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40-666: Lee studied the growth of fish using the growth rings on their scales. In 1920, she discovered the effect now known as the 'Lee phenomenon' or 'Rosa Lee Phenomenon', and her results are still cited in modern publications. Lee was born in Conwy, Caernarvonshire in 1884. Her father, George Henry Payne Lee was a civil servant, born in Exeter, Devon . Her mother was Maria Agnes, born in St Pancras, London . In 1894, her father worked in Conwy as

80-462: A petition to convert the town into a municipal borough with an elected corporation to take responsibility for public health and local government. A royal charter incorporating the town as a municipal borough was issued in December 1876, and the new borough corporation took over the running of the town from March 1877. The municipal borough boundary included land on both sides of the river, covering

120-406: A population with slower growth rates suffer less mortality when young. The older population is skewed by more slower growing fish, as the faster growing fish died at a younger age. There can be a number of reasons for this, one reason can be selective mortality, e.g. fishing gear that selects for a particular size of fish will catch the larger young fish and the smaller old fish. It can also occur when

160-543: A postal telegraph inspector. Rosa had two older brothers (Harold and Albert) and two older sisters (Amy and Florence). She graduated from Bangor University in 1904 with a BA in mathematics (Class: II), its first woman graduate in mathematics. Lee was employed by the Marine Biological Association (MBA) in their laboratory at Lowestoft , the first woman scientist to be employed by the MBA. Lee became

200-657: Is Bodysgallen Hall , which incorporates a medieval tower that was possibly built as a watch tower for Conwy Castle. Conwy Morfa , a marshy spit of land on the west side of the estuary, was probably the location where golf was first played on Welsh soil. It was also the place where Hugh Iorys Hughes developed, and later built, the floating Mulberry Harbour , used in Operation Overlord in World War II. Conwy Hospital closed in 2003 and has since been demolished. Conwy railway station opened in 1848. It

240-660: Is a walled market town , community and the administrative centre of Conwy County Borough in North Wales . The walled town and castle stand on the west bank of the River Conwy , facing Deganwy on the east bank. The town formerly lay in Gwynedd and prior to that in Caernarfonshire . The community, which also includes Deganwy and Llandudno Junction , had a population of 14,753 at the 2011 census. Although

280-643: Is an Elizabethan house built in 1576 by the Wynn family, which has been extensively refurbished to its 16th-century appearance and is now in the care of Cadw and open to the public. The house named in the Guinness Book of Records as the Smallest House in Great Britain , with dimensions of 3.05 × 1.8 metres, can be found on the quay. It was in continuous occupation from the 16th century (and

320-664: Is in the care of the National Trust . The Conwy Railway Bridge , a tubular bridge , was built for the Chester and Holyhead Railway by Robert Stephenson . The first tube was completed in 1848, the second in 1849. The bridge is still in use on the North Wales Coast Line , along with the station , which is located within the town walls. In addition to a modern bridge serving the town, the A55 road passes under

360-495: Is located on the North Wales Coast Line , between Crewe and Holyhead . There are through services westbound to Bangor and Holyhead. Eastwards, services travel to Chester , via Colwyn Bay , Rhyl , Prestatyn and Flint ; after arrival at Chester, most trains go forward to either Crewe, Cardiff or Birmingham International . Services are operated by Transport for Wales . Bus services in Conwy are operated mostly by Arriva Wales , with some by Llew Jones Coaches. Routes link

400-432: Is necessary for good management, and to do this, accurate estimates of growth rates and 'length at age' are required. By measuring the rings of a fish its possible to say how long it was for every year of its life. Lee observed that you may get different results for growth rates by 'back calculating' from an older fish, than you would when calculating growth rates from younger fish. This phenomenon occurs when individuals in

440-672: Is not one published in a prestigious journal, but is a report for the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries . Fish scales have growth rings and are used to age fish, in the same way that tree rings can be used to age trees. Fishery scientists try and understand the fish populations by modelling. They need to know how old and how big the fish are and how each ‘cohort’ of the population will grow as it matures. Each catch of fish has fish of different ages, i.e. fish that were born in different years. The size and growth of these fish can be linked to environmental variables. Predicting future stock of fish

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480-544: The town walls of Conwy are nicknamed "Jackdaws", after the jackdaws which live on the walls there. A Jackdaw Society existed until 2011. The population of the town in 1841 was 1,358. Conwy was the original site of Aberconwy Abbey , founded by Llywelyn the Great . Edward and his troops took over the abbey site and moved the monks up the Conwy valley to a new site at Maenan, establishing Maenan Abbey . The parish church St Mary & All Saints still retains some parts of

520-603: The 1690s, with additional improvements and restorations done in the following centuries. The southern portion of the walls form a part of the Citadel of Quebec . The citadel is military installation used by the Canadian Armed Forces and an official residence for the monarch and governor general of Canada . The first permanent settlement in the area of Trois-Rivières , and the second one in New France ,

560-743: The 17th century when the Floriana Lines were built. The walls remain largely intact, although in a rather dilapidated state. The town was first fortified by the Phoenicians, and the current fortifications are based on those built by the Arabs in the 9th to 11th centuries. The fortifications were extensively modified in the Middle Ages, and then by the Order of Saint John until the 18th century. The walls were recently restored, and they are some of

600-728: The 1st from the Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Kingdom to protect the inner capital city from the Dutch and other enemies during the Mataram Kingdom period. Today, 96% of the wall still exists and is a local landmark. On 17 February 1745, the Surakarta Kingdom moved to a new opened forest named Sala Village and build their Royal Residential Palace and urban area with a 15 kilometers long of "Beteng Kraton" or Palace wall around it. As of 2022, 90% of

640-644: The Civil Service in 1919 as the marriage bar rules at the time did not allow married women to continue in employment. Rosa and Thomas subsequently moved to Abergavenny , Monmouthshire, where Rosa stayed, until after her husband's death in 1946. Rosa herself died in Greenwich (London) in 1976, aged 92. Lee published a number of important scientific papers in her working life, including an article that appeared in Nature in 1920. However, her most cited work

680-569: The French colony of Île-Royale from 1713 to 1758. After the British capture of Louisbourg , its defensive fortifications were destroyed. During the 1960s and 1970s, one-quarter of the historic settlement was rebuilt in a reconstruction project by the Government of Canada , including portions of its defensive walls. Surrounding most of Old Quebec 's Upper Town, construction of the wall began in

720-676: The Turks demolished much of the walls for fear of revolt or attack by the Venetians and the Great Christian Armada. They only kept the towers of the walls for better coverage and the castle. Many towns and cities still retain at least parts of their defensive walls, including: An ancient Castrum Maris stood in Birgu since the 13th century. This was rebuilt as Fort St Angelo in the 16th and 17th centuries, when walls surrounding

760-715: The best preserved fortifications in Malta. The area was first fortified in the Bronze Age, and was one of the earliest settlements on the Maltese islands. It became the administrative centre of Gozo during Punic-Roman rule. The city of Rabat (now also known as Victoria) was fortified during the Middle Ages, with the acropolis of the Roman city being converted into a castle known as the Cittadella . The city walls were demolished in

800-624: The city walls still remain. Well known as Banten Kingdom 's capital. The wall was destroyed by the Dutch during its colonial period in the way to ended the Banten reign. The city wall that left is only about 10% from the real appearance. Trowulan was the capital of the former Majapahit Empire . When its glory period, the capital being a first European systemized ancient city (with city canal system for transportation and also large aisle and road for major transportation) in Indonesia, because Trowulan

840-504: The community of Conwy straddles the River Conwy, for postal purposes the areas on the east bank form part of the post town of Llandudno Junction, with the Conwy post town being confined to west bank of the river. The ward on the west bank of the river had a population of 4,065 at the 2011 census. The resident population of the wider Conwy County Borough was estimated to be 116,200 in an ONS-estimate. The name 'Conwy' derives from

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880-471: The entire city were built. Most of the fortifications are intact, except for a small part which was destroyed in a magazine explosion in 1806 . The fortifications were built by the Order of Saint John in the 17th and 18th centuries. The city was heavily bombed in the Second World War, but its fortifications remain largely intact although they are in need of restoration. The area was fortified in

920-454: The first woman to work as a government fishery scientist when she was employed as an assistant naturalist in 1905. In 1910, all of the staff at Lowestoft were transferred to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries and during the original transfer, Lee was not offered a job. The board reportedly stated that they 'did not employ women scientists'. However, after protests from the MBA and Garstang, she

960-701: The late 1560s. The walls remain largely intact except for some breaches. The first major fortification in Kyrenia was the Kyrenia Castle , which was built by the Bizantin era. In the 14th century the Lusignans modified the Castle and also built the city walls. Most of the walls were demolished in 1570 after the surrender of the city to the Turks after the fall of Nicosia. Because Famagusta was still resisting,

1000-408: The new Conwy County Borough , named after the town but covering a much larger area. Images showing changes over time Walled town The following cities have, or historically had, defensive walls . See List of Egypt castles, forts, fortifications and city walls . Louisbourg was a walled settlement located south of the present community of Louisbourg. The settlement was the capital of

1040-425: The old Welsh words cyn (chief) and gwy (water), the river being originally called the 'Cynwy'. Conwy Castle and the town walls were built, on the instructions of Edward I of England , between 1283 and 1289, as part of his conquest of the principality of Wales . The church standing in Conwy has been marked as the oldest building in Conwy and has stood in the walls of Conwy since the 14th century. However,

1080-499: The oldest structure is part of the town walls, at the southern end of the east side. Here one wall and the tower of a llys (palace/court house) belonging to Llywelyn the Great and his grandson Llywelyn ap Gruffydd have been incorporated into the wall. Built on a rocky outcrop, it has a prominent apsidal tower. The walls are part of a World Heritage Site , Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd . People born within

1120-406: The original abbey church in the east and west walls. Conwy has other tourist attractions. Conwy Suspension Bridge , designed by Thomas Telford to replace the ferry, was completed in 1826 and spans the River Conwy next to the castle. Telford designed the bridge's supporting towers to match the castle's turrets. The bridge is now open to pedestrians only and, together with the toll-keeper's house,

1160-430: The parish of Conwy (or Conway) and parts of the parishes of Gyffin and Dwygyfylchi on the west bank, and part of the parish of Eglwys Rhos on the east bank. The urban parishes within the borough boundary were reorganised in 1894 to comprise Conwy and Gyffin on the west bank and Llanrhos on the east bank. In 1972 the borough council voted to change the spelling of the town's name from "Conway" to "Conwy". The change

1200-469: The river in a tunnel, Britain's first immersed tube tunnel, which was built between 1986 and 1991. The old mountain road to Dwygyfylchi and Penmaenmawr runs through the Sychnant Pass , at the foot of Conwy Mountain . The National Trust owns Aberconwy House , which is Conwy's only surviving 14th-century merchant's house, one of the first buildings built inside the walls of Conwy. Plas Mawr

1240-502: The sampling is biased. Rosa Lee's work is still relevant today and her paper is frequently cited, however her actual influence is greater than indicated by the number of citations, because some scientific authors simply refer to 'Rosa Lee's phenomenon' rather than correctly citing her publication. Conwy Conwy ( / ˈ k ɒ n w i / , Welsh: [ˈkɔnʊɨ] ), previously known in English as Conway ,

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1280-607: The town with Bangor, Caernarfon and Llandudno. A lifeboat station was established by the RNLI in 1966 and currently operates the D-class inshore lifeboat, the May-Bob , (D–765). There are two tiers of local government covering Conwy, at community (town) and county borough level: Conwy Town Council (Cyngor Tref Conwy) and Conwy County Borough Council . The town council is based at Conwy Guildhall on Rose Hill Street. Conwy

1320-528: Was agreed by the Secretary of State for Wales and took effect on 1 August 1972. The municipal borough was abolished in 1974, with the area becoming part of the Aberconwy district in the new county of Gwynedd. A community called Conwy was established at the same time covering the area of the former borough. Further local government reorganisation in 1996 saw Aberconwy abolished and the town transferred to

1360-590: Was allowed to start work as a civil servant. She continued her research and stayed on with the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries in London until 1919. She worked at the office in Delahay Street, Westminster. In the 1911 census she was recorded as living in London with her sister, Amy Lee at 2 Avenue House, St Johns Wood, London. The street is now renamed Allison Street but Avenue House still exists. Rosa Lee married Thomas Lewis Williams in 1917, but had to leave

1400-481: Was an ancient borough , having been given a charter by Edward I of England in 1284. Unlike most such boroughs, it was not reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 , and so the old borough corporation continued to exist and run the town. By 1876 the borough corporation was seen as an archaic and unaccountable impediment to the proper management of the town. The town's residents organised

1440-788: Was developed in Majapahit's glory period in 13th–15th century. The wall was protecting the inner "Kraton" or royal palace and some important places. Today the wall can't be seen as the original appearance. Almost every old city in Pakistan had a defensive wall. Much of these walls were destroyed by the British in order to refortify the cities. Few cities which were fortified are: Some other towns fortified with thorny bamboos in Qing era . [REDACTED] The first major fortification in Famagusta

1480-405: Was erected by Conservative Buckinghamshire MP William Edward FitzMaurice in the mid 1850s. In 1869 the building was sold to solicitor William Jones. The building was used as a solicitor's office until 1972, when it was bought out and became The Towers Restaurant. After lying empty for a number of years Vardre Hall changed hands again, and in 1999 was refurbished as a shop. Across the estuary

1520-427: Was even inhabited by a family at one point) until 1900 when the owner (a 6-foot (1.8 m) fisherman – Robert Jones) was forced to move out on the grounds of hygiene. The rooms were too small for him to stand up in fully. The house is still owned by his descendants today, and visitors can look around it for a small charge. Vardre Hall is a 19th-century Grade II listed building directly opposite to Conwy Castle . It

1560-546: Was originally surrounded by a palisade wall with several bastions . Today, there is a plaque marking the site of the fort, although there are no other traces. Old Quarter of Panama City (a portion of the Wall still exists) Pakuan Pajajaran , the capital of the Sunda Kingdom , was surrounded by defensive moats and walls. Now the area is part of the modern city of Bogor. An 18th century wall made by Hamengkubuwono

1600-537: Was the Othello Tower , which was built by the Lusignans in the 14th century and was later modified by the Venetians. The latter also built city walls in the 15th and 16th centuries, and they remain intact today. [REDACTED] The first fortifications in Nicosia were built in the 13th and 14th century. The Venetians demolished the medieval fortifications and replaced them with a circular bastioned enceinte in

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