated in 88 BC, when, in the aftermath of the Social War , Rome granted its fellow Italian allies full rights in Roman society , extending Roman citizenship to all fellow Italic peoples . From its inception, Rome was a republican city-state, but four famous civil conflicts destroyed the Roman Republic : Lucius Cornelius Sulla against Gaius Marius and his son (88–82 BC), Julius Caesar against Pompey (49–45 BC), Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus against Mark Antony and Octavian (43 BC), and Mark Antony against Octavian . Octavian,
14195-462: The beginning of the 14th century. During the 14th and 15th centuries, some Italian city-states ranked among the most important powers of Europe. Venice, in particular, had become a major maritime power, and the city-states as a group acted as a conduit for goods from the Byzantine and Islamic empires. In this capacity, they provided great impetus to the developing Renaissance , began in Florence in
14362-403: The builders who built the projects were Italian immigrants. They also made up the bulk of the highly skilled workforce. They were even more numerous in handicraft jobs and related to the artistic or decorative side of architecture, such as mosaicist, tiler, woodworker, marble, portland plasterer, glass engraver, marble worker, designer or painter. Due to the Italian intervention, there was talk in
14529-598: The capital of the kingdom. Pope Pius IX , a longtime rival of Italian kings, stated he had been made a "prisoner" inside the Vatican walls and refused to cooperate with the royal administration. Only in 1929 did the Roman Pope accept the unified Italy with Rome as capital. World War I has been interpreted as completing the process of Italian unification, with the annexation of Trieste, Istria , Trentino-Alto Adige and Zara . After World War I, Italy emerged as one of
14696-551: The center of the Italian peninsula. Another typical Italian drink introduced in the country was grappa , and from its mixture with honey grappamiel was born in Uruguay. The name of one of the two most important football teams in Uruguay, the Peñarol (the other is the Club Nacional de Football ), comes from the deformation of Pinerolo , the town of origin of Giovanni Battista Crosa, Spanishized as Juan Bautista Crosa,
14863-444: The city of Colonia del Sacramento , 14% engaged in agriculture, while the rest remained in urban areas where the most popular jobs were bricklayers and carpenters; only 10.4% came from southern Italy . Until the 1870s Ligurian immigration had prevailed and Uruguay had received a number of immigrants similar to Argentina and higher than Brazil, however, with the massive arrival of Italians that occurred since then, Liguria ceased to be
15030-719: The city was far from the troubled frontiers. The seats of the Caesars became Augusta Treverorum (on the River Rhine frontier) for Constantius Chlorus and Sirmium (on the River Danube frontier) for Galerius , who also resided at Thessaloniki . Under Diocletian, Italy became the Dioecesis Italiciana , subdivided into thirteen provinces, now including Raetia . Under Constantine the Great , Italy became
15197-513: The colonial era were eliminated; this also coincided with the political situation in Argentina, which prevented immigration. In 1835, 2,000 citizens of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia resided in Montevideo and two years later, over 2,500 Italians were registered. These first immigrants were found on the outskirts of Montevideo and were, for the most part, Piedmontese peasants, who arrived in
15364-554: The decades to come. In 1855, a process of colonization began to develop in the agricultural areas of Carmelo, where Italian and French families founded Colonia Estrella, a community whose population was made up of 80% of Italians. According to a 2018 newspaper article, 60% of Carmelo's population had Italian ancestry. In 1858, the Waldensians from the rural areas of Piedmont founded Colonia Valdense , and this community remained ethnically and culturally homogeneous for decades until
15531-607: The departments of Paysandú and Maldonado , 76% of Italians resided in the Montevideo Department , and they were 13% of the total population of the capital. The Italian community recorded greater urbanization than other groups such as those born in the country or the Spaniards where only 43.7% lived in the capital, who were more dispersed among the other departments of the territory. Italians were distributed throughout Montevideo and reached significant percentages of
15698-546: The development of traditions unknown in Italy, such as the consumption of pasta on Sundays or the gnocchi on the 29th of each month. The noquis del 29 ("gnocchi of 29") defines the widespread custom in some South American countries of eating a plate of gnocchi , a type of Italian pasta , on the 29th of each month. The custom is widespread especially in the states of the Southern Cone such as Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay; these countries being recipients of
15865-544: The efforts of noblemen, emperors, and larger foreign powers to control them. The emergence of identifiable Italian dialects from Vulgar Latin , and as such the possibility of a specifically "Italian" ethnic identity, has no clear-cut date, but began in roughly the 12th century. Modern standard Italian derives from the written vernacular of Tuscan writers of the 12th century. The recognition of Italian vernaculars as literary languages in their own right began with De vulgari eloquentia , an essay written by Dante Alighieri at
16032-444: The empire against the ascendant city republics in the 13th century. The Italian peninsula was divided into a multitude of tribal or ethnic territory prior to the Roman conquest of Italy in the 3rd century BC. After a series of wars between Greeks and Etruscans , the Latins , with Rome as their capital, gained the ascendancy by 272 BC, and completed the conquest of the Italian peninsula by 218 BC. This period of unification
16199-524: The etymology of the Latin name "Italia" are numerous. One is that it was borrowed via Greek from the Oscan Víteliú 'land of calves' ( cf. Lat vitulus "calf", Umb vitlo "calf"). Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus , mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides . According to Antiochus of Syracuse ,
16366-460: The existence of which predates the national language. Although there is disagreement on the total number, according to UNESCO , there are approximately 30 languages native to Italy , although many are often misleadingly referred to as "Italian dialects ". Since 2017, in addition to the approximately 55 million Italians in Italy (91% of the Italian national population), Italian-speaking autonomous groups are found in neighboring nations; about
16533-634: The expansion of the Roman Republic , the name was used by Greeks to indicate the land between the Strait of Messina and the line connecting the Gulf of Salerno and Gulf of Taranto , corresponding roughly to the current region of Calabria . The Greeks gradually came to apply the name "Italia" to a larger region In addition to the "Greek Italy" in the south, historians have suggested the existence of an "Etruscan Italy" covering variable areas of central Italy. The borders of Roman Italy are better established. Cato
16700-501: The final victor (31 BC), was accorded the title of Augustus by the Senate and thereby became the first Roman Emperor. Augustus created for the first time an administrative region called Italia with inhabitants called "Italicus populus", stretching from the Alps to Sicily : for this reason historians like Emilio Gentile called him Father of Italians . In the 1st century BC, Italia
16867-433: The first mentions of the neighborhood with that name on the map of Montevideo dates back to 1862. In the following decades, most of the Italian immigrants will continue to settle in Montevideo. In 1900, 39.40% of them lived in the capital and in 1908 the percentage had risen to 42.74%. Colonia Department , Soriano Department , Río Negro Department , Paysandú Department , Salto Department and Artigas Department . It
17034-528: The first post-war newspaper, was published. However, the press continued to be scarce and was slow to recover; between 1952 and 1955 Il Mattino d'America was published in Spanish and Italian, between 1956 and 1958 the Gazzetta d'Italia was published and between 1952 and 1954 the Annuario Aiufre was distributed. Currently the most important publications in Uruguay in Italian language are: In
17201-459: The first public performance of the song Il Canto degli Italiani , the Italian national anthem since 1946, took place. Il Canto degli Italiani , written by Goffredo Mameli set to music by Michele Novaro , is also known as the Inno di Mameli , after the author of the lyrics, or Fratelli d'Italia , from its opening line . The unification of Italy was brought to a successful conclusion under
17368-403: The first time between the two countries with the aim of "increase and regulate it" taking into account the demand for manpower in Uruguay and the manpower available in Italy, mainly to cover needs. Italian workers had the same rights as Uruguayans and the Uruguayan government took care of their accommodation and maintenance up to 15 days after their disembarkation. Historian Juan Oddone defined
17535-695: The following years they reached Trinidad , Carmelo , Nueva Palmira , Rocha and Rivera . Several Italian organizations were founded in Paysandú, the first of which was Unione e Benevolenza, founded in 1874 and which had a boys' primary school until 1885; there was also a Unione e Benevolenza Fermminile Society. The XX Settembre society of Salto also opened an Italian school and for a time they operated schools in Rocha and Trinidad. Currently there are also present in Paysandú Italian associations such as
17702-440: The generations, was to be preserved as an "ethnic language". Accompanying the migratory flow that came from Italy, priests also arrived; While some of them used Italian to preach, others have also offered their services in Spanish over time. Latin was used by Salesian priests around 1880, a practice which was abandoned due to its dissonance with the local language. The Italian emigrants who landed during World War II tended to have
17869-530: The guidance of Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour , prime minister of Piedmont. Cavour managed to unite most of Italy under the headship of Victor Emmanuel II of the house of Savoy, and on 17 March 1861, the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed with Victor Emmanuel II as king. Giuseppe Garibaldi , the popular republican hero of Italy, contributed much to this achievement with the Expedition of the Thousand and to
18036-530: The homonymous neighborhood. This is part of a Chatholic procession, coming from all parts of the country, making it a massive occurrence. The rural area with the highest concentration of Italians was Canelones which reached 5,700 immigrants in 1891. In 1893, Francisco Piria founded the spa town of Piriápolis taking as a model the Ligurian town of Diano Marina , the city where Piria had studied from six to thirteen years. Both cities twinned in 2014. Others of
18203-453: The ideas of the leader. The political movement which joined many residents of the Rio de la Plata with Italian was called Current Garibaldina. In recognition of Garibaldi are many tributes to his memory such as a "Avenida" (Course) of Montevideo with its name, a monument to his memory in the city of Salto, and el 'Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires. According to the national census of 1860, excluding
18370-607: The immigrants in Uruguay, behind the French and the Spanish. Subsequently a significant number of colonists arrived from Sardinia and during the Uruguayan Civil War several Italians participated in the defense of the region led by Giuseppe Garibaldi . To join the ranks of Garibaldi's Italian Legion, in January 1851, about 100 Italian volunteer ex-military officers and a minority of Ticino and Hungarians embarked from Genoa. In recognition, many tributes were paid to
18537-471: The important Italian influence in the history, ethnicity, character and culture of Uruguay, and stated that "it is difficult to find an aspect of Uruguayan society in which the legacy of Italian culture cannot be traced". Italian immigration has influenced Uruguayan culture, mainly in language, gastronomy, architecture, religion and music. Anthropologist Renzo Pi Hugarte stated that the Italian presence in Uruguay "has left deep marks in its popular culture, to
18704-695: The instrumental choral Lombard League or the Filodrammatica Choral School. Subsequently, in 1906, the Mutual Aid Society, which had 1,906 members, and the Circolo Napolitano, with 1,421 members, were founded. The mutual aid societies that proliferated in the capital in the 19th century began to spread to other parts of the country; in particular in 1869 some were founded in San José de Mayo and Pando , and in
18871-610: The introduction of laws regulating divorce (1970), abortion (1978), and the approval in 1975 of the new family code. Today, women have the same legal rights as men in Italy, and have mainly the same job, business, and education opportunities. Italian Uruguayans Italian Uruguayans ( Italian : italo-uruguaiani ; Spanish : ítalo-uruguayos or tanos in Rioplatense Spanish ) are Uruguayan -born citizens who are fully or partially of Italian descent, whose ancestors were Italians who emigrated to Uruguay during
19038-462: The island of Sardinia, which had been ceded to the Alpine House of Savoy in 1720 and had remained under their rule ever since, were not under French control. French domination lasted less than 20 years, and it differed from previous foreign control of the Italian peninsula. In spite of heavy taxation and frequent harshness, the French introduced representative assemblies and new laws that were
19205-691: The largest Italian community outside Italy), more than 18 million Italian Americans , and people in other parts of Europe (e.g. Italians in Germany , Italians in France and Italians in the United Kingdom ), the American Continent (such as Italian Venezuelans , Italian Canadians , Italian Colombians and Italians in Paraguay , among others), Australasia ( Italian Australians and Italian New Zealanders ), and to
19372-412: The linguistic mixing between the Italian dialects and Spanish, cocoliche was born, a slang spoken in the tenements of the Italian immigrants of the Río de la Plata in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Author Carol A. Klee has indicated that "cocoliche was spoken only by native Italian speakers who were in the process of acquiring Spanish and were not passing it on to their children." Similarly,
19539-466: The local population. However, in other periods, such as after the World War II, the Italian spirit strengthened. After the cultural clash between the first wave of immigrants and the Creole society, many traditional Italian traits were adopted by the Uruguayan population, producing an "Italianization" and favoring easier integration of immigrants who arrived later. The newspaper La Mañana highlighted
19706-491: The main region of origin of the immigrants and the arrival of these was distributed among other South American nations. The regions of origin of the Italians diversified and artisans, decorators and painters arrived from Emilia-Romagna and the Marche . The first sculptors of funerary art arrived from Tuscany and peasants arrived from Piedmont to live in the interior of the country as farmers, shepherds or woodcutters. Other of
19873-502: The massive arrival of immigrants in the country, some sectors of local society did not look kindly on Italians. While the French and the British were considered "advanced", there was a rejection of the Italians due to cultural differences, humble origins or the lack of economic success of some. Thus were born derogatory terms such as "tano", "gringo", "bachicha", "musolino", "goruta" or "yacumino" to refer to Italian immigrants. The rejection
20040-574: The memory of Giuseppe Garibaldi, including an avenue named after him and monuments in Montevideo and Salto . The migratory trend began to change starting from the Uruguayan Civil War, when the Italians, together with the Spaniards, were the first in terms of number of immigrants. The main ports of departure were located in Genoa , Savona , Livorno , Palermo and Naples . After the unification of Italy in 1861, starting from 1865 there
20207-414: The mid-1950s Italian-language radio programs appeared in Uruguay. An important name in Italian radio journalism in Uruguay was Tullo Guiglia, from Mantua, who arrived in Montevideo in 1952 and who from 1954 hosted the information program Trenta Minuti con L'Italia , first on Radio Femenina, then on Radio Rural and finally on Radio Italia. From 1958 to 1973, when he returned to Italy, Guiglia was in charge of
20374-542: The migratory current began to consist mostly of immigrants from southern regions and islands, a trend that continued until the 1920s. A 1906 survey carried out by the Italian colony of Salto showed that the 59.86% came from northern Italy, 19.10% from the center and 17.10% from the south. In a similar survey also carried out in Salto to highlight the employment trend, it emerged that 35% of the interviewees were engaged in commerce, 25% in agriculture, 28% in industry and crafts, and
20541-511: The more common occupations they held in the capital were peddler of bric-a-brac, fruit or vegetables, tinsmith, charcoal burner, garbage man, shoe shiner, and accordion player. According to data for 1885, about 60% of the immigrants came from the north of the Italian peninsula. The majority, 32%, had emigrated from Liguria, while 28% came from the southern regions, 14% from Lombardy , 10% from Piedmont , 4% from Veneto , South Tyrol and Friuli and 12% from other regions. Between 1854 and 1863, of
20708-597: The most numerous communities around 1900 were established in Colonia (3,900), Paysandú (3,600) and Salto (2,300). Data from the 1850s indicates that nearly 30% of Italian men in Montevideo were engaged in trade, 45% were artisans or self-employed, and 22.2% were employed. In 1860, Ciudad Vieja was the commercial and political center of the country. It has been estimated that 33% of Italian workers carried out non-manual activities (mainly in commerce), 30% were engaged in skilled manual work and 19% in unskilled work; although
20875-448: The most popular in the world, its cinema (with filmmakers such as Federico Fellini , Michelangelo Antonioni , Mario Monicelli , Sergio Leone , etc.), its collections of priceless works of art and its fashion (Milan and Florence are regarded as some of the few fashion capitals of the world). National symbols of Italy are the symbols that uniquely identify Italy reflecting its history and culture . They are used to represent
21042-588: The name of the football club could derive from another Italian colonist, the farmer Pedro Pinerolo, who on his arrival in the town would have lost his original surname with the name of his hometown. There is also another less important club that represented the Italian community, the Club Sportivo Italiano, which managed to play in the Uruguayan Segunda División . Miguel Andreolo , originally from Salerno , also represented
21209-769: The oldest of which was the Società Reduci Patrie Battaglie, founded in 1878. More patriotic associations were the Legionari Garibaldini in 1883, the Circolo Garibaldi and the Superstiti di San Antonio. The largest number of Italian associations registered in the whole country dates back to 1897, when there were 72 associations, for a total of 11,400 members. In the 19th century, the Italian Chamber of Commerce
21376-407: The outlines of a new Italy began to appear. Victor Emmanuel III gave up the throne on 9 May 1946, and his son, Umberto II , became king. On 2 June Italy held its first free election after 20 years of Fascist rule (the so-called Ventennio ). Italians chose a republic to replace the monarchy , which had been closely associated with Fascism . They elected a Constituent Assembly , which was formed by
21543-460: The past decades. This includes family laws , the enactment of anti-discrimination measures , and reforms to the penal code (in particular with regard to crimes of violence against women). After World War II , women were given the right to vote in 1946 Italian institutional referendum . The new Italian Constitution of 1948 affirmed that women had equal rights. It was not however until the 1970s that women in Italy scored some major achievements with
21710-445: The period between 1930 and 1955 as a phase of "late immigration". After the end of World War II, this migration was characterized by the arrival of skilled immigrants, mostly from Sicily and Calabria . Already in the 1960s the migratory flow stopped and Uruguay passed from a host country to a country of emigrants. Already in 1815, the city of Carmelo had the presence of Italian immigrants, who continued to arrive in large numbers in
21877-408: The point that the elements that have come to distinguish it are generally perceived as originating in these places and not as adaptations of Italic models". The first Italian immigrants who arrived in Uruguay in the second half of the 19th century spoke the regional language or local dialect of their region of origin . It was with the unification of Italy in 1861 that the use of a common language,
22044-471: The popular Italian music program La Voce d'Italia , which was also broadcast in Uruguay on CX 58 Radio Clarín . In 1963, still on Radio Clarín, the Sunday program La Voce dei Calabresi began to be broadcast. Three years later, Radio Carve broadcast the program Hoy en Italia every Tuesday. In June 1966, the national public broadcasting company of Italy RAI arrived in Montevideo, whose Uruguayan office
22211-616: The region of " Italian houses " to refer to certain buildings of the time. Uruguayan eating habits are heavily influenced by Italian cuisine , which has adapted to its new environment and merged with other culinary uses found in the country. Italian immigrants introduced some foods to Uruguay that began to be consumed frequently by the Uruguayan population, such as pasta , polenta , cotoletta , farinata and pizza . The types of pasta most consumed in Uruguay are tagliolini , ravioli , spaghetti , vermicelli , cappelletti and tortellini . The Italian presence in Uruguay has generated
22378-607: The region. Venice, Milan, and other city-states retained at least some of their former greatness during this period, as did Savoy -Piedmont, protected by the Alps and well defended by its vigorous rulers. Italian explorers and navigators from the dominant maritime republics, eager to find an alternative route to the Indies in order to bypass the Ottoman Empire , offered their services to monarchs of Atlantic countries and played
22545-454: The registers contained no information on the regions of origin of those immigrants, Ligurian surnames predominated. Likewise, an Italian consul of the time stated that of the captains, sailors, carpenters and other port workers "almost all belong to one or other of the Ligurian coasts". A census of Italians abroad carried out in 1871 confirmed that the largest regional group was the Ligurian one and that most of them were still in Montevideo. In
22712-660: The representatives of all the anti-fascist forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the Italian Civil War , to prepare a new democratic constitution. The Assembly approved the new Italian constitution in 1947, which came into force on 1 January 1948. Under the Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947 , Istria , Kvarner , most of the Julian March as well as the Dalmatian city of Zara
22879-551: The same for all parts of the country. For the first time since the days of ancient Rome, Italians of different regions used the same money and served in the same army. Many Italians began to see the possibility of a united Italy free of foreign control. During the Napoleonic era , in 1797, the first official adoption of the Italian tricolour as a national flag by a sovereign Italian state, the Cispadane Republic ,
23046-497: The service of France, renowned as the first European to explore the Atlantic coast of North America between Florida and New Brunswick in 1524. The French Revolution and Napoleon influenced Italy more deeply than they affected any other outside country of Europe. The French Revolution began in 1789 and immediately found supporters among the Italian people. The local Italian rulers, sensing danger in their own country, drew closer to
23213-627: The service of the Spanish crown, the Tuscan sailor Alessandro Malaspina undertook a scientific voyage known as the Malaspina Expedition , which led him to explore the coasts of Montevideo in 1789. On board two corvettes traveled botanists, zoologists, draftsmen, doctors, dissectors, geographers, astronomers and hydrographers, whose objectives were to carry out a cartography of the Río de la Plata and observe astronomical phenomena. Already in
23380-580: The squares. For example, the Umberto I neighbourhood was built in 1890 between the Unión and Buceo districts by Italian immigrants. Its streets evoked protagonists of the unification of Italy such as Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour , Giuseppe Garibaldi, Giuseppe Mazzini or Massimo d'Azeglio . In the first half of the 19th century, Giuseppe Garibaldi was a participant in Uruguay's wars for independence, and many Italian patriots in Uruguay were attracted to
23547-824: The subsequent incorporation of the Papal States under the Italian monarch. Cavour handed Savoy and Nice over to France at the Treaty of Turin , a decision that was the consequence of the Plombières Agreement , on 24 March 1860, an event that caused the Niçard exodus , which was the emigration of a quarter of the Niçard Italians to Italy, and the Niçard Vespers . Italian troops occupied Rome in 1870, and in July 1871, this formally became
23714-439: The term Italy was used by the Greeks to initially refer only to the southern portion of the Bruttium peninsula corresponding to the modern province of Reggio and part of the provinces of Catanzaro and Vibo Valentia in Southern Italy . Nevertheless, by his time the larger concept of Oenotria and "Italy" had become synonymous and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. According to Strabo 's Geographica , before
23881-433: The third quarter of the 19th century as the "golden age of Italian emigration to Uruguay". In 1887, Italians were between 20% and 30% of the total population of Montevideo. It was during this decade that the boom in Italian immigration to Uruguay took place and the first attempts were made by both countries to encourage the arrival of immigrants. The "Taddei contract" was signed between Italy and Uruguay, which provided for
24048-444: The total population of areas such as Cerrito de la Victoria (21%), Peñarol (20.5%) and Cordón (17%). The areas with the greatest concentration were Ciudad Vieja and Centro , where respectively 39% and 25% of all Italians in the areas lived. The Palermo district took its name from the Sicilian city of the same name due to a sign with the inscription "Drogheria della Nuova Città di Palermo", owned by Sicilian immigrants. One of
24215-400: The transfer to the South American country of between 2,000 and 3,000 Italian families, mainly farmers and day laborers of Lombard origin. The arrival of Italians continued to be stimulated through consular announcements. The greatest entry of Italians into Uruguay occurred between 1880 and 1890, when 60% of the total arrived. An 1889 census indicated that half of the population of Montevideo
24382-468: The use of Spanish and finally the third generation no longer spoke the Italian or the dialect of their ancestors but only spoke Spanish. These investigations also suggested that the Italian language was lost faster in Uruguay than in other places, such as New York City , as Italians in Uruguay were more easily assimilated. The Waldensian immigration to the Colonia Department brought with them patois , which, although it had been replaced by Spanish over
24549-433: The whole Italian geographical region . All its inhabitants were considered Italic and Roman . The Latin term Italicus was used to describe "a man of Italy" as opposed to a provincial . For example, Pliny the Elder notably wrote in a letter Italicus es an provincialis ? meaning "are you an Italian or a provincial?". The adjective italianus , from which are derived the Italian (and also French and English) name of
24716-425: The workers most in demand were day laborers, craftsmen, seamstresses, cooks, masons, carpenters and shoemakers. During the last decade of the 19th century, the tendency for Italians was to earn a living by carrying out a trade, trading and working independently. Furthermore, a large number of Italians invested their savings in building their own houses and buying land. During Uruguay's industrialization process and
24883-450: The world began to decrease with his gradual economic and social imposition" and "these changes accelerated when the first generations of Uruguayans of Italian origin began the process of social ascent". Some factors that favored the cultural assimilation of Italian immigrants were mixed marriages and access to primary education. Thus there was a "creolisation" of the Italians, who imitated the customs, behaviour, eating habits and language of
25050-484: The writers José Gobello and Marcelo Oliveri stated that "the first effort to make oneself understood led to cocolic, a transitional language. Immigrants spoke it. The second effort to learn Spanish, that of the children of immigrants, led to lunfardo". Emerging in the popular neighborhoods of the Río de la Plata during the second half of the 19th century, Lunfardo was another slang that combined Spanish with words of foreign origin, mostly coming from Italian dialects. Over
25217-479: The years the use of some Lunfardo terms spread to the higher social classes who previously rejected the slang. The origin of the word "lunfardo" is not certain, but it is hypothesized that it may derive from " Lombard ". Italian immigration greatly influenced the Spanish of the Rio de la Plata , so much so that it became the variant of Spanish with the most Italianisms. Words of Italian root such as "chau", "guarda", "atenti", "minga", "facha" or "gamba" became part of
25384-446: Was adopted by the Lombard Legion in 1796. The first red, white and green national flag of a sovereign Italian state was adopted on 7 January 1797, when the Fourteenth Parliament of the Cispadane Republic (1797), on the proposal of deputy Giuseppe Compagnoni , decreed "to make universal the ... standard or flag of three colours, green, white, and red ...": For having proposed the green, white and red tricolour flag, Giuseppe Compagnoni
25551-433: Was also established, the first in the world. Between 1883 and 1907 the Italian Bank of Uruguay operated. In 1892, the Italian Hospital of Montevideo was inaugurated and the mutual aid society Operai italiani di Montevideo, which inaugurated an Italian school. Subsequently, the Italian schools of the Lombard League and the Circolo Napolitano were opened. On the initiative of Leone Maria Morelli, these schools united to found
25718-486: Was an increase in the arrival of Italians, facilitated by the laws established in the years 1853 and 1858 which favored immigration to Uruguay. Some immigrants were the product of migratory movements that had previously occurred in Europe, as in the case of citizens of Italian origin born in Gibraltar , children or grandchildren of Ligurians . It was in the early 1860s that the number of immigrants began to grow, mostly from Liguria, Lombardy and Piedmont , and subsequently
25885-407: Was annexed by Yugoslavia causing the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus , which led to the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 of local ethnic Italians ( Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians ), the others being ethnic Slovenians, ethnic Croatians, and ethnic Istro-Romanians , choosing to maintain Italian citizenship . In 1949 Italy became a member of NATO . The Marshall Plan helped to revive
26052-410: Was born in Uruguay and Italians were almost half of the foreign population. However, around the year 1890 there was an economic crisis in Uruguay which conditioned the entry of immigrants. The country took restrictive measures on immigration, such as the elimination of the Commissioner-General for Immigration, who was in charge of housing, food and work for new arrivals. These conditions have diverted
26219-403: Was deposed in 476 by a Germanic foederati general in Italy, Odoacer . His defeat marked the end of the Western Roman Empire , and the end of the political unification of Italy until the establishment of the modern Kingdom of Italy in 1861. Odoacer ruled well for 13 years after gaining control of Italy in 476. Then he was attacked and defeated by Theodoric , the king of another Germanic tribe,
26386-459: Was divided into small neighborhoods bearing Italian names such as Caprera , Vittorio Emanuele II (from the name of the homonymous king of Italy ), Nuevo Génova, Garibaldino, Nueva Roma, Nueva Savona, Nuova Napoli, Degli Italiani, Bella Italia, Umberto I (from the name of the homonymous king of Italy ) or Italiano. The streets were also named after Italian figures, and busts of members of the House of Savoy or of Giuseppe Garibaldi could be seen in
26553-532: Was establishing itself as the common language of all social classes and the use of dialects was gradually being lost. Although the diffusion of standard Italian was increasing, its use was not yet fully established and an informal and colloquial version of it, popular Italian, had not yet developed, so immigrants created their own variety of popular Italian outside the Italian language of origin, when they were forced to actually use that language in informal oral interactions with Italians of other regional origins. From
26720-446: Was followed by one of conquest in the Mediterranean, beginning with the First Punic War against Carthage . In the course of the century-long struggle against Carthage, the Romans conquered Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. Finally, in 146 BC, at the conclusion of the Third Punic War , with Carthage completely destroyed and its inhabitants enslaved, Rome became the dominant power in the Mediterranean. The process of Italian unification, and
26887-400: Was inaugurated in the presence of representatives of both countries; its headquarters were located in the center of the capital on 18 de Julio Avenue . "RAI used presenters, actors and dubbers for its programs in Uruguay, who helped Italian Uruguayans not to lose their pronunciation of the Italian language," said Italian Uruguayan journalist Federico Guiglia. In the 1960s Canale 4 broadcast
27054-429: Was legally merged into the administrative unit of Italy in 42 BC by the triumvir Octavian as a ratification of Julius Caesar 's unpublished acts ( Acta Caesaris ). Under Emperor Diocletian the Roman region called "Italia" was further enlarged with the addition in 292 AD of the three big islands of the western Mediterranean Sea : Sicily (with the Maltese archipelago ), Sardinia and Corsica , coinciding with
27221-404: Was not only experienced in the city; the arrival of Italian workers in the countryside was perceived as an "invasion" by the Creoles who settled there, which led to violence and even the murder of immigrants. In the 20th century, the negative perception of Italians by Creole society began to disappear. For Juan Oddone, "the resistance to the immigrant and the rejection of his immediate vision of
27388-549: Was still a collection of territories with different political statuses. Some cities, called municipia , had some independence from Rome, while others, the coloniae , were founded by the Romans themselves. Around 7 BC, Augustus divided Italy into eleven regiones . During the Crisis of the Third Century , the Roman Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressures of invasions, military anarchy and civil wars, and hyperinflation. In 284, emperor Diocletian restored political stability. The importance of Rome declined, because
27555-433: Was the first European to set foot in "New Found Land" and explore parts of the North American continent in 1497; Amerigo Vespucci , sailing for Portugal, who first demonstrated in about 1501 that the New World (in particular Brazil) was not Asia as initially conjectured, but a fourth continent previously unknown to people of the Old World (the name of " America " derives from his first name ); and Giovanni da Verrazzano , at
27722-434: Was the heart of the Renaissance , a period of great achievements in the arts at the end of the Middle Ages. Other important cities include Turin , which used to be the capital of Italy, and is now one of the world's great centers of automobile engineering. Milan is the industrial and financial capital of Italy and one of the world's fashion capitals . Venice , former capital of a major financial and maritime power from
27889-432: Was usually the popes who led attempts to protect Italy from invasion or to soften foreign rule. For about 200 years the popes opposed attempts by the Lombards, who had captured most of Italy, to take over Rome as well. The popes finally defeated the Lombards with the aid of two Frankish kings, Pepin the Short and Charlemagne . Using land won for them by Pepin in 756, the popes established political rule in what were called
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