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52-559: The IBGE Ecological Reserve covers 1,300 hectares (3,200 acres) and is 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of Brasilia. It is bounded by the University of Brasília 's 4,500 hectares (11,000 acres) experimental farm Fazenda Água Limpa (FAL) to the west and the 5,000 hectares (12,000 acres) Estação Ecológica do Jardim Botânico de Brasília (EEJBB) to the north and east. These form the Environmental Protection Area of

104-424: A protonema , which is either a mass of thread-like filaments or a flattened thallus. The protonema is a transitory stage in the life of a liverwort, from which will grow the mature gametophore (" gamete -bearer") plant that produces the sex organs. The male organs are known as antheridia ( singular: antheridium) and produce the sperm cells. Clusters of antheridia are enclosed by a protective layer of cells called

156-552: A University Hospital, a veterinary hospital, a restaurant and the Fazenda Água Limpa, a clean water farm just outside Brasilía; where forestry, agricultural and ecological research is undertaken on the university’s behalf. Relying on exchange programmes and networking with international organisations and post-secondary institutions, UnB administration and the Advisory Committee for International Affairs are positing it to

208-447: A division of non-vascular land plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts . Like mosses and hornworts , they have a gametophyte -dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of genetic information. The division name was derived from the genus name Marchantia , named by French botanist Jean Marchant after his father. It is estimated that there are about 9000 species of liverworts. Some of

260-584: A farm in the outskirts of the Federal District where ecological, agricultural and forestry research is conducted. The university hosts: The university runs 115 community outreach projects, offering a total of 438 courses and events. Involving the direct participation of 240 professors and 65,132 students, these activities reach nearly 185,000 people in the Federal District and surrounding region in Goiás and Minas Gerais . Outreach activities include

312-526: A monophyletic clade ("Bryophyta sensu lato " or "Bryophyta Schimp.") alongside mosses and hornworts. Hence, it has been suggested that the liverworts should be de-ranked to a class called Marchantiopsida. In addition, there is strong phylogenetic evidence to suggest that liverworts and mosses form a monophyletic subclade named Setaphyta . vascular plants hornworts mosses liverworts vascular plants hornworts mosses liverworts An important conclusion from these phylogenies

364-525: A nuisance in shady greenhouses or a weed in gardens. Most liverworts are small, measuring from 2–20 millimetres (0.08–0.8 in) wide with individual plants less than 10 centimetres (4 in) long, so they are often overlooked. The most familiar liverworts consist of a prostrate, flattened, ribbon-like or branching structure called a thallus (plant body); these liverworts are termed thallose liverworts . However, most liverworts produce flattened stems with overlapping scales or leaves in two or more ranks,

416-492: A scale from 1 to 7) in the annual CAPES assessment, including its courses in anthropology , mathematics, geology, economics, law, among others. Its programs in economics, international relations and political science are ranked first among public universities in the country. The University of Brasília has been ranked one of the top five public universities in Brazil by Editora Abril 's Guia do Estudante . It ranks eighth in

468-400: A typical liverwort plant each contain only a single set of genetic information, so the plant's cells are haploid for the majority of its life cycle. This contrasts sharply with the pattern exhibited by nearly all animals and by vascular plants. In the more familiar seed plants , the haploid generation is represented only by the tiny pollen and the ovule , while the diploid generation is

520-617: A yearly basis during their three years of high school, in addition to the traditional Brazilian vestibular and the national ENEM exam. The university prefers this system to single entrance examinations. In 2017, Times Higher Education ranked the university within the 801–1000 band globally. The university accepts international students through: 15°45′41″S 47°51′59″W  /  15.76139°S 47.86639°W  / -15.76139; -47.86639 Liverworts The Marchantiophyta ( / m ɑːr ˌ k æ n t i ˈ ɒ f ə t ə , - oʊ ˈ f aɪ t ə / ) are

572-640: Is still uncertain, so it may not belong to the Marchantiophyta. In 2007, the oldest fossils assignable at that time to the liverworts were announced, Metzgeriothallus sharonae from the Givetian (Middle Devonian ) of New York , United States. However, in 2010, five different types of fossilized liverwort spores were found in Argentina, dating to the much earlier Middle Ordovician , around 470 million years ago. Bryologists classify liverworts in

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624-769: Is supported by the Technological and Scientific Initiation Program (PIBIC) and the Special Training Program (PET), which also offers scholarships to gifted undergraduates. Among other federal and state agencies, programs are funded by CNPq , CAPES , the Research and Projects Funding Program (FINEP), the Technological and Scientific Development Support Program (PADCT) and the Federal District Research Support Foundation (FAPDF). Other organisations active in

676-529: Is that the ancestral stomata appear to have been lost in the liverwort lineage. Among the earliest fossils believed to be liverworts are compression fossils of Pallaviciniites from the Upper Devonian of New York . These fossils resemble modern species in the Metzgeriales . Another Devonian fossil called Protosalvinia also looks like a liverwort, but its relationship to other plants

728-419: Is the richest savanna ecosystem in the world. Only 2.2% is fully protected in Brazil. As of 2009 the biome was being destroyed at about 14,200 square kilometres (5,500 sq mi) annually, so the need to document the ecology is urgent. Researchers have studied plants, fish, birds, mammals and insects of the cerrado, and the impact of fire. As of 2011 more than 1,000 scientific works had used research from

780-521: The Late Silurian / Early Devonian . When the sporophyte has developed all three regions, the seta elongates, pushing its way out of the archegonium and rupturing it. While the foot remains anchored within the parent plant, the capsule is forced out by the seta and is extended away from the plant and into the air. Within the capsule, cells divide to produce both elater cells and spore-producing cells. The elaters are spring-like, and will push open

832-503: The giant anteater , the maned wolf and the pampas deer . Other rare or endangered species include Brasília tapaculo , a bird, Brasilia lyrefin , a fish, and bush dog , a canid. University of Bras%C3%ADlia The University of Brasília ( Portuguese : Universidade de Brasília , UnB ) is a federal public university in Brasília , the capital of Brazil. It was founded in 1960 and has since consistently been named among

884-515: The perigonium ( plural: perigonia). As in other land plants, the female organs are known as archegonia ( singular: archegonium) and are protected by the thin surrounding perichaetum ( plural: perichaeta). Each archegonium has a slender hollow tube, the "neck", down which the sperm swim to reach the egg cell. Liverwort species may be either dioicous or monoicous . In dioicous liverworts, female and male sex organs are borne on different and separate gametophyte plants. In monoicous liverworts,

936-655: The Brazilian Cerrado. In 1978 the Brazilian Institute for Forest Development (Instituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal, IBDF) recognized the reserve as a permanent conservation area of scientific interest. The name was changed to the Reserva Ecológica do IBGE, although the acronym RECOR was retained. Around this time several scientific papers were published on subjects such as insect ecology, tree growth and heavy metal pollution in

988-880: The Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) support most of these courses, offering scholarships and research grants. Distance education is an expanding activity in UnB, being managed by the Center for Open, Continuous and Long Distance Education (CEAD) and the School of Education. The United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) sponsors the Long Distance Education chair at UnB. Several of University of Brasília's graduate programs have been graded 6 and 7 (in

1040-625: The Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas and the Estação Ecológica do Jardim Botânico de Brasília. It is one of the core areas of the Cerrado Biosphere Reserve created by UNESCO in the Federal District in 1993. It is also part of the Federal Government's Central Plateau Environmental Protection Area (Área de Proteção Ambiental - APA do Planalto Central). Access is restricted to researchers. Until 1956

1092-873: The Future with Art, Culture and Sport (FACE) program; the Community Initiatives Advisory Program (PRATICOM); the Program for Worker and Trade Union Leadership Training (PROSINT); the Rural Development Program and the Model Office for Legal Assistance. University members also offer consulting and assistance to the Community Health Training Program (PACs). More than 260 research-groups work in more than 400 laboratories. This research

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1144-474: The Gama-Cabeça de Veado District, with 10,000 hectares (25,000 acres) of contiguous protected area. The reserve is a very representative zone of central Brazil, with all the typical aspects of the cerrado. The terrain consists of a gently sloping plateau divided by stream valleys, and ranges in altitude from 1,048 metres (3,438 ft) to 1,160 metres (3,810 ft). It is drained towards the northwest by

1196-539: The IBGE Ecological Reserve, including 1,503 native species and 326 exotic species. The phanerogamic vegetation has been called "the most diverse arboreal flora of Central Brazil." 18 species of liverworts have been collected, from eight families. The reserve has native grasses such as Tristachya leiostachya, Olyra ciliatifolia and Olyra taquara and several species of micro-orchid. A number of new species of amphibians and reptiles have been identified on

1248-834: The Taquara, the Taquara's tributary the Roncador, and the Roncador's tributaries the Escondido, Monjolo and Pitoco. The area includes Precambrian metasedimentary rocks of the Paranoá Group from the Brasiliano orogeny (550 to 900 million years ago), but most of the land is covered by Tertiary detrital laterite material. The reserve is one of the permanent conservation areas of the Federal District along with Brasília National Park (Parque Nacional de Brasília),

1300-887: The UnB’s nucleus), the Ceilândia, Gama and Planaltina campuses. Oscar Niemeyer, one of Modernism’s most feted architects, designed UnB’s main building, the Central Institute of Sciences and was also a key player in the university’s founding. Its strengths lie in its economics, international affairs and political science courses but its general teaching, research and outreach programs have made it one of Brazil’s most well respected universities. Comprising 26 faculties and schools, with 18 specialised research centres, there are over 105 undergraduate programs, some of which are evening or distance learning-based. It also offers 147 graduate degree programs and 22 specialist programs. UnB also boasts

1352-405: The amount of sunshine. There are two distinct types of vegetation zone, one covering the well-drained interfluvial areas and the other in the wetter and more fertile areas along the watercourses. The gallery forests cover about 104 hectares (260 acres) and are rich in species and play an important role in protecting water and wildlife. As of 2004 1,829 species of vascular plant had been collected in

1404-475: The archegonium develops three distinct regions: (1) a foot , which both anchors the sporophyte in place and receives nutrients from its "mother" plant, (2) a spherical or ellipsoidal capsule , inside which the spores will be produced for dispersing to new locations, and (3) a seta (stalk) which lies between the other two regions and connects them. The sporophyte lacks an apical meristem , an auxin -sensitive point of divergence with other land plants some time in

1456-488: The area occupied by the reserve had been occupied by cattle herders and subsistence farmers. The Federal District requisitioned the land that year, and donated it to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, IBGE) in 1961. The IBGE created the Reserva Ecológica do Roncador (RECOR) on 22 December 1975 as an ecological reserve for scientific research into

1508-475: The country UnB offers 114 courses recognized by the Ministry of Education . The University of Brasília Foundation was founded on December 15, 1961. Professor Darcy Ribeiro , who became its first leader, was one of the most enthusiastic supporters of its creation. Architect Oscar Niemeyer designed its main building, the 700 m long Instituto Central de Ciências (ICC), nicknamed Minhocão . The institution

1560-550: The cytoplasm of all other plants being unenclosed. The overall physical similarity of some mosses and leafy liverworts means that confirmation of the identification of some groups can be performed with certainty only with the aid of microscopy or an experienced bryologist . Liverworts, like other bryophytes, have a gametophyte -dominant life cycle, with the sporophyte dependent on the gametophyte. The sporophyte of many liverworts are non-photosynthetic, but there are also several that are photosynthetic to various degrees. Cells in

1612-436: The division Marchantiophyta . This divisional name is based on the name of the most universally recognized liverwort genus Marchantia . In addition to this taxon -based name, the liverworts are often called Hepaticophyta . This name is derived from their common Latin name as Latin was the language in which botanists published their descriptions of species. This name has led to some confusion, partly because it appears to be

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1664-553: The entire surface of containers; gemma dispersal is the "primary mechanism by which liverwort spreads throughout a nursery or greenhouse." Thalloid liverworts typically harbor symbiotic glomeromycete fungi which have arbuscular (cilia-bearing) rootlets resembling those in vascular plants. Species in the Aneuraceae , however, associate with basidiomycete fungi belonging to the genus Tulasnella , while leafy liverworts typically harbor symbiotic basidiomycete fungi belonging to

1716-411: The familiar tree or other plant. Another unusual feature of the liverwort life cycle is that sporophytes (i.e. the diploid body) are very short-lived, withering away not long after releasing spores. In mosses, the sporophyte is more persistent and in hornworts, the sporophyte disperses spores over an extended period. The life of a liverwort starts from the germination of a haploid spore to produce

1768-485: The genus Serendipita . Today, liverworts can be found in many ecosystems across the planet except the sea and excessively dry environments, or those exposed to high levels of direct solar radiation. As with most groups of living plants, they are most common (both in numbers and species) in moist tropical areas. Liverworts are more commonly found in moderate to deep shade, though desert species may tolerate direct sunlight and periods of total desiccation. Traditionally,

1820-480: The list of the best universities in the country. UnB is located in the Brasília administrative region of the Federal District of Brazil, on the northwestern bank of Paranoá Lake . Most of its buildings were designed in a modernist architecture style. UnB's Central Library owns the largest archive in Centerwestern Brazil. It maintains a university restaurant, as well as Fazenda Água Limpa,

1872-517: The liverworts were grouped together with other bryophytes ( mosses and hornworts ) in the Division Bryophyta, within which the liverworts made up the class Hepaticae (also called Marchantiopsida). Somewhat more recently, the liverworts were given their own division (Marchantiophyta), as bryophytes became considered to be paraphyletic . However, the most recent phylogenetic evidence indicates that liverworts are indeed likely part of

1924-465: The middle rank is often conspicuously different from the outer ranks; these are called leafy liverworts or scale liverworts . ( See the gallery below for examples. ) Liverworts can most reliably be distinguished from the apparently similar mosses by their single-celled rhizoids . Other differences are not universal for all mosses and all liverworts; but the lack of clearly differentiated stem and leaves in thallose species, or in leafy species

1976-540: The more familiar species grow as a flattened leafless thallus , but most species are leafy with a form very much like a flattened moss . Leafy species can be distinguished from the apparently similar mosses on the basis of a number of features, including their single-celled rhizoids . Leafy liverworts also differ from most (but not all) mosses in that their leaves never have a costa (present in many mosses) and may bear marginal cilia (very rare in mosses). Other differences are not universal for all mosses and liverworts, but

2028-785: The occurrence of leaves arranged in three ranks, the presence of deep lobes or segmented leaves, or a lack of clearly differentiated stem and leaves all point to the plant being a liverwort. Liverworts are distinguished from mosses in having unique complex oil bodies of high refractive index. Liverworts are typically small, usually from 2–20 mm (0.079–0.787 in) wide with individual plants less than 10 cm (3.9 in) long, and are therefore often overlooked. However, certain species may cover large patches of ground, rocks, trees or any other reasonably firm substrate on which they occur. They are distributed globally in almost every available habitat, most often in humid locations although there are desert and Arctic species as well. Some species can be

2080-441: The older parts of the forked thalli die, the younger tips become separate individuals. Some thallose liverworts such as Marchantia polymorpha and Lunularia cruciata produce small disc-shaped gemmae in shallow cups. Marchantia gemmae can be dispersed up to 120 cm by rain splashing into the cups. In Metzgeria , gemmae grow at thallus margins. Marchantia polymorpha is a common weed in greenhouses, often covering

2132-491: The presence of deeply lobed or segmented leaves and the presence of leaves arranged in three ranks, as well as frequent dichotomous branching, all point to the plant being a liverwort. With a few exceptions, all liverworts undergo polyplastidic meiosis, in contrast to mosses and hornworts which have monoplastidic meiosis. Unlike any other embryophytes, most liverworts contain unique membrane-bound oil bodies containing isoprenoids in at least some of their cells, lipid droplets in

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2184-759: The research area are the International Center for Condensed Matter Physics (CIFMC), the cbsp.unb.br [Brazilian Center for Protein Sequencing (CBSP)], the Center for Maintenance of Equipment (CME) and the university Herbarium. The Technological Development Center (CDT) works to integrate the University to the business world, maintaining a small business start-up program and other types of consulting assistance to business. The Continuing Evaluation Program ( Portuguese : Programa de Avaliação Seriada ) evaluates high school students interested in enrolling on

2236-558: The reserve, including 177 doctoral dissertations and theses. There is a rainy season from September/October until April/May, and a dry season from May to September. Average annual rainfall is 1,453 millimetres (57.2 in). The average annual temperature is 20 °C (68 °F), with average range from 15.4 °C (59.7 °F) in June/July to 27 °C (81 °F) in September/October, after which cloud cover reduces

2288-466: The reserve. In total 101 species of herpetofauna have been found including 37 frogs, 20 lizards and 37 snakes. This may well understate the diversity, particularly of snakes. There are more than 250 species of birds. Two groups of migratory birds frequent the reserve, "winter species" and "spring species", both of which arrive during periods when insects are abundant so food is plentiful. The reserve has diverse wildlife. Some of these are endangered, such as

2340-443: The reserve. The IBGE created a fire brigade, a specialized library and administrative buildings. A weather station was established in 1979–80, and a nursery was started for studies on plant propagation. The reserve has laboratories for animal and plant ecology. By the mid 1980s the reserve was one of main areas of research into the cerrado in the Federal District. RECOR continues to be an extremely active center of research. The Cerrado

2392-413: The splashing of raindrops. In 2008, Japanese researchers discovered that some liverworts are able to fire sperm-containing water up to 15 cm in the air, enabling them to fertilize female plants growing more than a metre from the nearest male. When sperm reach the archegonia, fertilisation occurs, leading to the production of a diploid sporophyte. After fertilisation, the immature sporophyte within

2444-603: The top five Brazilian universities and the top fifteen universities in South America by Times Higher Education (THE). Created under the utopian vision of educator Anísio Teixeira and anthropology professor Darcy Ribeiro in 1962, the University of Brasília (UnB) is located in the centre of Brazil’s capital city, on the banks of the Paranoá Lake. There are four campuses: the Darcy Ribeiro campus (regarded as

2496-435: The two kinds of reproductive structures are borne on different branches of the same plant. In either case, the sperm must move from the antheridia where they are produced to the archegonium where the eggs are held. The sperm of liverworts is biflagellate , i.e. they have two tail-like flagellae that enable them to swim short distances, provided that at least a thin film of water is present. Their journey may be assisted by

2548-471: The wall of the capsule to scatter themselves when the capsule bursts. The spore-producing cells will undergo meiosis to form haploid spores to disperse, upon which point the life cycle can start again. Some liverworts are capable of asexual reproduction ; in bryophytes in general "it would almost be true to say that vegetative reproduction is the rule and not the exception." For example, in Riccia , when

2600-449: The world as one of the best universities in Brazil. It admits undergraduate and post-graduate students via an yearly entrance exam, known in Brazil as vestibular and through ENEM and is most renowned for its courses in economics, international affairs , law, anthropology , mathematics and political science . Its Central Library is home to Midwestern Brazil's largest archive and is used by research and federal employees from all over

2652-452: Was created on April 21, 1962 by educator Anísio Teixeira and anthropologist professor Darcy Ribeiro . As of 2010, it employed 1,757 faculty and 2,391 servants, and had over 30,000 graduate and undergraduate students. Each semester, the University of Brasília accepts nearly 2,000 incoming students for its 61 undergraduate programs. On the graduate level, the university offers 49 master's degrees and 27 doctoral programs. The university

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2704-703: Was one of the first in Brazil to admit students via Programa de Avaliação Seriada (PAS), an alternative evaluation which tests high school students once a year bypassing vestibular . Each semester, the University of Brasília accepts nearly 2,000 incoming students from a pool of approximately 25,000 candidates for its 61 daytime or evening undergraduate programs. At the graduate level, the university offers 56 master's programs and 31 doctorate programs. It also offers advanced non-degree programs, many of them conducted in other Brazilian States, such as Bahia , Amazonas, Rondônia, Goiás and Rio Grande do Norte . The Technological and Scientific Development National Council (CNPq) and

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