Misplaced Pages

#817182

28-515: The Roraima National Forest and Amazonas National Forest were created by President José Sarney in 1989. The Roraima National Forest was created by decree nº 97545 of 1 March 1989 and covered 2,664,685 hectares (6,584,580 acres) of the Amazon biome . This had the effect of dividing the territory of the Yanomami people into several separate areas. In 1990 three gold mining reserves were created within

56-528: Is a national forest in the state of Amazonas , Brazil. The Amazonas National Forest is in the municipalities of Barcelos and Santa Isabel do Rio Negro in the state of Amazonas. It was created by decree nº 97.546 of 1 March 1989 with an estimated area of 1,573,100 hectares (3,887,000 acres). According to the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio) the area is 1,944,209.59 hectares (4,804,246.5 acres). The forest

84-650: Is a national park in the state of Amazonas in the north of Brazil, bordering on Venezuela . It overlaps with several indigenous territories , which creates tensions over land use, as does the military presence due to the border location. The park includes lowlands around the Rio Negro, partly flooded, and mountains that include the highest peak in Brazil, after which the park is named. The wide variety of physical environments supports great biodiversity, including several endangered species. The Pico da Neblina National Park

112-430: Is administered by ICMBio. It is classed as IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources) with the objective of sustainable multiple use of forest resources and scientific research, with emphasis on methods for sustainable exploitation of native forests. The Instituto Socioambiental (ISA) has noted that the national forest, with its goal of sustainable forestry, conflicts with

140-674: Is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio). The consultative council was created by ordinance 75 of 25 June 2012. A federal court decision published on 20 July 2012 discussed a project to build a local road from km 112 of highway BR-307 to the 5th special platoon of the Brazilian army frontier force based in an area near the Ariabu village of the Yanomami Indians in

168-657: Is an extensive plain with altitudes from 80 to 160 metres (260 to 520 ft), based on precambrian rocks of the Guianese complex. The park is drained by left tributaries of the black water Rio Negro, including the Demiti , Cauburis and Maraiuá rivers. Much of the park is also part of an indigenous territory . The north and east of the park cover part of the Yanomami Indigenous Territory . The Yanomami Indigenous Territory includes about 50% of

196-469: Is classed as IUCN protected area category IV (habitat/species management area), with the purpose of supporting sustainable multiple use of forest resources and scientific research, with emphasis on methods for sustainable exploitation of native forests. The conservation unit would be included in the proposed Northern Amazon Ecological Corridor . Amazonas National Forest The Amazonas National Forest ( Portuguese : Floresta Nacional do Amazonas )

224-671: Is divided between the municipalities of São Gabriel da Cachoeira (29.21%) and Santa Isabel do Rio Negro (70.79%) in the state of Amazonas. It has an area of 2,252,616.84 hectares (5,566,337.4 acres). The park may be accessed by boat along the Igarapé Itamirim or the Cauaburi and Sá rivers. It may also be reached by small airplane from Manaus . The park adjoins the Serranía de la Neblina National Park in Venezuela, to

252-813: Is home a rich variety of fauna, including several endangered species. The primate golden-backed uakari ( Cacajao melanocephalus ) is still abundant in the area, although its habitat has been reduced elsewhere, as is the Guianan cock-of-the-rock ( Rupicola rupicola ), a small orange bird that inhabits forested areas. Other species include the bush dog ( Speothos venaticus ), jaguar ( Panthera onca ), black hawk-eagle ( Spizaetus tyrannus ) and ornate hawk-eagle ( Spizaetus ornatus ), South American tapir ( Tapirus terrestris ), Titi monkey species, toco toucan ( Ramphastos toco ), black curassow ( Crax alector ) and grey-winged trumpeter ( Psophia crepitans ). The endangered white-bellied spider monkey ( Ateles belzebuth )

280-680: Is in the Upper Rio Negro region along the border of Brazil and Venezuela and the border between the states of Amazonas and Roraima. It is bordered to the west by the Pico da Neblina National Park . Most of the forest is within the Yanomami Indigenous Territory . The conservation unit would be included in the proposed Northern Amazon Ecological Corridor . The vegetation is mainly dense rainforest (93%) but includes open rainforest (2%), campinarana (2%) and areas of contact between Campinarana and dense rainforest (3%). The Amazonas National Forest

308-728: Is on the northwestern boundary of the Guiana Craton . Crystalline rock formations of the Guiana Plateau predominate, but there are also sedimentary rocks of the Roraima group. The terrain covers parts of the Roraima sedimentary plateau, the Amazonas-Orinoco plateau and the Rio Branco-Rio Negro pediplane. The Roraima plateau has altitudes of 1,200 to 3,014 metres (3,937 to 9,888 ft) and includes

SECTION 10

#1732776016818

336-710: The Associação Yanomami do Rio Cauaburi e Afluentes (AYRCA) have been working together to reopen the park and organize tourist activity, particularly visits to the Pico da Neblina. Researchers must obtain permission from ICMBio's Biodiversity Information and Authorization System. If the research area includes indigenous land, they must also get approval from FUNAI. Average annual rainfall is 3,500 to 4,000 millimetres (140 to 160 in), with no pronounced wet or dry seasons. Temperatures average 26 °C (79 °F) and range from 9 to 40 °C (48 to 104 °F). At

364-612: The Matucará region of São Gabriel da Cachoeira. The court concluded that the constitution did not allow such a project without prior study of the environmental impact and approval by the Federal Public Ministry, Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) and FUNAI. As of April 2015 there was no management plan. The park is in the Western Amazonian geological province and

392-694: The Mucajaí and delimits the southern boundary of the national forest where it meets the Yanomami Indigenous Territory. A small part of the north of the national forest is in the Uraricoera basin, an area of extensive cattle ranching with some subsistence and semi-commercial farming. The Roraima National Forest is administered by the Federal Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio). It

420-526: The Pico da Neblina. The park contains the two highest peaks in Brazil, the 3,014 metres (9,888 ft) Pico da Neblina ("Cloud Peak") and the 2,992 metres (9,816 ft) Pico 31 de Março . The Yanomami call the peaks "Yaripo" and "Masiripiwei". The Amazonas-Orinoco plateau is an extensive mountainous area with altitudes from 600 to 2,000 metres (2,000 to 6,600 ft) and includes the Padre, Marié Mirim and Imeri ranges. The Rio Branco-Rio Negro pediplane

448-587: The Roraima National Forest. The Yanomami Indigenous Territory was demarcated in 1992 in the lead up to the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro . The indigenous territory was created on 25 May 1992 with an area of 9,664,975 hectares (23,882,670 acres), and it was thought that this territory completely covered the national forest area. This was followed by a vigorous international campaign in support of

476-474: The Yanomami people. The gold mines were closed and the miners removed. In an indigenous territory the indigenous people have the exclusive right of use according to their customs and traditions. Although technically the Roraima National Forest remained, exploitation of the forest would violate these rights. In 2001 IBAMA realized that 5% of the forest, or 142,000 hectares (350,000 acres), had been left out of

504-552: The first steps of the Guiana Plateau to about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), followed by montane forests. Lichens and bromeliads are found up to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). There are also alpine meadows in the tabular plateaus. Common trees in the dense forest areas include Caraioa taquari , Clusia columnaris and Mauritia flexuosa . The densest formations also include Micropholis guianensis , Licania membranacea , Swartzia viridifolia , Pouteria engleri , Qualea albiflora and Astrocaryum mumbaca . Common trees in

532-620: The goals of the Indigenous Territories with which it overlaps. In these territories the indigenous people have the exclusive right of use according to their customs and traditions. The ISA stated in August 2011 that for this reason the Amazonas National Forest should be repealed. Pico da Neblina National Park Pico da Neblina National Park ( Portuguese : Parque Nacional do Pico da Neblina )

560-743: The highest points the temperatures may fall to 0 °C (32 °F). The park is in the Guayanan Highlands moist forests ecoregion. It has a great variety of vegetation formations with different endemic and rare plants. The first botanists who visited the park consider that it is one of the places with the greatest biodiversity and endemism on the planet, but there has been a lack of detailed studies to confirm this. Vegetation types include campinarana (3%), dense rainforest (35%) and contact between campinarana and rainforest (62%). The vegetation formation include terra firme forests, igapós and small areas of campinarana. Submontane forests climb

588-425: The indigenous territory, and decided to repossess the unit. However, in the mid-1990s two settlements, Samaúma and Vila Nova, had taken 50,000 hectares (120,000 acres), leaving 92,000 hectares (230,000 acres) unclaimed. To regularize the situation, the boundaries were revised by law 12058 of 13 October 2009, and the forest now has an area of 167,268.74 hectares (413,330.1 acres). The resized national forest now excludes

SECTION 20

#1732776016818

616-442: The indigenous territory. The Roraima National Forest is in the municipalities of Alto Alegre and Mucajaí of the state of Roraima. It adjoins the Yanomami Indigenous Territory to the west. Average annual rainfall is 2,000 millimetres (79 in). Temperatures range from 22 to 39 °C (72 to 102 °F) with an average of 24 °C (75 °F). The climate is tropical rainy in the eastern sector and tropical rainy monsoon on

644-565: The north. To the south it is bounded by the Rio Negro . The park and the Balaio Indigenous Territory surround the 36,900 hectares (91,000 acres) Morro dos Seis Lagos Biological Reserve , created in 1990. The park would be included in the proposed Northern Amazon Ecological Corridor . The Pico da Neblina National Park was created on World Environment Day, 5 June 1979, by President General João Figueiredo . The park

672-523: The open forest include Humiria balsamifera , Eperua purpurea , and Hevea rigidifolia . Other trees in the most open formations are Attalea racemosa , Pouteria guianensis , and Caryocar glabrum . The areas of campinarana contain caranã ( Mauritia carana ), tamaquaré ( Caraipa grandiflora ) and Pau-amarelo ( Lissocarpa benthamii ). Endemic flora include Didymopanax plurispicatus , Hortia neblinensis , Casearia neblinae , Gustavia acuminata and Heliamphora neblinae . The park

700-504: The park is in a border area there is a military presence, which also causes problems. The park suffers from conflicts associated with the presence of gold prospectors and extractors of lianas , which cause irreversible damage. In some areas the prospectors cause mercury contamination. There is also illegal mining , logging and extraction of forests products. The Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio), Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI: National Indian Foundation) and

728-843: The park. The park overlaps with the Médio Rio Negro II Indigenous Territory in the south. The west of the park contains 93.73% of the 257,000 hectares (640,000 acres) Balaio Indigenous Territory , approved in 2009. The northwest overlaps with the Cué-cué/Marabitanas Indigenous Territory . There are 46 communities in the indigenous territories, including members of the Yanomami, Tucano , Tuyuca , Desano , Baniwa , Koripako , Carapanã , Baré , Tariana , Pira-tapuya , Yepamasã , Kobéwa and Warekena ethnic groups. The overlap causes problems due to conflicting demands of park management and indigenous sovereignty. Since

756-511: The west. The terrain is undulating with hills that stand out from the surrounding land. The forest contains parts of the Mucajaí , Apiaú and Uraricoera sub-basins of the Branco River basin. In the Mucajaí sub-basin there is small farming and extensive livestock raising. There are also stretches of seasonal forest and dense rainforest in rugged terrain. The Apiaú is a right tributary of

784-428: Was created by decree 83.550 with an estimated area of 2,200,000 hectares (5,400,000 acres) to protect fauna, flora and natural beauty. It is classed as IUCN protected area category II (national park). At the recommendation of the Federal Public Ministry the park was closed to the public from 2003 due to uncontrolled tourism which was causing social impacts on the resident population and environmental problems. The park

#817182