Law enforcement Special operations
49-605: The Jandarmeria Română ( Romanian pronunciation: [ʒandarmeˈri.a roˈmɨnə] ) is the national Gendarmerie force of Romania , tasked with high-risk and specialized law enforcement duties. It is one of the two main police forces in Romania (the other being the Romanian Police - a civilian force ), both having jurisdiction over the civilian population. The gendarmerie is subordinated Ministry of Internal Affairs and does not have responsibility for policing
98-410: A county seat ( reședință de județ ) which serves as its administrative capital; this designation usually belongs to the largest and most developed city in the respective county. The central government is represented by one prefect in every județ . The capital, Bucharest , is not a județ , but a special municipality with identical functions, which also acts as the county seat of Ilfov . In
147-575: A detachment of gendarmes located in Mitrovica. In 2011 Romanian Gendarmerie withdrew the EULEX Mission according to the decision of the Romanian authorities. Gendarmerie A gendarmerie ( / ʒ ɒ n ˈ d ɑːr m ər i , ʒ ɒ̃ -/ ) is a military force with law enforcement duties among the civilian population. The term gendarme ( English: / ˈ ʒ ɒ n d ɑːr m / )
196-648: A force should be defined as a gendarmerie (e.g. Mexico's Federal Police , Brazil's Military Police , or the former British South Africa Police until 1980). Some historical military units, such as South West Africa 's Koevoet , were only defined as police for political reasons. In Russia , the modern National Guard (successor of the Internal Troops of Russia ) are military units with quasi-police duties but historically, different bodies within Imperial Russia 's Special Corps of Gendarmes performed
245-693: A light blue and black uniform of nineteenth century style with plumed kepis , white fringed epaulettes and red facings, and white gloves. Likewise, the Mounted Detachment wears a similar late-nineteenth century style uniform, adding the white plumed pickelhaube . Unlike the Romanian Police, the Gendarmerie is a military body, and uses the same ranking system as the Romanian Land Forces . The Romanian Gendarmerie
294-516: A regiment of dragoons . The Argentine National Gendarmerie is a military force in terms of training, identity and public perception, and was involved in combat in the Falklands War ; however, it is classified as a "security force" not an "armed force", to exercise jurisdiction over the civilian population under Argentine law. Since different countries may make different use of institutional terms such as "gendarmerie", there are cases in which
343-569: A variety of functions as an armed rural constabulary, urban riot control units, frontier guards, intelligence agents and political police. Prior to the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922, some policing was based on the Royal Irish Constabulary — initially an armed force located in police barracks, routinely unarmed after the 1880s when most civil unrest had subsided. Some consider this a gendarmerie, although this
392-1064: Is a full member of the Association of the European and Mediterranean Police Forces and Gendarmeries with Military Status ( FIEP ), along with the National Gendarmerie , the Italian Carabinieri , the Spanish Guardia Civil , the Portuguese Guarda Nacional Republicana , the Turkish Gendarmerie , the Moroccan Royal Gendarmerie and the Dutch Royal Marechaussee . After Romania 's accession to
441-462: Is a technical administrative unit under the command of General Inspectorate of the Gendarmerie. Its primary duties include administration of the buildings and other facilities inside the Inspectorate courtyard, the Gendarmerie's shooting range, vehicle repair and maintenance and farms providing food for the personnel of the Gendarmerie. The farms are located north of Bucharest. The commanders of
490-532: Is common to many time periods and cultures. Being a French concept, the French Gendarmerie has been the most influential model for such an organisation. Many countries that were once under French rule and influence have a gendarmerie. Italy, Belgium , Luxembourg and Austria have had gendarmeries through Napoleonic influence for instance but, while Italy still has the Italian equivalent known as
539-426: Is derived from the medieval French expression gens d'armes , which translates to " men-at-arms " ( lit. ' people of arms ' ). In France and some Francophone nations , the gendarmerie is a branch of the armed forces that is responsible for internal security in parts of the territory (primarily in rural areas and small towns in the case of France), with additional duties as military police for
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#1732782507238588-675: Is tendentious as the subsequent Garda Síochána of the Irish Free State were also uniformly armed but not described as a gendarmerie. In China , after numerous reorganizations and transfers of control between the PLA and the MPS , the People's Armed Police , a gendarmerie service, was created on 19 June 1982. The establishment of the PAP highlighted the efforts to increase the professionalization of
637-935: The Alexandru Ioan Cuza Police Academy in Bucharest. In addition, the Mihai Viteazul Military School in Bucharest offers post-graduate courses (in collaboration with the French Gendarmerie ) for commissioned officers, while the Grigore Alexandru Ghica Military School in Drăgășani and Petru Rareș Military School in Fălticeni train non-commissioned officers. Also known as "Baza de Aprovizionare pentru Luptă și Gospodărire" (B.A.L.G.), "Baza de Administrare și Deservire" or "U.M. 0260"
686-952: The Carabinieri and Guardia di Finanza in Italy , the National Republican Guard in Portugal , the Guardia Civil in Spain , the Royal Marechaussee in the Netherlands or Internal Troops / National Guard in Ukraine and Russia . As a result of their duties within the civilian population, gendarmeries are sometimes described as " paramilitary " rather than " military " forces (especially in
735-747: The European Gendarmerie Force . Jude%C8%9B A județ ( pronounced [ʒuˈdets] , plural județe [ʒuˈdetse] ) is an administrative division in Romania , and was also used from 1940 to 1947 in the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic and from 1998 to 2003 in Moldova . There are 41 județe in Romania, divided into municipii (municipalities), orașe (cities) and comune (communes). Each județ has
784-781: The French Revolution , when the Maréchaussée of the Ancien Régime was renamed to Gendarmerie . Historically, the spelling in English was gendarmery , but now the French spelling gendarmerie is more common. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) uses gendarmery as the principal spelling, whereas Merriam-Webster uses gendarmerie as the principal spelling. These forces are normally titled "gendarmerie", but gendarmeries may bear other titles, for instance
833-703: The Romanian Armed Forces . This duty lies with the Military Police subordinated to the Romanian Land Forces . The first Gendarmerie corps was created on 3 April 1850 in Moldavia by Prince Grigore Alexandru Ghica . After the Union of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1859 under Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza , the Gendarmerie was subordinated to the Ministry of War as a separate armed force. During
882-613: The Romanian Principalities , the județ was an office with administrative and judicial functions, corresponding to both judge and mayor . The word is etymologically rooted in the Latin "judicium", and is therefore cognate to other administrative institutions like the Sardinian giudicati , or terms like jurisdiction and judge . In Romanian, the term județ does not take an initial capital unless it
931-645: The Romanian War of Independence of 1877–1878, it mainly served as military police , but it also took part in combat. In 1893, the Rural Gendarmerie ( Jandarmeria Rurală ) was established by the Law for the Organization of the Rural Gendarmerie ( Legea pentru organizarea Jandarmeriei rurale ) as a military corps under the authority of the Ministry of Justice for policing the countryside and under
980-854: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is referred to in French as the Gendarmerie royale du Canada (GRC). However the RCMP is a mainly civilian organisation within Public Safety Canada . It is not part of the Canadian Department of National Defence , but does have a paramilitary wing and they have been awarded the status of a regiment of dragoons, with a military battle standard displaying their battle honours following service in World War I. Those honours include Northwest Canada, South Africa, The Great War, and
1029-601: The Carabinieri, with a second more specialized agency called Guardia di Finanza, Belgium and Austria's gendarmeries have merged with the civil police (in, respectively, 2001 and 2005). Many former French colonies, especially in Africa, also have gendarmeries. The Dutch Royal Marechaussee was created by King William I to replace the French Gendarmerie after French rule ended. The national police force of Canada,
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#17327825072381078-471: The English-speaking world where policing is rarely associated with military forces) although this description rarely corresponds to their official status and capabilities. Gendarmes are very rarely deployed in military situations, except in humanitarian deployments abroad. A gendarmerie may come under the authority of a ministry of defence (e.g. Algeria , Netherlands and Poland ), a ministry of
1127-809: The European Union, the Jandarmeria sought to be accepted as permanent observer to the European Gendarmerie Force , as a first step towards full membership. On 3 March 2009, the Romanian Gendarmerie became a full member. Since February 2002, 115 Romanian gendarmes have been deployed in Peć , Kosovo , as part of the UNMIK police force . Beginning with 2008 Romanian Gendarmerie was part of EULEX Mission in Kosovo (Rule of Law) and it participated with
1176-505: The French gendarmerie. In comparison to civilian police forces, gendarmeries may provide a more disciplined force whose military capabilities (e.g., armoured group in France with armoured personnel carriers ) make them more capable of dealing with armed groups and with all types of violence. On the other hand, the necessity of a more stringent selection process for military service, especially in terms of physical prowess and health, restricts
1225-498: The Gendarmerie since its establishment in 1893: During the period up to 1915 the Romanian Gendarmerie wore a distinctive dress comprising a shako with white plume, dark blue tunic with red facings, white trefoil epaulettes and aiguillettes plus light blue trousers with red stripes. Mounted units of the Gendarmerie wore a silver helmet with spike and white plume, a similar tunic to the foot branch but with yellow epaulettes and aiguillettes, white breeches and high boots. Currently
1274-675: The Internal Affairs Minister, with the mission to maintain the public order and security. It is also subordinated to the Justice Minister, the Public Minister for policing duties, and to the War Minister for all the aspects regarding military discipline, command and troops' training. The Peasants' Revolt of 1907 revealed the unpreparedness of the Gendarmerie and its inability to control and quell
1323-947: The Internal Affairs Ministry. The Romanian Gendarmerie is divided in 41 territorial inspectorates, corresponding to each county ( județ ), and the General Directorate of the Gendarmerie in Bucharest . Additionally, eight Gendarmerie Mobile Groups ( Grupări Mobile ) operate on a territorial basis, with headquarters in Bacău , Brașov , Cluj Napoca , Constanța , Craiova , Ploiești , Târgu Mureș and Timișoara . The " Vlad Țepeș " Special Intervention Brigade has national jurisdiction. It handles special and high-risk situations, such as heavy rioting, hostage rescue and counter-terrorist operations. The officer cadets are trained for becoming commissioned officers at
1372-785: The Military Schools Directorates, and the Logistics, IT and Communication Directorates respectively. The task of the General Inspectorate is to plan, manage, coordinate and control the territorial inspectorates, the Mobile Squads, the Special Intervention Brigade and the military schools. The General Inspectorate of the Gendarmerie also acts as an interface of the organization with the other law enforcement agencies and
1421-487: The Romanian gendarmes wear dark blue berets /caps, shirts/T-shirts and trousers as everyday uniforms, while the winter uniforms include fur trimmed clothes and a fur hat . The dress uniform consists of a light blue tunic, white shirt, dark blue tie and dark blue trousers for the commissioned officers, and a dark blue tunic, white shirt and dark blue trousers for the NCO's and privates. The Honour Guard ( Garda de Onoare ) wears
1470-566: The Second World War. A common gendarmerie symbol is a flaming grenade , first used as insignia by the French force. Gendarmes play an important role re-establishing law and order in conflict areas, a task which is suited to their purpose, training and capabilities. Gendarmeries are widely used for internal security and in peacekeeping operations, for instance in the former Yugoslavia and in Ivory Coast , sometimes via
1519-680: The armed forces. It was introduced to several other Western European countries during the Napoleonic conquests . In the mid-twentieth century, a number of former French mandates and colonial possessions (such as Lebanon , Syria , the Ivory Coast and the Republic of the Congo ) adopted a gendarmerie after independence. A similar concept exists in Eastern Europe in the form of internal troops , which are present in many countries of
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1568-425: The authority of Ministry of War for military police functions. The bill was proposed by Lascăr Catargiu 's Conservative government and it was promulgated by the King on 30 August 1893. The first article of the Ordinance regarding the Implementation of the Rural Gendarmerie Law mentioned that: The organization of the Rural Gendarmerie, as described in the law, makes this institution a military body, subordinated to
1617-464: The authority of civilian police agencies. Since these are not strictly military forces, however, they are not considered gendarmerie. In France, the gendarmerie is in charge of rural areas and small towns (typically less than 10,000 inhabitants) which represent 95% of the territory and close to 50% of the population. Besides its territorial organization, it has crowd and riot control units (the Gendarmerie Mobile , along with some corresponding units in
1666-482: The civilian Israel Police . A few forces which are no longer considered military retain the title "gendarmerie" for reasons of tradition. For instance, the French language title of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is Gendarmerie royale du Canada (GRC) (i.e., Royal Gendarmerie of Canada) because this force traditionally had some military-style functions (although separate from the Canadian Army), and have even been awarded battle honours and has retained its status as
1715-588: The civilian police), counter-terrorism and hostage rescue ( GIGN , again along with some corresponding units in the civilian police), maritime surveillance, police at sea and coast guard ( Gendarmerie maritime ), control and security at airports and air traffic police ( Gendarmerie des transports aériens ), official buildings guard, honorary services and protection of the President ( Garde Républicaine ), mountain rescue ( Peloton de Gendarmerie de Haute Montagne ) and security of nuclear weapons sites. The use of military organisations to police civilian populations
1764-415: The command of a General Inspector ( Inspector-general ) appointed by the Minister of Internal Affairs. The General Inspector is assisted by 3 deputies. The first deputy ( prim-adjunct ) is the chief of the Gendarmerie Staff and heads the Operational Planning and Management, Guard and Institutional Protection and the Public Order and Security Directorates. The other two deputies manage the Human Resources and
1813-411: The corps abandoned conscription and in 2007 it became an all-professional military force. Its mission: Law no. 550/2004 regarding the organization and functioning of the Romanian Gendarmerie Art. 1. - (1) The Romanian Gendarmerie is the specialized institution of the state, with military status, component of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which exercises, under the law, its attributions regarding
1862-451: The defense of public order and peace, of the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens, public and private property, the prevention and detection of crime and other violations of the laws in force, as well as the protection of fundamental state institutions and the fight against acts of terrorism. jurisprudence (2) The Romanian Gendarmerie, through attributions, organization, training and territorial disposition, contributes to guaranteeing
1911-449: The evacuation during the 1916 retreat. The corps also saw actual combat during the 1917 campaign ( see also Romanian Campaign (World War I) ). The Gendarmerie oversaw the demobilization of the Army in July 1918 and the re- mobilization in October 1918 and maintained the public order in the new territories. Upon the entry of Romania into the Second World War on 22 June 1941, the Gendarmerie took over its military police duties again. It
1960-425: The former Soviet Union and its former allied countries. The word gendarme is a singular extracted from Old French gens d'armes ( pronounced [ʒɑ̃ d‿ aʁm] ), meaning " men-at-arms ". From the Late Middle Ages to the Early Modern period, the term referred to a heavily armoured cavalryman of noble birth , primarily serving in the French army. The word gained policing connotations only during
2009-415: The interior (e.g. Argentina , Romania , Turkey and Ukraine ) or even both ministries at once (e.g. Chile , France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain). Generally there is some coordination between ministries of defence and the interior over the use of gendarmes. In addition, some gendarmeries can be part of a civilian police force, such as the Israel Border Police or "Magav", which is the gendarmerie branch of
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2058-411: The law, in actions organized within the Association of European and Mediterranean Police and Gendarmerie Forces with Military Status or in those organized by similar bodies of other states and fulfills peacekeeping missions, according to international commitments assumed by Romania. Its duties include: The General Inspectorate of the Gendarmerie is the central structure of the Romanian Gendarmerie under
2107-411: The law, with the other components of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, with structures of the defense and national security system and collaborates with organizations, institutions and authorities of central and local public administration, organizations non-governmental organizations, with other legal entities, as well as with natural persons. (2) The Romanian Gendarmerie participates, in accordance with
2156-413: The pool of potential recruits in comparison to those from which a civilian police force could select. The growth and expansion of gendarmerie units worldwide has been linked to an increasing reluctance by some governments to use military units typically entrusted with external defence for combating internal threats. A somewhat related phenomenon has been the formation of paramilitary units which fall under
2205-459: The rebellion. As a result, another bill ( Legea Jandarmeriei ) was adopted on 24 March 1908. The new law re-organized the institution, making it a component of the Army with provost duties and transferring commissioned officers from the Army to the Gendarmerie. The Romanian Gendarmerie was engaged during the Second Balkan War and the First World War with military police duties, policing the front , guarding important installations and organizing
2254-401: The security apparatus, as well as the absorption of numerous PLA demobilized personnel, in the wake of growing unrest. In 2014, the Mexican Federal Police , a heavily armed force which has many attributes of a gendarmerie, created a new seventh branch of service called the National Gendarmerie Division. The new force would initially number 5,000 personnel and was created with the assistance of
2303-499: The sovereignty, independence, authority, unity and security of the state, constitutional democracy on the entire national territory both in peacetime and in crisis situations. Article 2. - The Romanian Gendarmerie carries out its activity in the interest of the citizens, of the community and in the support of the state institutions, exclusively on the basis and in the execution of the law. Article 3. - (1) The Romanian Gendarmerie cooperates, in fulfilling its attributions according to
2352-451: The term may become confusing. For instance, in the French-speaking Cantons of Switzerland the "gendarmeries" are the uniformed civil police (see: Gendarmerie (Switzerland) ). In Chile, the word "gendarmerie" refers for historic reasons to the prison service (the " Chilean Gendarmerie "), while the actual gendarmerie force is called the "carabineros". In some cases, a police service's military links are ambiguous and it can be unclear whether
2401-449: Was also involved in the deportation of Jews and Roma to Transnistria in 1941 and 1942 ( see also Romania and the Holocaust ). After the war, the Communist regime purged and disbanded (on 23 January 1949) the Gendarmerie, its personnel being redistributed to the newly created Directorate for Security Troops , modeled after the NKVD Internal Troops . The Romanian Gendarmerie was re-established on 5 July 1990. Starting in 2006,
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