Rondônia ( pronounced [ʁõˈdoni.ɐ, ʁõˈdonjɐ] ) is one of the 26 states of Brazil , located in the northern subdivision of the country (central-western part). It is bordered by Acre in the west, Amazonas in the north, Mato Grosso in the east, and Bolivia in the south. Rondônia has a population of 1,815,000 as of 2021. It is the fifth least populated state. Its capital and largest city is Porto Velho , bathed by the Madeira River . The state was named after Cândido Rondon , who explored the north of the country during the 1910s. The state, which is home to c. 0.7% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for c. 0.3% of the Brazilian GDP .
36-428: The state has 52 municipalities and occupies an area of 237,590.547 km , equivalent to the territory of Romania and almost five times larger than Croatia . In addition to this, there are other important cities such as Ariquemes , Cacoal , Guajará-Mirim , Ji-Paraná , Rolim de Moura and Vilhena . Rondonia used to be home to over 200,000 km of rainforest , but has become one of the most deforested places in
72-556: A Territorial Prelature) with 13 parishes under Bishop Benedito Araújo (2011), and Ji-Paraná (1978 as the Territorial Prelature of Vila Rondônia) with 24 parishes under Bishop Norbert Hans Christoph Foerster (2020); 33.8% Protestant, 0.6% Spiritism, 3.7% other religion, 14.3% non-religious. As of 2011 there were 21 Indigenous Territories in Rondônia, with two more in process of being demarcated. The largest of these,
108-707: A fort to replace it, which became known as the Presídio de Nossa Senhora da Conceição [ pt ] . Due to the climate and the incursions of the Spanish, the Presidio was soon in ruins. It was rebuilt in 1769 by Governor Luís Pinto de Sousa Coutinho , and renamed as Forte de Bragança. Ruined again, in 1776 the Forte Príncipe da Beira was built in its place. In 1772, Francisco de Melo Palheta [ pt ] led an expedition from Belém which reached
144-707: A railroad along the Madeira River rapids would allow efficient transport of goods from the Bolivian capital of La Paz to US markets. During the 1870s, the American George Earl Church made two attempts to overcome the Madeira River rapids in order to gain access to Bolivian rubber markets. Both efforts were defeated by the difficult terrain and by appalling loss of life to malaria, accidents, and violence. A successful bid to build
180-426: A total of 17.6 million tons in 2018. Rondônia was the 11th largest producer in the country, with 583 thousand tons. In 2018, Rondônia produced 124 thousand tons of rice . In the production of cocoa , Pará has been competing with Bahia for the leadership of Brazilian production. In 2019, Pará harvested 135 thousand tons of cocoa, and Bahians harvested 130 thousand tons. Rondônia is the 3rd largest cocoa producer in
216-462: Is a multiple of the square metre , the SI unit of area or surface area . 1 km is equal to: It is also approximately equal to: Conversely: The symbol "km " means (km) , square kilometre or kilometre squared and not k(m ), kilo–square metre. For example, 3 km is equal to 3 × (1,000 m) = 3,000,000 m , not 3,000 m . Topographical map grids are worked out in metres, with
252-668: Is considered the fourteenth best in the country, compared to other Brazilian states. In the list of Brazilian states by HDI , with data from 2010, the “Education” factor reached an index of 0.557, an increase of more than 67% compared to 2000, when the state reached only 0.345. According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics ( IBGE ), in 2021 there were 244,815 enrollments in primary education in Rondônia. Square kilometre The square kilometre ( square kilometer in American spelling; symbol: km )
288-537: Is the third most populous state in the North Region with 1,815,278 inhabitants, according to an estimate by IBGE for 2021, being surpassed only by Pará and Amazonas . The population density was 6.6 inhabitants/km. Urbanization : 66.8% (2004); Population growth : 2.2% (1991-2000); Houses : 430,747 (2005). Four of its municipalities have a population above 100,000 inhabitants, these being Porto Velho, Ji-Paraná, Ariquemes and Vilhena. The 2022 census revealed
324-659: The Madeira River , the Mamoré River and the Guaporé River, reaching Santa Cruz de la Sierra. The decline of mining and the proclamation of the First Brazilian Republic caused the region to lose its economic importance until the end of the nineteenth century, when the exploitation of rubber entered its peak. In April 1878, following to the Treaty of Ayacucho , the border between Bolivia and Brazil
360-600: The Panama Canal claimed 30,609 lives (5609 workers died during the 10 year US management, the remainder perished while under the jurisdiction of France) because of yellow fever. However, much of the "devil's railroad" legend is based on the much deadlier failed attempts by George Church, and on the Brazilian rubber boom itself, which cost tens of thousands of lives. The South American rubber boom ended because of competition from Asian producers and synthetic rubber, and
396-648: The Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau Indigenous Territory , covers over 1.8 million hectares. Another, the Rio Omerê Indigenous Territory , is home to the Kanoê and Akuntsu people. Both tribes were the victims of massacres by cattle ranchers in the 1970s and 1980s and currently number just four and five individuals respectively. Over 20 indigenous languages are spoken in Rondônia. Below is a list of indigenous languages spoken in
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#1732781154625432-469: The 5th largest producer in the country, being the 2nd largest producer of Coffea canephora , getting a total of 2.3 million bags of 60 kg of coffee (near 138 thousand tons) this year. In soy , in the 2019 Brazilian harvest, Rondônia harvested 1.2 million tons, 3rd in the North Region. In 2019, the state produced 805 thousand tons of maize , second largest production in the northern region, losing only to Tocantins. In cassava production, Brazil produced
468-682: The Amazon. By 2003 around 70,000 km of rainforest had been cleared. The area around the Guaporé River is part of the Beni savanna ecoregion. The Samuel Dam is located in the state, on the Jamari River . Before the Portuguese discovery of Brazil , the region where the present state of Rondônia is situated was populated by indigenous peoples , who are known to have included
504-689: The Federal Territory of Rondônia, in honor of Marshal Cândido Rondon . The exploitation of brazil nuts and rubber was the main economic activity until the discovery of cassiterite deposits, which accelerated the development and settlement of the region. This development led to the territory achieving the status of a state in 1982, with 13 constituent municipalities, including the capital, Porto Velho . These are: Guajará-Mirim , Ji-Paraná , Vilhena , Ariquemes , Jaru , Pimenta Bueno , Colorado do Oeste , Cacoal , Ouro Preto do Oeste , Presidente Médici , Espigão d'Oeste and Costa Marques . It
540-721: The North and 3rd largest in Brazil), beans (2nd largest producer in the North), maize (2nd largest producer in the North region), soybean (3rd largest producer in the North region), rice (3rd largest producer in the North region) and cassava (4th largest producer in the North region). Despite the large volume of production and the small territory by the region's standards (7 times smaller than Amazonas and 6 times smaller than Pará), Rondônia still has more than 60% of its territory fully preserved. In coffee production, Rondônia was, in 2019,
576-408: The North. In 2017, Rondônia had 0.62% of the national mineral participation (8th place in the country). Rondônia had production of tin (10,9 thousand tons at a value of R$ 333 million), gold (1 ton at a value of R$ 125 million), niobium (in the form of columbita-tantalita) (3.5 thousand tons at R$ 24 million), and zinc in gross form (26 thousand tons at R$ 27 million) In addition, in gemstones,
612-568: The Rondônia section, crosses the state from the border with Mato Grosso to the border with Acre. It is the main route for the outflow of grain production (especially soy ) from the south of Rondônia and the west of Mato Grosso to the city of Porto Velho, where the grain port is located. A bridge is being built over the Madeira River (the first over this river), which aims to consolidate road transport between Brazil and Peru. One road to Bolivia: One road to Acre: One road to Amazonas: Six roads to Mato Grosso: The quality of Education in Rondônia
648-525: The capital, still preserving the strong Amazonian traits of the native population in cities bathed by large rivers, especially in Porto Velho and Guajará-Mirim, the two oldest cities in the state. 47.6% Roman Catholic in the Archdiocese of Porto Velho (1925 as a Territorial Prelature) with 30 parishes under Archbishop Roque Paloschi (2015), and the two suffragan dioceses of Guajará-Mirim (1929 as
684-693: The cities of Porto Velho and Guajará-Mirim . It became known as the "Devil's Railroad" because thousands of construction workers died from tropical diseases and violence. In 1846, José Augustin Palácios and Rudolf Oscar Kesselring convinced authorities in Bolivia that the best way to secure access to the Atlantic Ocean was through the Amazon . Bolivia had access to the Pacific Ocean , which
720-465: The country, stimulated by the federal government's colonization projects and the availability of cheap and fertile land. The development of agricultural activities has transformed the area into one of the main agricultural frontiers in the country and one of the most prosperous and productive regions in northern Brazil. The state stands out in the production of coffee (largest producer in the North and 5th largest in Brazil), cocoa (2nd largest producer in
756-399: The country, with 18 thousand tons harvested in 2017. In 2017, the state had a cattle herd of 14,098,031 head of cattle (73,37% for beef and the rest for dairy), second largest herd in the North, second only to Pará, being the 6th largest in the country, 5th in meat exports and 8th in milk production. The state's milk production in 2018 was around 800 million liters, the largest producer in
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#1732781154625792-529: The following numbers: 936,708 Brown ( Multiracial ) people (59.2%), 486,123 White people (30.7%), 136,793 Black people (8.7%), 17,278 Amerindian people (1.1%), 4,257 Asian people (0.3%). The population of Rondônia is one of the most diverse in Brazil , composed of migrants from all regions of the country, among whom stand out the Paraná , São Paulo , Minas Gerais , and Rio Grande do Sul , who settled in
828-420: The following: Arawan speaking peoples Chapachuran speaking peoples Macro-Je speaking peoples Nambikwaran speaking peoples Panoan speaking peoples Tupian speaking peoples Isolated peoples The Spaniard Ñuflo de Chávez was the first European explorer to reach the valley of the Guaporé River between 1541 and 1542, although he only passed through. Bandeirantes arrived in the region around 1650, with
864-522: The goal of exploiting the gold and other minerals of the territory. In the same period, Jesuit priests came to the region and founded the first village. As a consequence of the discovery of gold on the right bank of the Guaporé River, the Portuguese Crown founded the Captaincy of Mato Grosso in 1748 with Antonio Rolim de Moura Tavares [ pt ] as governor. On March 19, 1752,
900-504: The governor designated Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade as the capital, from where he commanded the border demarcation following the Treaty of Madrid (1750) . In 1753, he installed a surveillance post in the village of Santa Rosa Velha, built by the Spanish on the right bank of the Guaporé, and thus in Brazilian lands. In 1759, the Spanish governor of Santa Cruz de la Sierra requested that the post be evacuated. Instead, Rolim de Moura built
936-568: The grid lines being 1,000 metres apart. In each case, the grid lines enclose one square kilometre. The area enclosed by the walls of many European medieval cities were about one square kilometre. These walls are often either still standing or the route they followed is still clearly visible, such as in Brussels , where the wall has been replaced by a ring road, or in Frankfurt , where the wall has been replaced by gardens. The approximate area of
972-493: The hole. Assuming a 6,000-metre (6,600 yd) 18-hole course, an area of 80 hectares (0.8 square kilometre) needs to be allocated for the course itself. Examples of golf courses that are about one square kilometre include: Madeira-Mamor%C3%A9 Railroad The Madeira-Mamoré Railroad is an abandoned railroad built in the Brazilian state of Rondônia between 1907 and 1912, during the rubber boom . The railroad links
1008-399: The old walled cities can often be worked out by fitting the course of the wall to a rectangle or an oval ( ellipse ). Examples include: Parks come in all sizes; a few are almost exactly one square kilometre in area. Here are some examples: Using the figures published by golf course architects Crafter and Mogford, a course should have a fairway width of 120 metres and 40 metres clear beyond
1044-522: The railroad became redundant. Initially, the Brazilian government was forced to maintain the superfluous facilities because of its obligations under the Treaty of Petrópolis. However, in 1972 Brazil completed the BR-364 linking Bolivia to navigable regions of the Amazon and the railroad was abandoned. The ( IIRSA ) South American integration project includes a series of hydroelectric dams that will transform
1080-568: The railroad began with the Treaty of Petrópolis (1903) whereby Bolivia gave Brazil the territory of Acre (191,000 km²), in exchange for Brazilian territory, a monetary payment, and a pledge that Brazil would build a rail link to bypass the rapids on the Madeira river. Construction began in 1907, and on April 30, 1912, the final leg of the Madeira-Mamoré Railway was inaugurated. The Chief Accountant from Oct 1911 - Sept 1913
1116-435: The state has some production of garnet . In industry , Rondônia had an industrial GDP of R$ 8.2 billion in 2017, equivalent to 0.7% of the national industry. It employs 49,944 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: Industrial Services of Public Utility, such as Electricity and Water (54.4%), Construction (19.2%), Food (17.6%), Wood (1.8%) and Non-metallic minerals (1.2%). These 5 sectors concentrate 94.2% of
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1152-418: The state's industry. Governador Jorge Teixeira de Oliveira International Airport is located in the state capital of Porto Velho. Domestic airports at Ji-Paraná , Ariquemes , Pimenta Bueno , Guajará-Mirim , Vilhena and Principe da Beira. Waterways: Pôrto Velho is an Amazon River port. The state of Rondônia has 24,000 kilometers of highways, of which only 7% are paved. The BR-364 , fully paved in
1188-424: The state: The economy of the state of Rondônia has, as main activities, agriculture, livestock, food industry and vegetal and mineral extraction. In 2016, the state's GDP reached R$ 39.451 billion. Its export basket is mainly composed of frozen beef (43.43%), soy (32.77%), raw tin (7.08%), sawn wood (2.36%) and edible giblets (2.02%). Beginning in the 1970s, the state attracted farmers from the south-central part of
1224-523: Was Mark E. Smith. There are no accurate figures for the number of lives lost during the construction of the railroad. In his book Brazil , novelist Errol Lincoln Uys puts the number between 7000 and 10,000. The Brazilian government estimates 6,000 workers lost their lives. Fiorelo Picoli in his book, O Capital e a Devastação da Amazônica , puts the figure at more than 30,000. The loss of life may seem low compared to other complex constructions projects in difficult terrain. By comparison, construction of
1260-664: Was later lost to Chile in the War of the Pacific in 1884, but the lucrative trade routes with the United States and Europe were in the Atlantic. In 1851, the government of the United States became interested in access to Bolivian products (notably rubber ), and contracted Lieutenant Lardner Gibbon to study the viability of a rail link between the navigable Amazon River and Bolivian production centres. Gibbon's study concluded that
1296-563: Was mapped by cartographic teams and agreed in 1879. The Treaty of Petrópolis in 1903 led to the construction of the Madeira-Mamoré Railroad , leading to increased settlement. Decree-Law No. 5812 (13 of September 1943) established the Federal Territory of Guaporé [ pt ] was created from parts of the states of Amazonas and Mato Grosso . By the law of February 17 1956, the region became known as
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