143-503: Românul ( Romanian pronunciation: [roˈmɨnul] , meaning "The Romanian"; originally spelled Romanulu or Românulŭ , also known as Romînul , Concordia , Libertatea and Consciinti'a Nationala ), was a political and literary newspaper published in Bucharest , Romania , from 1857 to 1905. Established as the leading voice of Romanian liberalism (the "Red" faction) in the state of Wallachia , it had direct connections to
286-473: A Gendarme raid on Cuca-Măcăi village, during which several peasants were arbitrarily killed. The year 1870 opened with a step toward national sovereignty, as Carol approved the creation of a national currency, the Romanian leu . Unlike Hasdeu's liberals, Românul and Trompeta Carpaților were supporters of the measure, although Carada made sanguine comments about the "feudal" coinage inscription ("Lord of
429-510: A humid continental climate ( Dfa by the 0 °C isotherm), or a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa by the -3 °C isotherm), with hot, humid summers and cold, snowy winters. Owing to its position on the Romanian Plain, the city's winters can get windy, though some of the winds are mitigated due to urbanisation. Winter temperatures often dip below 0 °C (32 °F), sometimes even to −10 °C (14 °F). In summer,
572-430: A Guard was urgently needed "to preserve obedience to the law, to keep and reaffirm public order and peace, to help the standing army in defending the country's borders, to preserve the country's autonomy and her territorial integrity". Rosetti held the military in high esteem, refusing to protect Aricescu when he was arrested for insulting the officers. The attempts to forge an independent military were not well received by
715-510: A community police force ( Poliția Comunitară ), dealing with local community issues. Bucharest also houses the general inspectorates of the Gendarmerie and the national police . Bucharest's crime rate is rather low in comparison to other European capital cities, with the number of total offences declining by 51% between 2000 and 2004, and by 7% between 2012 and 2013. Bucharest, along with Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Brașov and Iași ,
858-583: A direct precursor of Românul . Eventually, the Ottomans intervened in force against the Wallachian revolutionaries. After some mishaps, Rosetti joined his former government colleagues in their Western European exile. At that stage, he adopted the left-wing interpretation of revolutionary failure, proposing that, had land reform been enacted and peasants emancipated from corvées , the revolutionary government would have been legitimate and defended. He saw
1001-590: A failed attempt by German troops to regain the city. After the establishment of communism in Romania , the city continued growing. New districts were constructed, most of them dominated by tower blocks . During Nicolae Ceaușescu 's leadership (1965–89), a part of the historic city was demolished and replaced by ' Socialist realism ' style development: (1) the Centrul Civic (the Civic Centre) and (2)
1144-457: A fisherman, a shepherd or a hunter, according to different legends. In Romanian , the word stem bucurie means 'joy' ('happiness'), hence the city Bucharest means 'city of joy'. Other etymologies are given by early scholars, including the one of an Ottoman traveller, Evliya Çelebi , who claimed that Bucharest was named after a certain 'Abu-Kariș', from the tribe of ' Bani-Kureiș '. In 1781, Austrian historian Franz Sulzer claimed that it
1287-497: A greater metropolitan area of 2.3 million residents, which makes Bucharest the 8th most-populous city in the European Union . The city area measures 240 km (93 sq mi) and comprises 6 districts ( Sectoare ), while the metropolitan area covers 1,811 km (699 sq mi). Bucharest is a beta global city , a major cultural, political and economic hub, and the country's seat of government. Bucharest
1430-509: A military invasion by Romania was being factored in as a likely scenario. Between March 1867 and November 1868, Rosettist radicalism was the governing ideology of Romania, and Rosetti even continued to serve as Minister of Education and Religious Affairs. The three successive Rosettist "Red" cabinets passed legislation favoring the Citizens' Guard, and supplied it with arms bought at public auction . During this momentary "Red" triumph, Românul
1573-494: A personal homage to Tsar Alexander . In this setting, a major political scandal shook Romania. The Romanian establishment, internationally noted for its unwillingness to adopt Jewish emancipation , was being asked by the Western governments to naturalize its large Jewish community . As Minister, Rosetti was directly interested in the matter, and looked favorably on the naturalization project. Românul exchanged pleasantries with
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#17327657186471716-587: A primarily cultural agenda, Românul gathered around it a cosmopolitan and multicultural club. In its first year, it hosted one of the first serialized novels in Romanian literature , called Omul muntelui ("Man of the Mountain"). Signed by a "Lady L.", it was probably written by the Franco-Romanian Marie Boucher (who enlisted the help of Moldavian author V. A. Urechia ). Two other women writers were noted contributors to Românul . One
1859-478: A quick compromise with the Ottoman Empire , their liberal suzerain, against the wishes of Imperial Russia , their autocratic supervisor. Between these assignments, he edited the revolution's first and main gazette, Pruncul Român ("The Romanian Infant"). Although short lived, it enshrined in popular memory the ethical and cultural commands of Wallachian pașoptism ("48-ism"). It is also commonly seen as
2002-401: A reign of terror had begun. Reportedly, this boycott irritated the government, keen to preserve the image of liberalism. Românul then returned to political news, with a letter from Rosetti's political ally, Ștefan Golescu , who claimed that he and his family were being harassed by the authorities. Afterwards, the newspaper openly attacked Cuza for changing the organic laws and for appealing to
2145-522: A roughly round shape, with the centre situated in the cross-way of the main north–south/east-west axes at University Square . The milestone for Romania's Kilometre Zero is placed just south of University Square in front of the New St. George Church (Sfântul Gheorghe Nou) at St. George Square (Piața Sfântul Gheorghe). Bucharest's radius, from University Square to the city limits in all directions, varies from 10 to 12 km (6 to 7 mi). Until recently,
2288-530: A socially disadvantaged area. Although the presence of street children was a problem in Bucharest in the 1990s, their numbers have declined in recent years, now lying at or below the average of major European capital cities. As stated by the Mercer international surveys for quality of life in cities around the world, Bucharest occupied the 94th place in 2001 and slipped lower, to the 108th place in 2009 and
2431-618: A study published by the United Nations, Bucharest placed 19th among 28 cities that recorded sharp declines in population from 1990 to the mid-2010s. In particular, the population fell by 3.77%. The city's population, according to the 2002 census, was 1,926,334 inhabitants, or 8.9% of the total population of Romania. A significant number of people commute to the city every day, mostly from the surrounding Ilfov County, but official statistics regarding their numbers do not exist. Bucharest's population experienced two phases of rapid growth,
2574-545: A unique habitat. In May 2016, the lake was declared a national park, the Văcărești Nature Park . Dubbed the 'Delta of Bucharest', the area is protected. Bucharest is situated in the center of the Romanian Plain, in an area once covered by the Vlăsiei Forest, which after it was cleared, gave way for a fertile flatland. As with many cities, Bucharest is traditionally considered to be built upon seven hills, similar to
2717-546: A unique status in Romanian administration, since it is the only municipal area that is not part of a county . Its population, however, is larger than that of any other Romanian county , hence the power of the Bucharest General Municipality ( Primăria Generală ), which is the capital's local government body, is the same as any other Romanian county council. The Municipality of Bucharest, along with
2860-561: Is a city of high population density : 8,260/km (21,400/sq mi), as most of the population lives in high-density communist era apartment blocks ( blocuri ). However, this also depends on the part of the city: the southern boroughs have a higher density than the northern ones. Of the European Union country capital-cities, only Paris and Athens have a higher population density (see List of European Union cities proper by population density ). In addition to blocks of flats built during
3003-410: Is administratively known as the 'Municipality of Bucharest' ( Romanian : Municipiul București ), and has the same administrative level as that of a national county , being further subdivided into six sectors , each governed by a local mayor. The Romanian name București has an unverified origin. Tradition connects the founding of Bucharest with the name of Bucur , who was a prince, an outlaw,
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#17327657186473146-421: Is governed by a local mayor, as follows: Sector 1 – Clotilde Armand ( USR , since 2020), Sector 2 – Radu Mihaiu ( USR , since 2020), Sector 3 – Robert Negoiță (PRO B, since 2012), Sector 4 – Daniel Băluță ( PSD , since 2016), Sector 5 – Vlad Popescu Piedone (former mayor Cristian Popescu Piedone's son) (PUSL, since 2024), Sector 6 – Ciprian Ciucu ( PNL , since 2020). Like all other local councils in Romania,
3289-586: Is headed by a general mayor ( Primar General ). Since 29 October 2020 onwards, it is Nicușor Dan , currently an independent politician previously backed by the PNL - USR PLUS centre-right alliance at the 2020 Romanian local elections . Decisions are approved and discussed by the capital's General Council ( Consiliu General ) made up of 55 elected councilors. Furthermore, the city is divided into six administrative sectors ( sectoare ), each of which has its own 27-seat sectoral council, town hall, and mayor. The powers of
3432-550: Is listed as 'endangered' by the World Monuments Watch (as of 2016). Although many neighbourhoods, particularly in the southern part of the city, lack sufficient green space, being formed of cramped, high-density blocks of flats, Bucharest also has many parks . In 2024, Bucharest was ranked by the digital publication Freaking Nomads as the 9th best city in the world for digital nomads , due to its elaborate and diverse architecture, an arts scene featuring some of
3575-406: Is located in the southern part of the city. Over 190 hectares, including 90 hectares of water, host 97 species of birds, half of them protected by law, and at least seven species of mammals. The lake is surrounded by buildings of flats and is an odd result of human intervention and nature taking its course. The area was a small village that Ceaușescu attempted to convert into a lake. After demolishing
3718-463: Is more common, particularly in the form of pickpocketing , which occurs mainly on the city's public transport network. Confidence tricks were common in the 1990s, especially in regards to tourists, but the frequency of these incidents has since declined. Theft was reduced by 13.6% in 2013 compared to 2012. Levels of crime are higher in the southern districts of the city, particularly in Ferentari ,
3861-659: Is that people of yours?" Românul , again in print when Cuza left the country, romanticized the events, referring to the coup's anniversary as "a holy day" in the Romanian calendar. According to a popular myth, Rosetti and Carada were the secret authors of the June 1866 Constitution , largely translated, in one night, from the Belgian model . The triumvirate of regents appointed Rosetti the Romanian Minister of Education and Religious Affairs , in which capacity he instituted
4004-514: The petite bourgeoisie and skilled workers, most of whom were also subscribers to Românul . During April 1866, Românul reported about the intrigues of Moldavian separatists and Russophiles, who, under boyars Nicolae Roznovanu and Constantin A. Moruzi , attempted to provoke a quick breakup of the United Principalities. According to its account, the scandal, which ended in bloodshed, had been planted by Russia: "The complicity of
4147-546: The Afro-Romanians ), Iranians, Vietnamese, Filipinos, Nepalis, Afghans, Sri Lankans, Bangladeshis, Pakistanis, and Indians. 226,943 people did not declare their ethnicity. Antonie Ruset Antonie Ruset or Antonie Rosetti (c. 1615 – 1685) ruled from November 10, 1675 to November 1678 in the Principality of Moldova. He came from an ancient family of Greek origin. Ruset ordered on March 29, 1677,
4290-558: The Constitutional Court of Romania . Bucharest has a municipal police force, the Bucharest Police ( Poliția București ), which is responsible for policing crime within the whole city, and operates a number of divisions. The Bucharest Police are headquartered on Ștefan cel Mare Blvd. in the city centre, and at precincts throughout the city. From 2004 onwards, each sector city hall also has under its administration
4433-567: The Domnitor , and acclaimed him for decreeing the secularization of monastery estates . The so-called "rural law", which granted monastery land to the peasants, was republished by Românul in 2,000 copies (about a third of the copies in circulation). The gazette also initiated a humanitarian campaign to help Bucharesters stricken by the June 1864 floods, and collected some 5,000 Ducats through public subscription. On 25 July 1865, during troubles in
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4576-635: The Great Powers ) meant C. A. Rosetti and Ion Brătianu were allowed to return home. They both became involved with the " National Party ", which campaigned for a Moldo-Wallachian Union . Românul was founded in this period of turmoil, when the National Party was slowly eroding the separatist vote in the ad-hoc Divans . Its first issue came out on 9 August 1857, barely a month after Rosetti had been invited back to Wallachia. According to one interpretation, Românul existed since February 1857, under
4719-676: The Mastercard Global Index of Urban Destinations. As for the past two consecutive years, 2018 and 2019, Bucharest ranked as the European destination with the highest potential for development according to the same study. Economically, Bucharest is the most prosperous city in Romania and the richest capital and city in the region, having surpassed Budapest since 2017. The city has a number of large convention facilities, educational institutes, cultural venues, traditional 'shopping arcades' and recreational areas. The city proper
4862-712: The Palace of the Parliament , for which an entire historic quarter was razed to make way for Ceaușescu's megalomaniac plans. On 4 March 1977, an earthquake centred in Vrancea , about 135 km (83.89 mi) away, claimed 1,500 lives and caused further damage to the historic centre. The Romanian Revolution of 1989 began with massive anti-Ceaușescu protests in Timișoara in December 1989 and continued in Bucharest, leading to
5005-632: The Romanian Academic Society . Rumors circulated that the Minister had made strange efforts to democratize his institution, addressing his subordinates as "brothers", and introducing his circulaires with the Românul motto Luminează-te și vei fi . He resigned shortly after his Constitution passed the popular vote , allegedly because he did not enjoy being in power. During the subsequent debates, Românul did not necessarily oppose
5148-654: The Romans its political backbone; the Celts its intimate link with France. Românul also preserved a mythical image of C. A. Rosetti's Italian models. The newspaper's office was decorated with the portraits of Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi . Years later, Garibaldi wrote to thank Rosetti for having regularly sent him issues of Românul . There was a less transparent agenda followed by the Românul ideologues. According to Călinescu, Rosetti had adopted liberalism only because it conveyed his ideal of national independence, and, beneath
5291-495: The authoritarian Domnitor . Like many other liberals, they feared that Cuza was slowly doing away with Romania's two-party system , and monopolizing the application of reforms. In 1863, the newspaper inaugurated its practice of reviving republican rhetoric whenever a ruling monarch disagreed with Rosetti, although it also supported Cuza's replacement with a foreign prince. According to the Brașov paper Gazeta Transilvaniei , Românul
5434-450: The far left of PNL, and had socialist sympathies, being identified by the conservative opinion-makers (writers Titu Maiorescu , Mihai Eminescu and Ion Luca Caragiale ) with excess, demagogy , or corruption. They also ridiculed Românul for its " macaronic " rendition of the Romanian language . Românul unwittingly destabilized the PNL by proposing electoral and other reforms during
5577-609: The homicide rate of Bucharest was 0,8 per 100,000 people. Crime in Bucharest is combated by national forces, such as the Romanian Police and Romanian Gendarmerie , and by local forces, such as the Local Police of Bucharest. Although in the 2000s, a number of police crackdowns on organised crime gangs occurred, such as the Cămătaru clan, organised crime generally has little impact on public life. Petty crime, however,
5720-430: The radical ideology of Western Europe. Its founder and director was the aristocrat C. A. Rosetti , known as Romantic poet, Masonic promoter and left-wing activist, seconded by the brothers Ion C. Brătianu and Dimitrie Brătianu . Românul ' s roots were planted in the 1848 revolutionary movement , whose press organ, Pruncul Român , was a direct predecessor. In its first editions, Românul helped circulate
5863-411: The urban area , the proposed metropolitan area of Bucharest would have a population of 2.3 million people. In 2020, the government used 2.5 million people as the basis for pandemic reports. Bucharest is the eighth largest city in the European Union by population within city limits. In 2017, Bucharest was the European city with the highest growth of tourists who stay over night, according to
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6006-520: The " monstrous coalition " coup that brought Cuza's downfall in February 1866. At the helm of a "Mazzinian" secret committee, C. A. Rosetti and his pupil Constantin Ciocârlan represented the leftist "Reds" in the conspiracy. They reputedly promised to lead the Bucharest populace into a show of support. When no one showed up for the rally, the other conspirators teased Rosetti with the question: "Where
6149-400: The "White" camp became a Prussian party, the liberals oscillated between Francophilia and Russophilia. The Rosettists had a key position: they supported Russia whenever she promised emancipation to the Ottomans' Christian subjects, even at the risk of upsetting France (isolated as it was by the continental Great Powers ). Before and after the February coup, Rosetti's paper strongly supported
6292-517: The "extravagant and fanatical" liberal dogma, he was more of a " reactionary ". During the struggle for union, Rosetti took a pragmatic approach. He was one of the party's envoys to the French Empire , and noted with satisfaction that Napoleon III "defends us like a fellow Romanian". Nevertheless, he stood against his increasingly nationalistic colleagues in the "Red" faction for always prioritizing popular sovereignty and majoritarianism over
6435-407: The "persecution" of liberal newspapers, and in particular the shutting down of " Romanulu , press organ of the democratic leader Mr. Rossetti [sic]", jeopardized Cuza's good reputation. Carada had by then made his way back to Bucharest, and was fast becoming one of the most anti-Cuza publicists. His Consciinti'a Nationala piece of 1 August 1865 claimed that the monarch's offer of universal suffrage
6578-465: The 107th place in 2010. Compared to it, Vienna occupied number one worldwide in 2011 and 2009. Warsaw ranked 84th, Istanbul 112th, and neighbours Sofia 114th and Belgrade 136th (in the 2010 rankings). Mercer Human Resource Consulting issues yearly a global ranking of the world's most livable cities based on 39 key quality-of-life issues. Among them: political stability, currency-exchange regulations, political and media censorship, school quality, housing,
6721-492: The 1880s, and its leaders, Rosetti included, were pushed into leaving the party. In its final edition, put out by Vintilă Rosetti , the openly pro-socialist newspaper went into steady decline. The Rosetti (Ruset) family , of Greek-Byzantine and Phanariote origin, joined the Moldo-Wallachian boyar class in the 17th century, experiencing supreme political power with the rise of Antonie Vodă (1675), and then with
6864-538: The Bessarabian public. By then, Rosetti was hosting pieces which announced projects of uniting the federated principalities with the other Romanian-inhabited provinces. In a letter for Românul , the Bessarabian-born scholar Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu claimed: "I was the first to raise a toast for fusing together all parts of the vast Romania." Meanwhile, Rosetti and his supporters were scheming to depose
7007-563: The Bible and atheistic tracts, and refusing to baptize his children by Maria Rosetti-Grant . By then, Rosetti and his men were perceived as extremists even among the leftist Wallachian émigrés: Nicolae Bălcescu , a radical, complained that the Rosettists were "communists", and that their supposed critique of property as theft was irritatingly obstructionist. The Crimean War (which placed Wallachia and Moldavia under direct supervision of
7150-598: The Bucharest Divan opted not to elect Cuza. Alongside the tightening of Cuza's union, Rosetti's cultural project involved agitation for international cooperation, for Pan-Latinism and Francophilia . In an 1857 editorial for Românul , Ion Brătianu presented the earliest "Red" take on the origin of the Romanians . In his view, the Romanian people belonged to three noble families: the Thracians were its roots;
7293-549: The Bucharest Tribunal ( Tribunalul Bucureşti ), the city's municipal court. The Bucharest Court of Appeal ( Curtea de Apel Bucureşti ) judges appeals against decisions taken by first-instance courts and tribunals in Bucharest and in five surrounding counties (Teleorman, Ialomița, Giurgiu, Călărași, and Ilfov). Bucharest is also home to Romania's supreme court, the High Court of Cassation and Justice , as well as to
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#17327657186477436-402: The Bucharest newspaper's "strength of character" was worthy "of the most civilized nations". The Transylvanian militant journalist George Bariț was a regular correspondent, reporting on the clashes of opinion between Romanians and Hungarians, and Ioniță Scipione Bădescu sent in for publishing some of his first poetic works. The evident rapprochement between Prussia, Austria-Hungary and Russia
7579-417: The Bucharest sectoral councils, the capital's general council , and the mayors are elected every four years by the population. Additionally, Bucharest has a prefect , who is appointed by Romania's national government. The prefect is not allowed to be a member of a political party and his role is to represent the national government at the municipal level. The prefect is acting as a liaison official facilitating
7722-734: The French side, and was also Rosetti's war reporter, before falling wounded outside Soissons . When news of the French Empire's ultimate defeat reached Romania, Românul commended the returning Romanians for having rendered "the most accurate and ardent expression" of Romania's love for "her older sister in the West". Rosetti himself left Romania to cover the French Republic 's effort to resist Prussian attacks, interviewing Léon Gambetta and Garibaldi. The fall of Paris (28 January 1871)
7865-759: The Jewish community leaders during the Choral Temple inauguration, and its editor probably intervened in favor of the Wallachian Jewish communities. Rosetti's tolerance was noticed by an antisemitic lobby within "Red" liberalism, and in particular by Bolliac's Trompeta Carpaților gazette—in August 1866, it alleged that Rosetti, I. Brătianu and Românul were surrendering the country to the Alliance Israélite Universelle . In
8008-541: The Jewish revolutionary painter Constantin Daniel Rosenthal . During the 1848 events, Rosetti and Ion Brătianu organized the tanners and the youth into a revolutionary force, toppling the Regulamentul rule. Briefly imprisoned, Rosetti became Bucharest Agha in just a couple of days, and was instrumental in combating counterrevolutionary activities. He was also among the negotiators who tried to reach
8151-664: The National Theater. With Rosetti absent, he introduced new columns: a summary of foreign news; a Parliamentary column with a summary of political discussions; a section for cultural news and anecdotes; and a new selection of (usually modern French ) serialized novels. In time, he began signing his contributions, including the political column once monopolized by Rosetti, and began using a milder and drier rhetoric, while defending Românul against accusations of frivolousness (specifically, those voiced by writer-politician Ion Ghica ). A historian, Constantin D. Aricescu , became
8294-651: The Ottomans, who tried to impose a blockade on the arms trade. Although some weapons were confiscated in the process, Românul informed its readers that, with French assistance, many were still passing through. Românul , available to the Romanian intellectuals in Bessarabia (a Guberniya of the Russian Empire) at some 4 silver руб. per year, was read and censored by the Governor Mikhail Fonton de Verraillon before being made available to
8437-579: The Romanian authorities would take their cue from Tsar Alexander . Românul ' s friendship with the Poles alarmed the fellow "Red" Hasdeu. In Hasdeu's definition, the Poles were "a bunch of irresponsible people" whose revolutionary agenda clashed with popular opinion. Cuza's ultimate decision to banish the Polish diaspora committees, Hasdeu claimed, was prophylactic. In reply, the Rosettists added to their international propaganda campaign allegations that Cuza
8580-496: The Romanians") and the conspicuous absence of senators from the royal ceremony. Titus Dunka, who had settled to a quiet life in Romania, became a correspondent of both Românul and Ghimpele . D. Bolintineanu returned with analytical articles on current events, writing until April 1870, when old age and disease incapacitated him. Only months later, when the Franco-Prussian War erupted, Dunka volunteered to fight on
8723-524: The Russian departure (remaining in the city until March 1857). On 23 March 1847, a fire consumed about 2,000 buildings, destroying a third of the city. In 1862, after Wallachia and Moldavia were united to form the Principality of Romania , Bucharest became the new nation's capital city. In 1881, it became the political centre of the newly proclaimed Kingdom of Romania under King Carol I . During
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#17327657186478866-494: The Thracian-Roman-Celtic conglomerate, Bolliac used Românul to publicize his finds about the ancient Dacians , and his theory that the Romanian identity had very deep, non-Roman, roots. The idea behind Rosetti's movement was a Left-Hegelian concept, paraphrased by literary historian George Călinescu as "God is revealed in nations", and inducing the notion of a united front against oppression. Early Rosettism
9009-406: The Wallachian government of Nicolae Golescu , Carada refused to fill in as Românul chief, considering himself unfit for the part. Carada still took over much of the editorial activity, since the Românul founders were employed on other tasks, and participated in the debates on dramaturgy. He wrote suggestions about staging Hamlet (March 1861), and published condemnations of "immoral" shows at
9152-449: The annulment of Cuza's universal suffrage, nor its replacement with census suffrage . The paper hosted some articles in which "A Subscriber" proposed to maintain in spirit Cuza's electoral reform, but his opinion had no discernible echoes. Writing for Rosetti's almanac ( Calendarulŭ Romanului ), but a conservative at heart, Radu Ionescu stated the case in his essay Justiție și libertate ("Justice and Freedom"). Ionescu argued that dividing
9295-479: The arrival of Manolache-Giani Vodă (1770). The Românul founder was a collateral descendant of Antonie, and, despite being identified with Wallachia's liberal school, had a mainly Moldavian ancestry. By the time of his revolutionary debut, the various Rosetti branches populated the entire political landscape of the two principalities. Although born into this aristocratic milieu, Constantin Alexandru "C. A." Rosetti
9438-512: The average high temperature is 29.8 °C (85.6 °F) (the average for July and August). Temperatures frequently reach 35 to 40 °C (95 to 104 °F) in midsummer in the city centre. Although average precipitation in summer is moderate, occasional heavy storms occur. During spring and autumn, daytime temperatures vary between 17 and 22 °C (63 and 72 °F), and precipitation during spring tends to be higher than in summer, with more frequent yet milder periods of rain. Bucharest has
9581-523: The capital, Cuza again banned the Rosettist tribune. Just one day later, Rosetti produced the newspaper Libertatea ("Freedom"), which was in effect Românul under a new title. This edition was also banned by the Cuza regime, but, after only eight days, the newspaper reemerged as Consciinti'a Nationala ("National Conscience"). Italian observers received such news with concern: Nuova Antologia wrote that
9724-537: The city has been experiencing an economic and cultural boom. It is one of the fastest-growing high-tech cities in Europe, according to the Financial Times , CBRE , TechCrunch , and others. In 2016, the historical city centre was listed as 'endangered' by the World Monuments Watch . In January 2023, there were 1.74 million inhabitants living within the city limits, and adding the satellite towns around
9867-614: The city was hit by Caragea's plague . The city was wrested from Ottoman influence and occupied at several intervals by the Habsburg monarchy (1716, 1737, 1789) and Imperial Russia (three times between 1768 and 1806). It was placed under Russian administration between 1828 and the Crimean War , with an interlude during the Bucharest-centred 1848 Wallachian revolution . Later, an Austrian garrison took possession after
10010-622: The city was the scene of the Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom . As the capital of an Axis country and a major transit point for Axis troops en route to the Eastern Front , Bucharest suffered heavy damage during World War II due to Allied bombings . On 23 August 1944, Bucharest was the site of the royal coup which brought Romania into the Allied camp. The city suffered a short period of Nazi Luftwaffe bombings, as well as
10153-655: The communist era, there are also older interwar ones, as well as newer ones built in the 1990s and in the 21st century. Although apartment buildings are strongly associated with the communist era, such housing schemes were first introduced in Bucharest in the 1920s. About 97.3% of the population of Bucharest for whom data are available is Romanian . Other significant ethnic groups are Romani , Hungarians, Turks, Jews , Germans (mostly Regat Germans ), Chinese, Russians, Ukrainians, and Italians. A relatively small number of Bucharesters are also Greeks , Armenians, Kurds, Bulgarians, Albanians, Poles, French, Arabs, Africans (including
10296-563: The country into wealth-based electoral colleges was "the ultimate expression of democracy". However, he conditioned the reform's success on the thorough application of "electoral freedom". By then, Rosetti had also been granted approval for his "Citizens' Guard". Legislation to this effect, passed in January 1864 and vetoed by Cuza, was enforced in March 1866. The new armed force, primarily a Rosettist and officially classless institution, comprised
10439-528: The creation of a reformed Romanian Army, under General Gheorghe Magheru . Dimitrie Brătianu's columns suggested a volunteer defense force, comprising some 30,000 men. The newspaper hinted that the Army could switch to an offensive role for the cause of irredentism , referring to the toppling of Imperial Austrian rule over Romanian-inhabited Transylvania —as had been the case in Italy with Garibaldi's Redshirts . At
10582-472: The early settlements in antiquity until its consolidation as the national capital of Romania late in the 19th century. First mentioned as the ' Citadel of București' in 1459, it became the residence of the ruler of Wallachia, Voivode Vlad the Impaler . The Old Princely Court ( Curtea Veche ) was erected by Mircea Ciobanul in the mid-16th century. Under subsequent rulers, Bucharest was established as
10725-551: The end, Hasdeu's ideas on Jews and antisemitism also made it into the columns of Românul . His 1868 essay Istoria toleranțeĭ religióse în Romănia ("The History of Religious Toleration in Romania"), serialized by the "Red" paper, distinguished between three kinds of Judaism: the ancient religion—indifferent to the Romanians, " Spanish Judaism "—more positive than not, and " Polish Judaism "—entirely pernicious, exploitative. Românul ' s ideological stance, and in particular its antisemitic position, were being reviewed with concern by
10868-704: The environment, and public safety. Mercer collects data worldwide, in 215 cities. The difficult situation of the quality of life in Bucharest is confirmed also by a vast urbanism study, done by the Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism . In 2016, Bucharest's urban situation was described as 'critical' by a Romanian Order of Architects (OAR) report that criticised the city's weak, incoherent and arbitrary public management policies, its elected officials' lack of transparency and public engagement, as well as its inadequate and unsustainable use of essential urban resources. Bucharest's historical city centre
11011-668: The expression of radicalism in government. During the early rule of Domnitor Carol , it became noted for bellicose statements favoring the incorporation into Romania of Transylvania , Bukovina , and other regions held by the Austrian Empire ; it also supported Romania's full independence from the Ottoman Empire , and the creation of "Red" paramilitary units. This agenda was taken up by Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu , Alexandru Odobescu , and various other Românul writers. Additionally, during brief periods of conflict with Carol, Românul supported republican agitation, most openly so in
11154-551: The first beginning in the late 19th century when the city was consolidated as the national capital and lasting until the Second World War, and the second during the Ceaușescu years (1965–1989), when a massive urbanization campaign was launched and many people migrated from rural areas to the capital. At this time, due to Ceaușescu's decision to ban abortion and contraception, natural increase was also significant. Bucharest
11297-517: The future Romanian state as a republic, without "princes and boyars, without masters and servants, [...] without protectors and suzerains". At the time, Rosetti had found a new idol in Italy 's radical ideologue Giuseppe Mazzini , reading and translating Mazzini's fraternal manifesto Alle popolazioni Rumene ("To the Romanian Peoples"). The Wallachian exile took to agnosticism , reading both
11440-646: The gardens are the main recreational facility in the city centre. Bucharest parks and gardens also include Herăstrău Park , Tineretului Park and the Botanical Garden . Herăstrău Park is located in the northern part of the city, around Lake Herăstrău, and includes the site the Village Museum . Grigore Antipa Museum is also near in the Victoriei Square. One of its best known locations are Hard Rock Cafe Bucharest and Berăria H (one of
11583-406: The gazettes who had "forgotten the respect they owe to the powers that be"; the other was Nikipercea , a new satirical magazine put out by Orășanu. Among those who protested against this measure was a young liberal, Eugeniu Carada . Remarked by Rosetti, and recommended by Bolliac, Carada worked for Românul until 1871 (and was briefly engaged to Rosetti's daughter Libby). Soon after, the newspaper
11726-525: The government in Saint Petersburg is self-evident; the enterprise of the Russian subject Moruzi, with his Phanariotes, his Lipovans and his other foreigners, has shown what sort of support Russia can expect to get from the Romanians of Iași !" In contrast, the Citizens' Guard was advertised by Românul as not just an instrument of public order, but also "the great, beautiful, liberal and national institution". The period of instability ended when
11869-617: The government's show of force against the Hungarian colony in Wallachia , applauding from the side as the Hungarian revolutionary journal, Hunnia , was forcefully shut down. Hunnia founder Ferenc Koós , who was ordered to leave Romania, later alleged that the Românul founder had personally warned him not to be too good a Hungarian patriot. However, Rosetti still inventoried cases of government abuse. In October 1869, Românul reported
12012-517: The group, and acting as Romanian diplomatic agent in Pest , Radu Ionescu censured such projects: "People of influence do not take into account the annexation of Transylvania, as that would be very difficult for us, given [the region's] varied races". However, the Romanian community of Austria (and of Austria-Hungary from 1867) was quick to respond to this agenda. The Banat Romanian Iulian "Julianu" Grozescu , who visited Rosetti in Bucharest, argued that
12155-416: The houses and building the concrete basin, the plan was abandoned following the 1989 revolution. For nearly two decades, the area shifted from being an abandoned green space where children could play and sunbathe, to being contested by previous owners of the land there, to being closed for redevelopment into a sports centre. The redevelopment deal failed, and over the following years, the green space grew into
12298-469: The implementation of national development plans and governing programs at local level. The prefect of Bucharest (as of 2024) is Mihai Mugur Toader. The city's general council has the following political composition, based on the results of the 2024 local elections : Bucharest's judicial system is similar to that of the Romanian counties. Each of the six sectors has its own local first-instance court ( judecătorie ), while more serious cases are directed to
12441-521: The interwar years, Bucharest's urban development continued, with the city gaining an average of 30,000 new residents each year. Also, some of the city's main landmarks were built in this period, including Arcul de Triumf and Palatul Telefoanelor . However, the Great Depression in Romania took its toll on Bucharest's citizens, culminating in the Grivița Strike of 1933 . In January 1941,
12584-518: The largest beer halls in Europe). Tineretului Park was created in 1965 and designed as the main recreational space for southern Bucharest. It contains a Mini Town which is a play area for kids. The Botanical Garden, located in the Cotroceni neighbourhood a bit west of the city centre, is the largest of its kind in Romania and contains over 10,000 species of plants (many of them exotic); it originated as
12727-476: The lawyer and Romantic author, published Orășanu's appeal from prison, addressed to the readers of Românul and Nikipercea , then opened a donation list for the anti-Cuza protesters arrested in Oltenia . Odobescu also returned with an open letter, claiming that Wallachia's government, under Manolache Costache Epureanu , was pressuring civil servants into voting "White". During 1861, Rosetti settled his scores with
12870-555: The leader of "48-ist" moderates, Heliade Rădulescu. The radicals' chief, who had helped marginalize Rădulescu since the 1850s, published a scathing satire by the Wallachian Romantic Grigore Alexandrescu , which showed a terrified Rădulescu choking on his envy. In this new edition, Românul campaigned for the creation of a volunteer police force, the "Citizens' Guard", in support of the embryonic Romanian Army . In August 1862, it argued that such
13013-427: The liberal bloc agreed to back a foreign aristocrat for the position of Domnitor . The throne was ultimately accepted by a Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen prince, Carol I . The "Reds" were initially placated by the selection, but their discontent grew once Carol made "White" politics his own. For Carol, Rosetti was a suspicious figure on the "far left", or Haupt der extremen Radikalen ("Head of the extreme Radicals"). While
13156-428: The local government over a certain area are, therefore, shared both by the Bucharest municipality and the local sectoral councils with little or no overlapping of authority. The general rule is that the main capital municipality is responsible for citywide utilities such as the water and sewage system, the overall transport system, and the main boulevards, while sectoral town halls manage the contact between individuals and
13299-425: The local government, secondary streets and parks maintenance, schools administration, and cleaning services. The six sectors are numbered from one to six and are disposed radially so that each one has under its administration a certain area of the city centre. They are numbered clockwise and are further divided into sectoral quarters ( cartiere ) which are not part of the official administrative division: Each sector
13442-781: The mid-2000s. In 2015, 64 people were killed in the Colectiv nightclub fire . Later the Romanian capital saw the 2017–2019 Romanian protests against the judicial reforms, with a 2018 protest ending with 450 people injured. The following treaties were signed in the city: The city is situated on the banks of the Dâmbovița River , which flows into the Argeș River, a tributary of the Danube. Several lakes – the most important of which are Lake Herăstrău, Lake Floreasca, Lake Tei, and Lake Colentina – stretch across
13585-471: The monarch's wrath. In late 1863, Carada was assigned to contact Europe's radical underground, gaining Mazzini's support for Cuza's ouster. Before leaving, he addressed an emotional letter of homage to Rosetti, Brătianu and others "form the great family that is the National Party", honoring them as his educators in matters of civic mindedness. At home, Rosetti began working with the Polish migrants , who came to
13728-462: The more moderate Naționalul , the "ultra-liberal" Rosettist tribune had "the greatest influence on those events which, in Romania, marked the years 1857 to 1859." Românul hosted contributions from the archeologist and political agitator Cezar Bolliac , who spoke out against the anti-Wallachian government of Moldavia. Bolliac attacked separatist Nicolae Vogoride for having shut down the unionist mouthpiece Steaua Dunării , and demanded freedom of
13871-420: The nation . According to Gazeta Transilvaniei , it was losing popular support in the provinces, as many of those "who previously held [ Românul ] as their gospel" switched to the Cuza camp. Gazeta concluded that the Wallachian public was largely unprincipled, with the ideological worth of "watermelon flowers". Although still plotting Cuza's ouster, Românul took a favorable view of the land reform enacted by
14014-410: The new director, having already served as Românul administrator since 1859. He had not previously been regarded as a journalist, since the custom of the day was to formally distinguish between writers and administrators. Also then, the writing staff was joined by Nicolae Nicoleanu , better known as a poet of the Romanian salons. Others were drawn in by Rosetti's criticism of the regime. Pantazi Ghica ,
14157-566: The newspaper in Carada's care. Bucharest Bucharest ( UK : / ˌ b uː k ə ˈ r ɛ s t / BOO -kə- REST , US : / ˈ b uː k ə r ɛ s t / -rest ; Romanian : București [bukuˈreʃtʲ] ) is the capital and largest city of Romania . The metropolis stands on the River Dâmbovița in south-eastern Romania. Its population is officially estimated at 1.76 million residents within
14300-631: The nickname of 'Paris of the East' ( Parisul Estului ), with the Calea Victoriei as its Champs-Élysées . Between 6 December 1916 and November 1918, the city was occupied by German forces as a result of the Battle of Bucharest , with the official capital temporarily moved to Iași (also called Jassy), in the Moldavia region. After World War I, Bucharest became the capital of Greater Romania . In
14443-574: The northern parts of the city, along the Colentina River , a tributary of the Dâmbovița. In addition, in the centre of the capital is a small artificial lake – Lake Cișmigiu – surrounded by the Cișmigiu Gardens . These gardens have a rich history, having been frequented by poets and writers. Opened in 1847 and based on the plans of German architect Carl F.W. Meyer,
14586-599: The overthrow of the Communist regime . Dissatisfied with the postrevolutionary leadership of the National Salvation Front , some student leagues and opposition groups organised anti-Communist rallies in early 1990, which caused the political change. Since 2000, the city has been continuously modernised. Residential and commercial developments are underway, particularly in the northern districts; Bucharest's old historic centre has undergone restoration since
14729-621: The paper's definitive name showed the patriotic fervor of the 1850s, and especially the cause of Romanian nation-building, when the name "Romanian" slowly replaced references to "Moldavian", "Wallachian" etc. At the time, both sides of the National Party, "White" conservatives and "Red" liberals, were engaged in supporting the unionist project. From the start, the paper used the twin slogans Voesce (or Voiește ) și vei putea; Luminează-te și vei fi ("Will It and You Shall Achieve; Enlighten Yourself and You Shall Become"). On one level, these mottos reflected Rosetti's belief in popular education by means of
14872-411: The pleasure park of the royal family. Besides them, there are many other smaller parks that should be visited, some of them being still large. Alexandru Ioan Cuza Park, Kiseleff Park, Carol Park , Izvor Park, Grădina Icoanei , Circului Park and Moghioroș Park are a few of them. Other large parks in Bucharest are: National Park, Tei Park, Eroilor Park and Crângași Park with Morii Lake . Lake Văcărești
15015-407: The premiership. D. Ghica was also supported from abroad as a means to curb the antisemitic disturbances. Again in the opposition, Românul was eventually convinced to tone down its pro-Bulgarian activism, assuming the official government position and, according to Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopædia , "exhort[ing] the inhabitants of Bulgaria to preserve tranquility." Soon after, Românul backed
15158-400: The press . C. A. Rosetti himself was Secretary of the Bucharest ad-hoc Divan, which confirmed the new Moldavian prince Alexander John Cuza as prince of Wallachia . Rosetti then journeyed to Moldavia, as president of the delegation which informed Cuza that the personal union had been effected. He is also credited with having put together the "Red" contingency plan, that of a "revolution", had
15301-533: The press, but were actually coined by Ion Brătianu, and probably inspired to him by Masonic lore. In its first manifesto, also conceived by Brătianu, the paper exhorted the Romanians of both countries to reflect on their shared lineage: "[the Romanians'] interests are identical, they had to suffer through the same things, and they have the same ideas about what they should do to make things better for themselves." Bibliographer Eugène Hatin notes that, together with
15444-542: The principalities in the wake of the January Uprising , and who were still determined to fight Russia. Românul men attended the "sublime ceremony" organized by Polish revolutionaries in Bărăția Church , and praised the Romanian legislators for setting aside funds to benefit the new arrivals (January 1864). As Russia called on Cuza to evict these expatriates, the Rosettists urged tolerance, dismissing rumors that
15587-584: The raid on the Românul offices, confiscating some issues of Rosetti's other periodical ( Ecclesia ) and the manuscript of a Bessarabian novel ( Aglaie , probably written by Constantin Stamati-Ciurea ). When it first seemed that Cuza's regime was going to clamp down on Consciinti'a Nationala , Carada decided to take full responsibility for his own agenda. Without handing in his resignation, he inaugurated his own, entirely anti-Cuza, gazette: Clopotul ("The Tocsin"). The radicals were active participants in
15730-490: The reading public that Bucharest was fast becoming recognized for its Westernization efforts. Odobescu himself was a staff writer at Românul , where he published his historical novella on Mihnea cel Rău (October 1857), and then his friendly polemic with Rosetti, on the subject of dramaturgy . The Românul founder was twice manager of the National Theater Bucharest , and, as such, published calls for
15873-543: The regions surrounding Bucharest were largely rural, but after 1989, suburbs started to be built around Bucharest, in the surrounding Ilfov County . This county , which has experienced rapid demographic growth in the 21st century, being the fastest growing Romanian county between 2011 and 2021, had a population of 542,686 people at the 2021 Romanian census . In the 21st century, many of Ilfov county's villages and communes developed into high-income commuter towns , which act like suburbs or satellites of Bucharest. Bucharest has
16016-471: The renewed spread of antisemitic violence in the provinces, and accused the radical "Red" ministers, Ștefan Golescu and Ion Brătianu included, of being hypocrites. By late 1868, the liberals' opposition to the status quo , and especially the toleration of Bulgarian revolutionaries on Romanian soil, generated an international scandal, and the radical cabinet of Nicolae Golescu was intimidated into relinquishing power; "Whites" leader Dimitrie Ghica took over
16159-567: The rival newspaper Térra , put out by the "Whites" Nicolae Moret Blaremberg and Petre P. Carp . The latter identified the Hasdeu–Rosetti enterprise of being a " Karkaleki newspaper", following in the footsteps of demagogic and mystifying journalism; it also ridiculed Hasdeu's opinions on politics, art and literature. For Carp, the time of "48-ist" glory had passed, and it fell on the "Whites" to begin "the more modest work of [national] consolidation". Térra accepted Jewish emancipation, condemned
16302-514: The second half of the 19th century, the city's population increased dramatically, and a new period of urban development began. During this period, gas lighting , horse-drawn trams , and limited electrification were introduced. The Dâmbovița River was also massively channelled in 1883, thus putting a stop to previously endemic floods like the 1865 flooding of Bucharest . The Fortifications of Bucharest were built. The extravagant architecture and cosmopolitan high culture of this period won Bucharest
16445-513: The seven hills of Rome. Bucharest's seven hills are: Mihai Vodă, Dealul Mitropoliei , Radu Vodă, Cotroceni , Dealul Spirii , Văcărești , and Sfântu Gheorghe Nou. The city has an area of 226 km (87 sq mi). The altitude varies from 55.8 m (183.1 ft) at the Dâmbovița bridge in Cățelu, southeastern Bucharest and 91.5 m (300.2 ft) at the Militari church. The city has
16588-447: The slogans of the national emancipation ideal, and campaigned for Moldavia to join Wallachia in a union of the principalities , the basis of modern Romania. Although that union was achieved in 1859, Rosetti fell out with the elected Domnitor Alexander John Cuza , censuring his dictatorial inclinations and being in turn censored. Românul men (Rosetti, Eugeniu Carada ) helped topple Cuza in February 1866, after which Românul became
16731-400: The sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nicknames of Little Paris ( Romanian : Micul Paris ) or Paris of the East ( Romanian : Parisul Estului ). Although buildings and districts in the historic city centre were heavily damaged or destroyed by war, earthquakes, and even Nicolae Ceaușescu 's program of systematization , many survived and have been renovated. In recent years,
16874-473: The summer residence of the royal court. During the years to come, it competed with Târgoviște on the status of capital city after an increase in the importance of Southern Muntenia brought about by the demands of the suzerain power – the Ottoman Empire . Bucharest finally became the permanent location of the Wallachian court after 1698 (starting with the reign of Constantin Brâncoveanu ). The city
17017-413: The supposed interests of the Romanian race. Meanwhile, Românul itself experienced some pushes toward ethnic nationalism . In a later article, explaining his concept of a Roman racial and political legacy in modern-day life, Ion Brătianu came to the conclusion that democracy was innate to the Romanian psyche, but also subsumed to the other national characteristics. Just one year after Brătianu's praise of
17160-521: The surrounding Ilfov County, is part of the București – Ilfov development region project, which is equivalent to NUTS-II regions in the European Union and is used both by the EU and the Romanian government for statistical analysis, and to co-ordinate regional development projects and manage funds from the EU. The Bucharest-Ilfov development region is not, however, an administrative entity yet. The city government
17303-723: The time, Romania also feared that Cuza's dethronement opened the way for a new Ottoman invasion. At his Românul office, Rosetti was contacted by Bulgarian revolutionary Ivan Kasabov, who represented the Internal Revolutionary Organization in the conspiracy against Ottoman rule. Rosetti, Carada and Ciocârlan were the Romanian contacts of the Bulgarian Central Committee , helping it prepare for an uprising in Rumelia , and transmitting its messages to Mazzini. By summer 1866, Românul
17446-666: The title Concordia ("Concord"), and changed it upon Rosetti's arrival to Bucharest. Românul was originally a weekly (twice a week: 1857–1858; thrice a week: 1858–1859), but became a daily in 1859. The offices were originally located at No. 15 Caimatei Street. Românul then moved into the Pasagiul Român , renting flats from Rosetti's friend and upholsterer Peter Friedrich Bossel (a location later used by Rosetti for his enoteca ). The newspaper would then move shop to Rosetti's house at No. 14 Doamnei Street, and eventually to No. 2 Academiei Street (by Calea Victoriei ). In itself,
17589-639: The troubled year 1870. Its inclinations toward ethnic nationalism and antisemitism were additional topics of controversy. Românul men consolidated the "Red" opposition, creating the National Liberal Party (PNL), which dominated Romanian politics from 1875 onward. Românul gave enthusiastic backing to the Romanian War of Independence , but was not pleased by the establishment of the Romanian Kingdom . The Rosettists became
17732-496: The union act, Rosetti fell out with Cuza: he called for faster and ampler structural reforms than those effected by the Domnitor ' s moderate government. Together with the political humorist N. T. Orășanu , he began issuing Țânțarul ("The Mosquito"). Purportedly the first ever Romanian satirical magazine, it was only in print until 15 August 1859. On 24 September, Cuza ordered Românul to be shut down, nominating it as one of
17875-465: The work of his disciple, Mihail Zamphirescu (August 1858), and complained about the disenfranchisement of Aromanian immigrants to Romania (March 1861). Românul played host to the Albano-Romanian aristocrat Dora d'Istria , being one of the first local periodicals to acknowledge her literary work (her text, L'Italia s'è fatta! , was published by Rosetti in December 1860). Just months after
18018-453: The world’s best galleries, museums, and theatres, and its tranquil parks. As per the 2021 census , 1,716,961 inhabitants lived within the city limits, a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2011 census. This decrease is due to low natural increase, but also to a shift in population from the city itself to its smaller satellite towns such as Popești-Leordeni , Voluntari , Chiajna , Bragadiru , Pantelimon , Buftea and Otopeni . In
18161-526: The young boyars to sponsor the national repertoire , or chronicles of the plays staged by theater pioneer Matei Millo . Similar articles were later published in Românul by the actress and feminist Maria Flechtenmacher . In May 1858, Românul published Sciarlatanul ("The Charlatan"), a story by the Wallachian novelist Alexandru Pelimon . Also in correspondence with the newspaper, the Aromanian Romantic poet Dimitrie Bolintineanu introduced
18304-465: Was Rosetti's Guernseyian wife Maria. The other was a Moldavian unionist, Sofia Cocea . Românul also received contributions from Austrian E. "Iernescu" Winterhalder , the pioneer stenographer and co-owner of Rosetti's print shop. Winterhalder and Rosetti had already collaborated on an almanac of literature, which notably hosted some of the first works by the junior "48-ist" Alexandru Odobescu . In an 1859 piece for Românul , Winterhalder assured
18447-469: Was a Russophile and a scheming illiberal. According to Rosetti and Românul , Cuza had betrayed his promise that "those who set their foot on Romanian soil are freed men". From early 1864, once Cuza installed a personal regime in lieu of parliamentarism, Românul was explicitly in the political opposition. Rosetti's first editorial after Cuza's coup announced that, as a sign of protest, Românul would simply refuse to publish political news, and implied that
18590-684: Was a man of many trades (actor, translator, printer, shop-owner), a Byronian poet by vocation, and a self-confessed friend of the people. Already as a teenager, he joined the secretive boyar clubs which subverted the Regulamentul Organic regime, and expanded his circle of acquaintances while studying with fellow Romanian radicals at the Collège de France . Also then, he joined the Freemasonry's Athénée des Étrangers , becoming Masonic brothers with Ion C. and Dimitrie Brătianu, and with
18733-481: Was a sham, and that, in the 1864 election , "a flock of ignoramuses" had reconfirmed "a shameless dictator." Cuza retorted by arresting Rosetti, who was briefly held in a Bucharest prison, and by shutting down Consciinti'a Nationala . Românul had already warned its public that, due to the Polish affair, Russia was pressuring Cuza into censoring the press. It is probable that the Russian Consulate ordered
18876-480: Was a shock for Românul . News of this was published with the symbols of mourning, and introduced with the words: [h]oardele teutone calcă sacrul pământ (" Teutonic hordes are trampling upon hallowed ground"). In June, Românul announced that its founder was leaving Romania for a longer while, settling in Southern France with the intent of educating his children. He only returned in March 1871, having left
19019-500: Was again in print, with Carada as editorial secretary, then editorial manager. His articles were a condemnation of censorship and arbitrariness, with slogans such as: "the greater the tyranny, the more violent the liberty." He and Rosetti reputedly wrote much of the newspaper together, and even worked on each other's articles. Such contributions were many times unsigned or pseudonymous, making it nearly impossible to determine authorship. In 1860, when Rosetti served as Minister of Education in
19162-599: Was by then an organ of the "oligarchy" (comprising a "tightly democratic party" and a "boyar party"), backing Premier Nicolae Crețulescu in his standoff with Cuza. At Buciumul gazette, Aricescu and Bolliac also turned against Românul , "the Oligarchy", and the " monstrous coalition ", praising Cuza as the real democrat. Although it lost Aricescu, Românul employed Radu Ionescu , who had been imprisoned by Cuza and had feigned madness to get out, and I. C. Fundescu , who had fled from Bucharest to Moldavia in order to escape
19305-442: Was complimented by the satirical magazine Ghimpele , which vulgarized the "Red" interpretation of current events. Românul employed Hasdeu's friend and former Ghimpele contributor Gheorghe Dem Theodorescu , who stayed on as editor until 1874, and, as theater critic, Al. Lăzărescu-Laerțiu (who died in 1876). In Românul , Hasdeu reiterated the major objective of "Red" nationalism: the integration of Transylvania. Distanced from
19448-613: Was disappointing for Rosetti, but not so for I. Brătianu. There was a rift between the Românul liberals: Brătianu took the Prussian advise and opened channels of communication with Russia; in Românul , Rosetti cautioned that Russia was only after the Budjak area and the Danube Delta (an argument much like those advanced by "White" diplomacy). Meanwhile, Dunka also took his distance from Rosetti. He traveled to Odessa . where he paid
19591-421: Was first mentioned in documents in 1459. The city became the capital in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media, culture, and art. Its architecture is a mix of historical (mostly Eclectic , but also Neoclassical and Art Nouveau ), interbellum ( Bauhaus , Art Deco , and Romanian Revival architecture ), socialist era , and modern . In the period between the two World Wars, the city's elegant architecture and
19734-655: Was in contact with a Moldavian-born adventurer, Titus Dunka , who had gained distinction as a Redshirt in the Third Italian War of Independence . Recommended to Rosetti by Garibaldi himself, Dunka arrived in Wallachia with his commander István Türr , enlisting local men for a projected anti-Austrian revolutionary army. These efforts blended with the creation of a Romanian volunteer army: in a letter to Românul , Dunka's father Ștefan offered his services as an officer; meanwhile, in Austrian Transylvania,
19877-458: Was joined by a former rival, Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu. Although he only contributed to Românul during that interval, he cemented the Rosettists' all-Romanian unionist agenda. Making frequent study trips to Transylvania (where Românul was available at 40 florins annually), Hasdeu wrote ideological articles against all forms of regionalism , praising the newly founded Academic Society as the vanguard of ethnic uniformity. Românul ' s agenda
20020-409: Was partly destroyed by natural disasters and rebuilt several times during the following 200 years. The Ottomans appointed Greek administrators ( Phanariotes ) to run the town ( Ottoman Turkish : بكرش , romanized : Bukreş ) from the 18th century. The 1821 Wallachian uprising initiated by Tudor Vladimirescu led to the end of the rule of Constantinople Greeks in Bucharest. In 1813–14
20163-405: Was ranked among the top 100 safest cities in the world in a list compiled by Numbeo. The study found Bucharest to be very safe with regard to aspects such walking alone, home invasions, muggings, cars being stolen, assault, insults, assault due to skin color, ethnic origin, or gender, drug dealing, and armed robberies, with the only crimes in the high category being corruption and bribery. In 2015,
20306-487: Was related to bucurie (joy), bucuros (joyful), or a se bucura (to be joyful), while an early 19th-century book published in Vienna assumed its name to be derived from 'Bukovie', a beech forest. In English , the city's name was formerly rendered as Bukarest . A native or resident of Bucharest is called a 'Bucharester' (Romanian: bucureștean ). Bucharest's history alternated periods of development and decline from
20449-405: Was remarkably open to the social integration of Romanian Jews . In the age of liberal nationalism , Rosetti and Românul were condemning the spread of antisemitic violence and blood libel literature in Romania. The campaign, also taken up by Rosetti's political rival Ion Heliade Rădulescu , persuaded the Wallachian authorities to shut down an antisemitic gazette Praștia ("Slingshot"). With
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