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40-487: The competition has also doubled as the Italian Marathon championships on two occasions; in 1983 and 1986. The race date was shifted from the traditional March schedule to 1 January in 2000 for a special edition of the event to celebrate the beginning of the new millennium. The IAAF Rome Millennium Marathon received the support of Primo Nebiolo and national federation president Gianni Gola . The race start point

80-547: A 44/22 (66%) winning record. His most successful year was in the 1930 International Lawn Tennis Challenge , where they reached the Inter-Zonal Zone round of the tournament. In that final match against the United States Davis Cup team he and Wilmer Allison set and still hold the record for the most match points saved in a match with De Stefani losing after failing to convert 18 match balls. He

120-406: A 5000 € bonus for crossing the finish line barefoot in honour of Abebe Bikila's style. The 2020 edition of the race was cancelled due to the coronavirus outbreak , with all registration fees being applied for a guaranteed entry to the 2021 edition of the race, and all finishers to be awarded two medals in 2021. Key : Primo Nebiolo Primo Nebiolo (14 July 1923 – 7 November 1999)

160-462: A backhand stroke. He was thus unpredictable and even players failed to recognize this trick sometimes even for multiple sets. He could also benefit from this ability in serving when he was able to easily change the serve direction. He asked for a permission to use two racquets simultaneously, one in each hand, but it was officially banned in 1931 by the ILTF. Although when playing golf his preferred shot

200-418: A person "who trampled over and polluted the sporting ideals that I believed in and which young people today believe in as well. Unfortunately, it is death that has removed Nebiolo from sport and not a movement from within the sporting world itself to defend certain basic rules such as respect, justice, impartiality and love. These are values which were amply forgotten by Primo Nebiolo." The Stadio Primo Nebiolo

240-447: A priority anti-doping measures really were for him. His term as president ended when he died from a heart attack in 1999. He was succeeded by vice president Lamine Diack as acting president; Diack was later elected president. IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch described Nebiolo as "one of the greatest leading sportsmen of this century". However, in contrast Italy's 1960 200 metres Olympic champion Livio Berruti , described Nebiolo as

280-478: The 1933 International Lawn Tennis Challenge where Great Britain defeated Italy with Stefani winning the only rubber of that quarterfinal. Their most controversial match came in the 1934 French Championships quarterfinal where Stefani led two sets to one with Perry leading in the fourth to force a deciding set, when the Briton fell awkwardly while running to the net and hurt his ankle. Subsequently Perry tried fix

320-543: The 2004 Summer Olympics ,but his work was recognized two years later when he helped his home city Turin to 2006 Winter Olympics bid win. In 1981, Nebiolo became president of the International Association of Athletics Federations as a result of Horst Dassler of ISL 's desire to gain more influence within the IAAF and to ensure that ISL retained the IAAF's marketing rights. Unsure of his influence with

360-742: The Bordighera championships against Béla von Kehrling but the Hungarian took revenge in the doubles final. In 1930 he faced and lost to Bill Tilden several times most notably in the Nice final. and in the earlier rounds of the Italian Internationals . They also met in the semifinals of the Italian doubles championships Tilden played with Coen , while Stefani chose Count Ludwig von Salm-Hoogstraeten but Tilden's team prevailed in

400-646: The Campionato Partenopeo doubles title. In September he claimed his second Montreux trophy. In 1932 he reached the semifinals of the Pacific Southwest Tournament as the honorary member of the Italian Olympic team . In doubles he and Ellsworth Vines fell to Gene Mako and Takeo Kubawara in the final. The same year he won the doubles title at the Italian Internationals partnering Pat Hughes . and also won

440-730: The International University Sports Federation . From 1969 to 1989 he was the president of the Italian Athletics Federation . He became a member of the IAAF council in 1972, president of the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations in 1983 He becomes a member of the International Olympic Committee in 1992. He played a crucial and polemic role at Rome loss to Athens at the bid for

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480-631: The Italian resistance movement of Breuil-Cervinia . He surrendered to General Harold Alexander with the aid of the partisans, who helped him to make contact with the English forces. He was transferred to the Montreux internment camp thereafter. Fortunately the Mayor of Montreux heard news about his presence and pleaded for him to be released to a hospital. De Stefani later became a sports official,

520-813: The Monte Carlo Championships . In 1935 he was crowned Argentine champion after clinching the International tournament in Buenos Aires . In 1937 he was a runner-up for the Cairo International Championships only losing to Henner Henkel in straight sets. He represented his country in the Italy Davis Cup team in 1927 and kept being drafted until the outbreak of World War II . In the Cup he compiled

560-554: The 1936 season, while de Stefani got more and more involved in sports diplomacy. After the outbreak of the war tennis tournaments and sport in general were neglected. As an attempt to reorganize the Italian sports life count Alberto Bonacossa offered him the position of Regent of the Presidential Committee of tennis, which Stefani accepted and held in 1943, however as Italy's war involvement escalated, it forced him to leave his office. He fled from Rome and joined

600-624: The Cannes L.T.C. doubles title. He was a contender for the Cannes singles title as well but the match against Ignacy Tłoczyński remained unplayed, although their follow up match for the cup of the Nizza L.T.C was finished with De Stefani victorious. All these achievements earned him the second spot on the top Italian tennis players' list. In 1933 he was a challenger for another Montreux title but finished second against Gottfried von Cramm but did win

640-524: The Federation and having its championships cancelled. The next year he opposed to allow professionals to enter into the Davis Cup competitions. Allegedly he even convinced Italian number one Nicola Pietrangeli with financial means to devote himself exclusively to amateur tennis and never turn professional. He was also an abolitionist for the challenge round in Davis Cup and the choice of field by

680-782: The IAAF president Adriaan Paulen , Dassler saw Nebiolo as a potentially more friendly ally and so put into action a plan to replace Paulen with Nebiolo. With the next presidential vote scheduled to happen in Moscow in 1980, Dassler used the US boycott as an excuse to have it postponed until the IAAF's next congress in Rome the following year, giving him more time to garner support for Nebiolo. He then advised Paulen that it would be wise for him to declare his candidacy early, as it would discourage candidates other than Nebiolo from announcing they were running and potentially diluting Nebiolo's vote. Dassler's last act

720-433: The Italian national championships in singles, doubles and mixed doubles. British Fred Perry and De Stefani met several times in their careers. Their first meeting was in the 1931 French Championships fourth round , where Stefani overcame Perry in four sets. In their 1932 Pacific Southwest Tournament semifinals rematch Perry equalized their tally and went on to face Jiro Sato for the title. In their third encounter in

760-570: The Italians nine rubbers to five. At the age of 22 he debuted in the Davis Cup as a reserve player. It took him several years to repeat his first feat when in 1926 he won the tournament Parc des Eaux Vives in Geneva against Swiss champion Charles Aeschlimann . In 1929 he was a finalist at L.T.C. Beaulieu losing to Italian Uberto De Morpurgo in four sets. At Cannes he beat Benny Berthet of France for his first riviera title. He also won

800-440: The biggest loss of his life with a score of 6–0, 6–0, 6–0. He also stopped him in the doubles contest quarterfinals as well with a straight sets victory. Perry stated later that "That determination was part of my character". Three years later The Glasgow Herald described their relationship as Stefani being the hoodoo to Perry's career. Perry eventually went on to become the 1934 world amateur number one. Perry turned pro after

840-458: The bronze medal at the 1987 World Championships in Rome. Although Evangelisti was later stripped of his medal and disciplinary measures were taken against track officials, Nebiolo, managed to retain his position as president. Nebiolo was also accused of having a lax attitude toward doping. While he oversaw the establishment of IAAF urine testing laboratories and spoke of the need to eject athletes who doped out of athletics, many questioned how high

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880-460: The doubles trophy against the German duo Cramm-Lund. The following years he clinched and defended successfully the upcoming Dutch Championships four consecutive times, first in 1933, then in 1934, 1935 and 1936. In 1934 he was the finalist for both singles and doubles at the Italian Internationals losing both times to Davis Cup teammate Giovanni Palmieri . and he also reached the same result in

920-620: The end. In Cannes they faced each other two times in a row and Tilden prevailed both times for the Lawn Tennis Club Cannes and New Courts de Cannes titles At his third consecutive Cannes final de Stefani beat Hermann von Artens for the Carlton L. T. C title. In 1931 he became Libyan Champion by beating fellow countryman Alberto Del Bono in the Tripoli final and won the doubles title partnering with him. They'd also won

960-493: The finalists but failed to succeed in these issues. He served as chairman of the ILTF in 1955 and 1956, 1962 and 1963, and from 1967 to 1969, and also as president of the Italian Tennis Federation, where he stayed from 1958 to 1969. Giorgio de Stefani was an ambidextrous player, which allowed him to switch his racquet from one hand to another to always return a forehand shot. As a result, he didn't have

1000-540: The head of the Italian and the International Tennis Federation on several occasions. Giorgio de Stefani was born in Verona in 1904, son of a Minister of Government. He learned tennis from his mother on the courts of their family house at Lake Garda . He started his amateur career by competing in and winning the Montreux tournament in 1920 at the age of 15. During his student years he won

1040-406: The match with Stefani. He wanted to lose as a noble thus offering his Italian opponent "an honourable victory" if they avoid long, wide rallies that would damage his ankle more. According to Perry it was Stefani who rushed to help him up when this happened. Subsequently Stefani turned and took the fourth and final set, but Perry recalled it as a gentleman affair, where Stefani stuck to their plan all

1080-653: The previous one. In the end the initiative was rejected and tennis was only readmitted to the Olympics in 1988. In 1967 when he was the president of the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) in the debate on the status of Open tennis tournaments, especially accepting Wimbledon as an official Open Grand Slam he sided with the ban of the said tournament threatening the Lawn Tennis Association of getting expelled from

1120-547: The time. Right after the match Perry collapsed and had to be carried to the dressing room where the doctors diagnosed him with a sprained ankle. Although Perry swore to take revenge on him the next time they play again. Thus in return, on their next match-up in the quarterfinal of the Australian Championships in Melbourne Perry crushed the Italian, ruining his best oversees result and giving him

1160-409: The whole match. Thanks to his ambidextrous nature he possessed good passing shot skills. His forehands were solid but they lacked pace although his right hand was somewhat more accurate. Stefani was a hard court specialist accommodated to hot weather. Apart from playing amateur tennis he was a devoted mountain-climber and occasional golfer. He served his voluntary military service in 1930. His uncle

1200-590: The world university championships in Darmstadt where he defeated Fritz Kuhlmann without losing a set. Although he and Emanuelle Sertorio lost the doubles final to the German student team of Kuhlmann-H. Uthmoller in five sets. Next year he drafted into the inter-college tennis challenge of Villa d'Este in 1931 featuring the joint Harvard - Yale team against the Italian student players where he won one singles match against Robert Ryan and lost one singles against Bill Breese and two doubles. The Americans defeated

1240-534: Was an Italian sports official, best known as former president of the worldwide athletics federation IAAF and the FISU . Primo Nebiolo was the ideator of the IAAF Continental Cup . As an active athlete in his younger days, Nebiolo was a long jumper . He later studied law and political science and became a businessman in construction. Between 1961 and his death in 1999, Nebiolo was the president of

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1280-519: Was at Saint Peter's Square and Pope John Paul II delivered a short benediction in approval of the event and the Bells of Saint Peter's replaced the usual starter's pistol to signal the beginning of the race. The 2010 race was held in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of Abebe Bikila 's win at the 1960 Rome Olympic marathon race , a watershed moment in the development of East African competitive running. The 2010 men's winner, Siraj Gena , earned

1320-471: Was dogged by accusations of corruption and scandal. For example, it was alleged that in 1995 Nebiolo unsuccessfully offered Giorgio de Stefani , a life member of the International Olympic Committee , 50 million lire to resign his position, thus opening up a position for Nebiolo on the committee. This was followed in 1997 by accusations related to his alleged rigging of the long jump measurement by Italian officials to ensure that Italy's Giovanni Evangelisti won

1360-641: Was invited and elected in August 1951 on the International Olympic Committee (IOC). In 1966 he initiated the reintroduction of tennis at the Summer Olympics at the IOC meeting in Melbourne and eventually succeeded when eleven votes had been discarded. The President of the IOC, oppositional Avery Brundage protested to the outcome and demanded a new voting process due to fabricated technical errors made in

1400-484: Was named in his honour. A street in Bucharest , the capital of Romania, is named after him. Giorgio de Stefani Giorgio de Stefani ( Italian pronunciation: [ˈdʒordʒo de ˈsteːfani] ; 24 February 1904 – 22 October 1992) was an ambidextrous tennis player competing for Italy . In 1934, he was ranked the no. 6 amateur in the world by The Literary Digest and no. 9 by A Wallis Myers . In 1932 he

1440-656: Was the politician Alberto De Stefani , who was the Minister of Finance, but was removed by Benito Mussolini due to their ideological differences. Giorgio was awarded the title Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy for his sports achievements. He graduated at the University of Rome earning a doctorate in law. In 1956 he married Maria Carolina di Marchesi Spinola. His first child died. In his retirement years he received

1480-459: Was the second best Italian player, and after the retirement of Umberto de Morpurgo he was the top Italian player from 1933 to 1936 and in 1938. He was active before World War II , winning 85 singles titles. Apart from being Italian champion, he was the Argentine, Dutch, Libyan and Swiss champion as well. After his tennis career he was elected to the International Olympic Committee and was also

1520-667: Was the top Italian player five times from 1933 to 1936 and in 1938. He was No. 8 in Europe in 1931 according to the Züricher Sport newspaper and reached the same rank in 1935 on the list of Heinrich Kleinschroth , a former German champion and Davis Cup player. De Stefani finished runner-up to Henri Cochet in the singles final of the Amateur French Championships of Roland-Garros in 1932 . During his 30-year career he won 150 tournaments including

1560-657: Was to convince Paulen that Nebiolo had already gained too much support for Paulen to win and that in his own interests, he should bow out. Paulen did so allowing Nebiolo to win the IAAF presidency unopposed. As president Nebiolo oversaw its restructuring from the International Amateur Athletics Federation, as well as the introduction of regular events such as the World Championships and allowed athletes to be paid for their participation and endorsement, however his leadership

1600-429: Was with his right hand as well as while serving. In one of his articles written to The Sydney Morning Herald , Fred Perry described Stefani as a "freak player" and his style as unorthodox and that he lacks the beauty of shot execution of those as Bunny Austin and Jack Crawford . He further described his service and his volleying as weak, his physique as medium and his condition well enough to be able to run around

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