Abbey of St. Gall Zürich Lucerne Schwyz
53-408: [REDACTED] Appenzell The Rorschacher Klosterbruch or St. Gallerkrieg was a war between the Abbey of Saint Gall , Zürich , Lucerne , Schwyz and Glarus against the city of St. Gallen and Appenzell in 1489 to 1490. Following the Appenzell victory in 1408 during the Appenzell Wars , the Abbey of St. Gall lost much of their power and wealth. By 1412 there were only two monks left at
106-456: A new location near the village of Rorschach near Lake Constance . By moving he hoped to escape the independence and conflict in the city. Additionally, by moving closer to the important lake trade routes, he could make Rorschach into a major harbor and collect a fortune in taxes. In turn Mayor Varnbüler and the city feared that a new harbor on the lake would cause trade to bypass St. Gallen and Appenzell. They would then be forced to go through
159-479: A political context, and Appenzellerland in a geographic context, if the aim is to refer to Innerrhoden and Ausserrhoden collectively. From 1798 to 1803 both Appenzells, with the other domains of the abbot of St Gall, were formed into the canton of Säntis of the Helvetic Republic , but in 1803, on the creation of the new canton of St Gall , shrank back within its former boundaries. Appenzellerland
212-456: A single administrative district, though divided into six communes. Both Appenzell cantons had traditions of holding Landsgemeinden , or democratic assemblies held in the open air, in which every male and female citizen (not being disqualified) over twenty years of age must (under a financial penalty) appear personally: each half-canton has such an assembly of its own, that of Inner Rhoden always meeting at Appenzell, and that of Ausser Rhoden in
265-752: A sort of standing committee (composed of the members of the executive and representatives from the communes—in Inner Rhoden one member per 250 or fraction over 125 of the population, and in Ausser Rhoden one member per 1000 of the inhabitants) which prepares business for the Landsgemeinde and decides minor matters; in Inner Rhoden it is named the Grossrat and in Ausser Rhoden the Kantonsrat . As various old-fashioned ceremonies are observed at
318-416: A total area of 242 km (93.6 sq mi), of which 235 km (90.6 sq mi) are classed as "productive"; forests cover 58 km (22.5 sq mi) and glaciers 0.098 km (0.038 sq mi), and its population is mainly German-speaking and Protestant. Its political capital is Trogen , though the largest town is Herisau , while Teufen , and Heiden in the north-east corner
371-509: A treaty. The treaty between St. Gallen and Appenzell marked a break between the abbot and his estates. Perhaps fearing the Habsburgs, in 1402 the League expelled Appenzell. During the same year, St. Gallen reached an agreement with the abbot and Appenzell could no longer count on St. Gallen's support. Appenzell declared itself ready to stand against the abbot, and in 1403 formed an alliance with
424-530: Is almost entirely German-speaking, and predominantly Catholic. Its political capital is Appenzell, which is also the largest village, while Weissbad (near it) and Gonten are the best-known goats' whey cure resorts. Embroidery and muslins are made in this half-canton, though wholly at home by the work-people. But it is very largely pastoral. Inner Rhoden is extremely conservative, and has the reputation of always rejecting any federal Referendum . For similar reasons it has preserved many old customs and costumes, those of
477-621: Is an alpine region, particularly in the south, where the Alpstein limestone range (culminating in the Säntis , with an elevation of 2,504 metres or 8,216 feet) is found, though towards the north the surface is composed rather of green hills, separating green hollows in which nestle neat villages and small towns. It is mainly watered by two streams that descend from the Säntis, the Urnasch joining
530-452: Is of immemorial antiquity, and the meetings in either case are always held on the last Sunday in April. The Landsgemeinde is the supreme legislative authority, and elects both the executive (in Inner Rhoden composed of nine members and called Ständekommission , and in Ausser Rhoden of seven members and called Regierungsrat ) and the president or Landammann ; in each half-canton there is also
583-464: Is the most frequented of the many goats' whey cure resorts for which the entire canton is famous (Urnäsch and Gais are also in Ausser Rhoden). This half-canton is divided into three administrative districts, comprising twenty communes, and is mainly industrial, the manufacture of cotton goods, muslins , and embroidery being very flourishing. It sends one member (elected by the Landsgemeinde ) to
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#1732780955586636-654: The Abbey of Saint Gall in 1403 and entered a league with the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1411, becoming a full member in 1513. It was divided into Appenzell Innerrhoden and Appenzell Ausserrhoden in 1597 (in a process called the Landteilung ) as a result of the Swiss Reformation . The territory of Appenzell as a geographical entity is known as Appenzellerland . While in political contexts,
689-633: The Bund expanded the Austrians used the peace to regain their strength. On 11 September 1406 an association of nobles formed a knightly order known as the Sankt Jörgenschild (Order of St. George's Shield) to oppose the rebellious commoners of the Bund . Following a defeat at Bregenz , Appenzell was unable to hold the Bund together. The city of St. Gallen and the Canton of Schwyz each paid off
742-639: The Burgundian Wars , he ably led the St. Gallen army and in the Battle of Grandson (1476) his troops were part of the advance units of the Confederation and took part in their famous attack. A large painting of Ulrich returning triumphantly to a hero's welcome in St. Gallen is still displayed in St. Gallen. After the war, Varnbüler often represented St. Gallen at the various parliaments of
795-541: The Canton of Schwyz , a member of the Old Swiss Confederation that had defeated the Austrians in the last century. Glarus provided less support, but authorized any citizen who wished to support Appenzell to do so. In response, the League raised an army and marched to St. Gallen, before heading toward Appenzell. On 15 May 1403, they entered the pass to Speicher and outside the village of Vögelinsegg met
848-671: The Protestant Reformation in Appenzell. The early reformers had the most success in the outer Rhoden , a term that in the singular is said to mean a "clearing", and occurs in 1070, long before the final separation. Following the initial small success, in 1523 Joachim von Watt (also known as Joachim Vadian) began to preach the reformed version of the Acts of the Apostles to friends and fellow clergy. His preaching brought
901-519: The Swiss . Abbot Kaspar fought often with Ulrich and in 1458 appealed to the Pope to be rid of Ulrich. However, the decision was given to Cardinal Aeneas Sylvius, who sided with Ulrich and allowed Abbot Kaspar to retain the title, but turned day-to-day operations over to Ulrich. When Abbot Kaspar died in 1463, Ulrich appointed himself Abbot Ulrich VIII and began trying to force the town back under control of
954-601: The Waldkircher Bund with the rebels. Soon after signing the alliance, a small force began an unsuccessful siege of Rorschach Castle. The Abbot spent the following months seeking support from his allies in the Old Swiss Confederation to punish St. Gallen and Appenzell. Initially he had little success. While the four allied cantons (Zürich, Lucerne, Schwyz and Glarus) generally supported the Abbot,
1007-526: The Abbey, one of which elected the other as Abbot. As a result, over the following decades the abbots of St. Gall aggressively expanded their lands and influence in the region. In 1442 the town used a visit of Emperor Frederick III to throw off much of the Abbey's power over them. The leaders of the town swore loyalty to the Emperor. Then, in the same year when Kaspar von Landenberg was appointed Abbot over
1060-423: The Abbey, they declared that they could not swear loyalty to him because they already had to the Emperor. Under Kaspar, the Abbey spent money wastefully and was quickly deep in debt. To help rein in the abbot's spending and to further expand their independence, in 1451 the Abbey allied with Zurich, Lucerne, Schwiz and Glarus and forced Kaspar to appoint a cellarer , Ulrich Rösch . In 1454 the town also allied with
1113-408: The Abbey. Over the next two decades, Abbot Ulrich continued expanding the power and land holdings of the Abbey. He repaired and expanded many of the monastery buildings. His ambitions often brought him into conflict with the town. At the same time the leaders of the town had become wealthy from weaving and trading fabric. In the early 1460s, Ulrich Varnbüler was a rising star in the town. During
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#17327809555861166-527: The Abbot to build anything he wanted in Rorschach and to expand the Abbey in St. Gallen. The city had to pay the Abbot 4,000 gulden and the Confederation 10,000 gulden. The city lost the courts of Oberberg (by Gossau), Oberdorf, Andwil and Steinach . The Abbot also agreed to forgive everyone who joined the uprising, except for Varnbüler and Schenkli. Appenzell had to give the Rheintal Vogtei to
1219-732: The Anabaptist Disputation in Teufen in October 1529. To end the confrontation between the old and new faiths, the Landesgemeinde decided in April 1525, that each parish should choose a faith, but that the principle of free movement would be supported, so that the religious minority could attend the church of their choice regardless of where they lived. The entire Ausserrhoden converted to the Reformation in 1529, with
1272-490: The Appenzell army. A small force of Appenzell and Confederation troops defeated the League army and signed a short lived peace treaty. Following another Appenzell victory on 17 June 1405, at Stoss Pass on the border of Appenzell town, the new canton continued to expand. During the expansion, Appenzell had even captured the abbot of St Gall and in response they were excommunicated by the Bishop of Constance . However, while
1325-616: The Appenzell leader, appeared at the four cantons' camp and negotiated a peace treaty. Around the same time, the Abbey's vassals chose to leave the Waldkircher Bund , leaving St. Gallen alone to face the Swiss Confederation. On 11–12 February the Confederation troops encircled St. Gallen and burned the town outside the city walls. By this time St. Gallen requested support from the Swabian Bund, who sent 10,000 men toward St. Gallen. Though they did not arrive in time. Over
1378-620: The Appenzellers. At first they simply protested the Abbot's plan, but when that went nowhere, they began planning an attack on the abbey. They believed that the Swiss Confederation would not intervene due to tensions between them and the Swabian League . On 28 July 1489 a group of 1200 Appenzellers and 350 St. Galleners assembled at Grub (now part of Eggersriet ) and marched on the Abbey. They had kept their planning so secret that they achieved total surprise. They quickly tore down
1431-410: The Austrians to avoid an attack, and the Bund was dissolved by King Rupert on 4 April 1408. As part of the peace treaty, the abbot gave up his ownership of Appenzell, but was still owed certain taxes. However, it was not until 1410 that the area was at peace. In 1411 Appenzell signed a defensive treaty with the entire Swiss Confederation (except Bern ), which strengthened their position against
1484-648: The Confederation, which administered it as a condominium of the entire Confederation, except for Bern . Schenkli was arrested, but never brought to trial. By June he was living in the city on parole . At that time representatives of the four cantons met with him and demanded that the city exile him. The new mayor of St. Gallen and the city council convinced the representatives that they needed Schenkli and that he would not cause problems. The representatives accepted this and Schenkli returned to his office. Varnbüler fled to Innsbruck and then to Lindau , where he lived until his death in 1495 or 1496. Mariaberg Monastery
1537-410: The Confederation. In December 1480, Varnbüler was offered the position of mayor for the first time. From that time on, he served in several leadership positions and was considered the city's intellectual and political leader. His position as mayor often brought him into conflict with Abbot Ulrich Rösch. In late 1480, Abbot Ulrich Rösch began planning to move the abbey away from the city of St. Gallen to
1590-488: The Prince-Bishop's harbor to sell their fabric. Though the city of St. Gallen and Appenzell opposed the new monastery, after the approval of Pope Sixtus IV and protracted negotiations with Emperor Friedrich III the corner stone of the new Mariaberg Abbey was laid on 21 March 1487. The city created secret council to plan their response to the new abbey. As construction progressed they held secret negotiations with
1643-849: The Reformation into the forefront of public debate. In October 1523, the Council supported the Protestant principle of scriptural sermons and on 24 April 1524 Landsgemeinde confirmed the Cantonal Council's decision. However, the work of the Anabaptists in the Appenzell region (as well as in Zürich and St. Gallen ) in 1525 led to government crackdowns. The first police action against the Anabaptists took place in June 1525, followed by
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1696-556: The Sitter (on which is the capital, Appenzell), which later flows into the Thur. There are trams from Appenzell to St Gallen either through Gais or through Herisau , as well as lines from St Gallen to Trogen and from Rorschach to Heiden . Since 1597 it has been divided, for religious reasons, into two half-cantons, which are quite independent of each other, and differ in many points. The north and west portion or Ausser Rhoden has
1749-516: The abbot. Appenzell joined the Confederation as an "Associate Member", and would not become a full member until 1513. Following another battle, in 1429, Appenzell was granted freedom from the obligations in the future. This treaty represented the end of Appenzell's last financial tie to the Abbey of St. Gall, and a movement to closer relationships with the Confederation. Starting in 1522, followers of Martin Luther and Huldrych Zwingli began to preach
1802-417: The beginning of the annual Landsgemeinde , the newly elected Landammann first takes the oath of office, and the assembled members then take that of obedience to him, in either case with uplifted right hands. In fact there are two Landamann : a so-called Regierender Landaman (acting Landamann) and a Stillstehender Landamann (vice Landamann). The terms are for two years and will switch between them after
1855-472: The city of St. Gallen to protect their rights and freedom. Following increasing conflicts between the Appenzellers and the abbot's agents, including the bailiff of Appenzell demanding that a dead body be dug up because he wanted the man's clothes, the Appenzellers planned an uprising. On a certain day, throughout the abbot's lands, they attacked the bailiffs and drove them out of the land. Following unsuccessful negotiations, Appenzell and St. Gallen entered into
1908-467: The exception of Herisau, whose Catholic priest, Joseph Forrer, convinced the town to remain with the old faith for the time being, whereas the Innerrhoden remained with the old faith, with the exception of Gais. While the majority of the residents of Appenzell town remained Catholic under Pastor Diepolt Huter, there was a strong Reformed minority. In 1531, the minority were nearly successful in getting
1961-458: The federal Ständerat and three to the federal Nationalrat (elected by a direct popular vote). The south or more mountainous portion of Appenzell forms the half-canton of Appenzell, Inner Rhoden . It has a total area of 173 km (66.7 sq mi) (of which 163 km or 62.8 sq mi are classed as "productive", forests covering 33 km (12.8 sq mi) and glaciers 0.98 km (0.38 sq mi)). Its population
2014-479: The foreign powers of Spain and France, respectively, led to the peaceful partition of the canton in 1597. The terms of partition were arbitrated by representatives of both Catholic cantons (Luzern, Schwyz, Nidwalden) and Protestant cantons (Zürich, Glarus, Schaffhausen). After this time, the term Kanton Appenzell continued to refer to both half-cantons, although this usage has since become outdated. Usually die beiden Appenzell ("the two Appenzells") are spoken of in
2067-449: The four cantons assembled in Wil . On the following day, St. Gallen and Appenzell troops were supposed to assemble at Gossau . However, Appenzell chose to keep their forces behind their letzi or wall near Herisau and the defenders near Gossau melted away. The four canton troops marched toward Gossau, relieving the siege of Rorschach Castle on 8 February. The following day Hermann Zidler,
2120-479: The meetings and the members each appear with his girded sword, the sight of a meeting of the Landsgemeinde is most striking and interesting. The existing constitution of Inner Rhoden dates mainly from 1872, and that of Ausser Rhoden from 1876. The oldest codes of the laws and customs of the land ( Landbücher ) date from about 1540 and 1585, the original manuscript of the latter (called the "Silver Book" from its silver clasps) being still used in Inner Rhoden when, at
2173-537: The neighboring Abbey of St. Gall). With the support of the League, Appenzell refused to pay many of the gifts and tithes that the Abbot Kuno von Stoffeln demanded. In response to the loss of revenue from his estates, Kuno approached the Austrian House of Habsburg for help. In 1392 he made an agreement with the Habsburgs, which was renewed in 1402. In response, in 1401 Appenzell entered into an alliance with
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2226-506: The next few days both sides fired on each other with limited effect. One chronicle records that within the city one man was killed and two wounded but over 30 were killed in the besieging army, though that number is probably exaggerated. After several days of negotiations, on February 15 both sides signed a peace treaty, ending the St. Gallen War. The February treaty dissolved the Waldkircher Bund and returned all lands and possessions to everyone involved with one exception. Ulrich Varnbüler
2279-463: The odd years at Hundwil (near Herisau) and in the even years at Trogen . However, in Ausser Rhoden this institution was abolished by a ballot on 29 September 1997 by 54% of voters (61% of the electorate voted). A measure to reintroduce the institution in 2010 failed, with 70.29% of participating electors voting against it. Landsgemeinden continue to be used in Inner Rhoden, with the closest attempt at abolishing it failing in 1991. This institution
2332-593: The remainder of the Confederacy did not. However, the creation of the Waldkircher Bund appeared threatening to the Confederacy and moved it to support the Abbot. On 24 January 1490, the Confederacy allowed the four cantons to attack the city and Appenzell. On 27 January the city of Zug attempted to host another peace meeting, but was unsuccessful. The armies of the four cantons were already moving toward St. Gallen. On 4 February about 8,000 soldiers from
2385-538: The same political and legal understanding, a shared desire to form an alliance with France and a shared opposition to the city of St. Gallen. This shared opposition to St. Gallen was demonstrated in the so-called linen affairs (1535–42, 1579), where the weavers throughout Appenzell supported each other when they felt that they were unfairly treated by the linen industry of St. Gallen. Nonetheless, divisions over matters of religion and foreign policy, especially with regards to alliances between Catholic and Protestant cantons and
2438-685: The town to ally with the Protestant Ausserrhoden. But an armed mob of angry residents from the neighboring village of Gonten prevented the abolition of the Mass in Appenzell. The Catholic victory in the Second War of Kappel in 1531 ended plans for a reformation of the entire Canton of Appenzell. After the Second War of Kappel, the two religions reached a generally peaceful parity. They remained united by common business interests,
2491-426: The two cantons (until 1999 half-cantons ) are referred to as beide Appenzell ("both Appenzells"). The name Appenzell derives from Latin : abbatis cella 'cell (i.e., estate) of the abbot '. This refers to the Abbey of St. Gall , which exerted a great influence on the area. By the middle of the 11th century the abbots of St Gall had established their power in the land later called Appenzell, which by that time
2544-552: The two year, but they have to be confirmed every year by the voters. In particular the Regierender Landaman has to be confirmed by the voters by actually voting. This actually leaves the voters with the possibility to drop any member of the government during the Landsgemeinde and select someone else. 47°20′46″N 9°20′31″E / 47.3461°N 9.3419°E / 47.3461; 9.3419 Eggersriet Too Many Requests If you report this error to
2597-401: The walls and burned everything they could find. After spending the night drinking and feasting on the abbot's supplies, they returned to their homes. The attack cost the Abbot the 13,000 gulden he had already spent on construction along with an additional 3,000 in furniture and supplies. The Abbey's vassals were supportive of the actions of the city and Appenzell and on 21 October 1489 signed
2650-557: The women being very elaborate and picturesque, while the herdsmen have retained their festival attire of red waistcoats, embroidered braces and canary-coloured shorts. Appenzell's annual New Year's Day festivities are still governed by the Julian calendar and are thus currently held on 14 January. It sends one member (named by the Landsgemeinde ) to the federal Ständerat , and one also to the federal Nationalrat , while it forms but
2703-428: Was rebuilt starting in 1497 and completed 1518. But it only served the monastery of St. Gallen as an administrative center and later became a school. Canton of Appenzell Appenzell ( German pronunciation: [ˈapn̩ˌt͡sɛl] ) was a canton in the northeast of Switzerland , and entirely surrounded by the canton of St. Gallen , in existence from 1403 to 1597. Appenzell became independent of
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#17327809555862756-490: Was stripped of all his property outside the city of St. Gallen and was banished from the Confederation. Additionally the town clerk, Hans Schenkli, was to be either tried and executed or banished. On 7 March both sides met in Einsiedeln to negotiate a final peace treaty. A treaty was signed between the city and the Abbot on 16 March, followed by a treaty with the Confederation and the city on 2 April. The treaties allowed
2809-419: Was thoroughly Alemannic . By about 1360, conflicts over grazing rights , taxes, and tithes were causing concern for both the abbot and the farmers of Appenzell. Both parties wanted to protect their rights and interests by joining the new Swabian League . In 1377 Appenzell was allowed to join the League with the support of the cities of Konstanz and St. Gallen (the city of St. Gallen was often at odds with
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