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72-502: Based largely on intuition rather than direct observation, Picasso's Rose Period marks the beginning of the artist's stylistic experiments with primitivism ; influenced by pre-Roman Iberian sculpture , Oceanic and African art. This led to Picasso's African Period in 1907, culminating in the Proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d'Avignon , regarded as a masterpiece. The Rose Period lasted from 1904 to 1906. Picasso

144-529: A European man, his sexual freedom derived from the male gaze of the colonist, because Gauguin's artistic primitivism is part of the "dense interweave of racial and sexual fantasies and power , both colonial and patriarchal ", which French colonialists invented about Tahiti and the Tahitians; European fantasies invented in "effort to essentialize notions of primitiveness", by Othering non-European peoples into colonial subordinates . In 1905–1906 period,

216-524: A Fan (1905), Two Youths (1905), Harlequin Family (1905), Harlequin's Family With an Ape (1905), La famille de saltimbanques (1905), Boy with a Dog (1905), Nude Boy (1906), Boy Leading a Horse (1905–06), and The Girl with a Goat (1906). Primitivism In the arts of the Western World, Primitivism is a mode of aesthetic idealization that means to recreate the experience of

288-404: A Picasso and an anonymous mask be exhibited in the same plane?" State of nature In ethics , political philosophy , social contract theory , religion, and international law , the term state of nature describes the hypothetical way of life that existed before humans organised themselves into societies or civilisations . Philosophers of the state of nature theory propose that there

360-752: A blank slate, and later society and the environment influence which way we lean. In Rousseau's state of nature, people did not know each other enough to come into serious conflict and they did have normal values. The modern society, and the inception of private property, is blamed for the disruption of the state of nature which Rousseau sees as true freedom. David Hume offers in A Treatise of Human Nature (1739) that human beings are naturally social: "'Tis utterly impossible for men to remain any considerable time in that savage condition, which precedes society; but that his very first state and situation may justly be esteem'd social. This, however, hinders not, but that philosophers may, if they please, extend their reasoning to

432-507: A clear theory as to why the people would be justified in overthrowing a monarchy which abuses the trust they had placed in it. Montesquieu makes use of the concept of the state of nature in his The Spirit of the Laws , first printed in 1748. Montesquieu states the thought process behind early human beings before the formation of society. He says that human beings would have the faculty of knowing and would first think to preserve their life in

504-507: A contemporary version that repudiates previous primitivist discourses. Some characteristics of neo-primitivist art include the use of bold colors, original designs, and expressiveness. These are demonstrated in the works of Paul Gauguin , which feature vivid hues and flat forms instead of a three-dimensional perspective. Igor Stravinsky was another neo-primitivist known for his children's pieces, which were based on Russian folklore. Several neo-primitivist artists were also previous members of

576-476: A dialogue between "the works of Picasso – not only the major works but also the experiments with aesthetic concepts – with those, no less rich, by non-Western artists." Picasso Primitif meant to offer a comparative view of the artist's works with those of non-Western artists. The resulting confrontation was supposed to reveal the similar issues those artists have had to address such as nudity, sexuality, impulses and loss through parallel plastic solutions. In 2018,

648-722: A group of artists studied the arts from Sub-Saharan Africa and from Oceania , because of the popularity of the Gauguin paintings of Tahiti and the Tahitians. Two posthumous, retrospective exhibitions of Gauguin's works of art in Paris, one at the Salon d'Automne in 1903, and the other in 1906, influenced fauve movement artists such as Maurice de Vlaminck , André Derain and Henri Matisse , but also Pablo Picasso . In particular, Picasso studied Iberian sculpture , African sculpture , and African traditional masks , and historical works such as

720-426: A new exhibition focusing on primitivism in modern art. Instead of pointing out the obvious issues, the exhibition celebrated the use of non-Western objects as inspiration for modern artists. The director of the exhibition, William Rubin , took Roger Fry's exhibition one step further by displaying the modern works of art juxtaposed to the non-Western objects themselves. Rubin stated, "That he was not so much interested in

792-487: A personal symbol for Picasso. The Rose Period has been considered French influenced, while the Blue Period more Spanish influenced, although both styles emerged while Picasso was living in Paris. Picasso's Blue Period began in late 1901, following the death of his friend Carlos Casagemas and the onset of a bout of major depression. It lasted until 1904, when Picasso's psychological condition improved. The Rose Period

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864-433: A social agreement between individuals, these principles would be the expected basis of such an agreement. Thus, these principles should form the basis of real, modern societies since everyone should consent to them if society were organized from scratch in fair agreements. Rawls' Harvard colleague Robert Nozick countered the liberal A Theory of Justice with the libertarian Anarchy, State, and Utopia , also grounded in

936-403: A state is purely hypothetical. It never did, nor can exist; as it is inconsistent with the preservation and perpetuation of the race. It is, therefore, a great misnomer to call it the state of nature . Instead of being the natural state of man, it is, of all conceivable states, the most opposed to his nature—most repugnant to his feelings, and most incompatible with his wants. His natural state is,

1008-783: A type of artistic primitivism, the artworks of the Négritude movement tend to nostalgia for a lost golden age . Begun in the 1930s, by francophone artists and intellectuals on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, the Négritude movement was readily adopted throughout continental Africa and by the African diaspora . In rejection of Western rationalism and European colonialism, the Négritude artists idealized pre-colonial Africa with works of art that represent pre-colonial Africa as composed of societies who were more culturally united before

1080-485: A way to respond to it. The headline of this exhibition was, "A major exhibition offering a new perspective and inspiring a rereading of art history." The exhibition looked at the transformation in our view of the arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas from the end of the 19th century to the present day. Bondil wanted to explore the question about how ethnographic objects come to be viewed as art. She also asked, "How can

1152-573: Is a utopian style of art that means to represent the physical world of Nature and humanity's original state of nature with two styles: (i) chronological primitivism and (ii) cultural primitivism . In Europe, chronological primitivism proposes the moral superiority of a primitive way of life represented by the myth of a golden age of pre-societal harmony with Nature, as depicted in the Pastoral genres of European representational art and poetry. Notable examples of European cultural primitivism are

1224-552: Is named after Picasso's heavy use of pink tones in his works from this period, from the French word for pink, which is rose . Picasso's third highest selling painting, Young Girl with a Flower Basket , and his fifth highest, Garçon à la pipe (Boy with a pipe) were both painted during the Rose Period. Other significant Rose Period works include: Woman in a Chemise (Madeleine) (1904–05), The Actor (1904–1905), Lady with

1296-547: Is related to critiques of the negative cultural impact of Western modernity upon colonized peoples. The primitivist works of anti-colonial artists are critiques of the Western stereotypes about colonized peoples, while also yearning for the pre-colonial way of life. The processes of decolonization fuse with the reverse teleology of Primitivism to produce native works of art distinct from the primitivist artworks by Western artists, which reinforce colonial stereotypes as true. As

1368-443: Is the preservation of the society and the self. The formation of law within society is the reflection and application of reason for Montesquieu. Hobbes' view was challenged in the eighteenth century by Jean-Jacques Rousseau , who claimed that Hobbes was taking socialized people and simply imagining them living outside of the society in which they were raised. He affirmed instead that people were neither good nor bad, but were born as

1440-717: The Age of Enlightenment , intellectuals rhetorically used the idealization of indigenous peoples as political criticism of European culture ; however, as part of the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns , the Italian intellectual Giambattista Vico said that the lives of primitive non-Europeans were more attuned to Nature's aesthetic inspirations for poetry than the arts of civilized, modern man. From that perspective, Vico compared

1512-700: The Blue Rose group . Russian artists associated with Neo-primitivism include: In November 1910, Roger Fry organized the exhibition titled Manet and the Post-Impressionists held at the Grafton Galleries in London. This exhibition showcased works by Paul Cézanne , Paul Gauguin , Henri Matisse , Édouard Manet , Pablo Picasso , and Vincent Van Gogh , among others. This exhibition was meant to showcase how French art had developed over

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1584-464: The Mannerist paintings of El Greco , from which aesthetic study Picasso painted Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), and invented Cubism . Primitivism in art is usually regarded as a cultural phenomenon of Western art, yet the structure of primitivist idealism is in the art works of non-Western and anti-colonial artists. The nostalgia for an idealized past when humans lived in harmony with Nature

1656-729: The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts had an exhibition titled From Africa to the Americas: Face-to-Face Picasso, Past and Present . The MMFA adapted and expanded on Picasso Primitif by bringing in 300 works and documents from the Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac and the Musée National Picasso – Paris. Nathalie Bondil saw the issues with the ways in which Yves Le Fur presented Picasso's work juxtaposed to non-Western art and objects and found

1728-474: The Russian icon and the lubok . Neo-primitivism replaced the symbolist art of the Blue Rose movement . The nascent movement was embraced due to its predecessor's tendency to look back so that it passed its creative zenith. A conceptualization of neo-primitivism describes it as anti-primitivist Primitivism since it questions the primitivist's Eurocentric universalism . This view presents neo-primitivism as

1800-559: The original position . The original position is a hypothetical state of nature used as a thought experiment . People in the original position have no society and are under a veil of ignorance that prevents them from knowing how they may benefit from society. They lack foreknowledge of their intelligence, wealth, or abilities. Rawls reasons that people in the original position would want a society where they had their basic liberties protected and where they had some economic guarantees as well. If society were to be constructed from scratch through

1872-473: The (human) world could be compared to that among birds and beasts. — Chapter 3 - 1 His proposal was to unify rules according to a single moral system or standard (fa, 法) that can be used by anyone: calculating benefit of each act. In that way, the ruler of the state and his subjects will have the same moral system; cooperation and joint efforts will be the rule. Later his proposal would be strongly rejected by Confucianism (especially Mencius ) because of

1944-544: The Europeans arrived to Africa. Notable among the artists of the Négritude movement is the Cuban artist Wifredo Lam who was associated with Picasso and the surrealists in Paris, in the 1930s. On returning to Cuba in 1941, Lam was emboldened to create dynamic tableaux that integrated human beings, animals, and Nature. In The Jungle (1943), Lam's polymorphism creates a fantastical jungle scene featuring African motifs among

2016-513: The Latin phrase ( bellum omnium contra omnes ) meaning "war of all against all", in De Cive . Within the state of nature, there is neither personal property nor injustice since there is no law, except for certain natural precepts discovered by reason (" laws of nature "): the first of which is "that every man ought to endeavour peace, as far as he has hope of obtaining it" ( Leviathan , Ch. XIV); and

2088-576: The Nazarene movement were similar to the artistic styles of the Pre-Raphaelites , who were inspired by the critical writings of John Ruskin , who admired the painters before Raphael (e.g. Sandro Botticelli ) and recommended that artists paint outdoors. In the mid-19th century, the photographic camera and non-Euclidean geometry changed the visual arts; photography impelled the development of artistic Realism and non-Euclidean geometry voided

2160-474: The Origin of Justice and Property" that if mankind were universally benevolent, we would not hold Justice to be a virtue: "’tis only from the selfishness and confin’d generosity of men, along with the scanty provision nature has made for his wants, that justice derives its origin." John C. Calhoun , in his A Disquisition on Government (1851), wrote that a state of nature is merely hypothetical and argues that

2232-604: The art of Neoclassicism and the Romantic art of the Nazarene movement in Germany who were inspired by the primitive school of Italian devotional paintings, i.e. before Raphael and the discovery of oil painting . Whereas academic painting (after Raphael) used dark glazes, idealized forms, and suppression of detail, the artists of the Nazarene movement used clear outlines, bright colors, and much detail. The artistic styles of

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2304-517: The artistic merits of the epic poetry of Homer and of the Bible against the modern literature written in vernacular language. In the Prolegomena to Homer (1795), the scholar Friedrich August Wolf identified the language of Homer's poetry and the language of The Bible as examples of folk art communicated and transmitted by oral tradition . Later, the ideas of Vico and Wolf were developed at

2376-410: The beginning of the 19th century by Johann Gottfried Herder ; nevertheless, although influential in literature, the ideas of Vico and Wolf slightly influenced the visual arts . The emergence of historicism — judging and evaluating different eras according to their historical context and criteria — resulted in new schools of visual art dedicated to historical fidelity of setting and costume, such as

2448-433: The civil power which exists to enforce contracts and the laws of nature generally. Between nations, however, no such power exists and therefore nations have the same rights to preserve themselves—including making war—as individuals possessed. Such a conclusion led some writers to the idea of an association of nations or worldwide civil society , an example being Immanuel Kant 's work on perpetual peace . Rawls also examines

2520-464: The civilization of Europe against the way of life of the uncivilized natural man living in harmony with Nature. In the 18th century, Western artists and intellectuals participated in "the conscious search in history for a more deeply expressive, permanent human nature and cultural structure in contrast to the nascent modern realities", by studying the cultures of the primitive peoples encountered by explorers. The spoils of European colonialism included

2592-509: The composer employs harsh consonance and dissonance and loud, repetitive rhythms as a mode of Dionysian spontaneity in musical modernism . The critic Malcolm Cook said that "with its folk-music motifs and the infamous 1913 Paris riot securing its avant-garde credentials, Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring engaged in Primitivism in both form and practice" while remaining within the technical praxes of Western classical music . During

2664-499: The concept is self-contradictory and that political states naturally always existed. It is, indeed, difficult to explain how an opinion so destitute of all sound reason, ever could have been so extensively entertained. . . . I refer to the assertion, that all men are equal in the state of nature; meaning, by a state of nature, a state of individuality, supposed to have existed prior to the social and political state; and in which men lived apart and independent of each other. . . . But such

2736-542: The day, like Robert Filmer . In fact, Locke's First Treatise is entirely a response to Filmer's Patriarcha , and takes a step by step method to refuting Filmer's theory set out in Patriarcha . The conservative party at the time had rallied behind Filmer's Patriarcha , whereas the Whigs, scared of another persecution of Protestants, rallied behind the theory set out by Locke in his Two Treatises of Government as it gave

2808-471: The explorers' perspective of cultural difference led to colonialism . During the Age of Enlightenment , the explorers' encounters with the non-European Other provoked philosophers to question the Mediaeval assumptions about the fixed nature Man, of society, and of Nature , doubted the social-class organization of society and the mental, moral, and intellectual strictures of Christianity, by comparing

2880-484: The ideal of the primitive, "whose very condition of desirability resides in some form of distance and difference." The painter Paul Gauguin departed urban Europe to reside in the French colony of Tahiti , where he adopted a primitive style of life much unlike the way of life in urban France. Gauguin's search for the primitive was a search for sexual freedom from the Christian constrictions of private life, evident in

2952-415: The international stage. Rawls develops eight principles for how a people should act on an international stage. Within international relations theory , anarchy is the state of affairs wherein nations exist without a higher power to govern them. The three principal schools of international relations theory hold different beliefs about anarchy and how to approach it. Realism approaches global politics as if

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3024-414: The laws and institutions of the country where born, and under whose protection they draw their first breath. Karl Marx's concept of primitive communism —or the economic mode of production before the development of class systems—may be seen as analogous to the state of nature. John Rawls used what amounted to an artificial state of nature. To develop his theory of justice , Rawls places everyone in

3096-399: The mathematic absolutes of Euclidean geometry , and so challenged the conventional perspective of Renaissance art by suggesting the existence of multiple worlds in which things are different from the human world. The three-hundred-year Age of Discovery (15th c.–17th c.) exposed western European explorers to the peoples and cultures of Asia and the Americas, of Africa and Australasia, but

3168-519: The music of Igor Stravinsky , the Tahitian paintings of Paul Gauguin , and the African period artworks of Pablo Picasso . Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring (1913) is primitivist program music about the subject of Paganism , specifically the rite of human sacrifice in pre-christian Russia. Foregoing the aesthetic and technical restraints of Western musical composition, in The Rite of Spring

3240-522: The non-white other in Asia, Africa, and Australasia. Moreover, the term primitivism also identifies the techniques, motifs, and styles of painting that predominated representational painting before the emergence of the Avant-garde ; and also identifies the styles of naïve art and of folk art produced by amateur artists, such as Henri Rousseau , who painted for personal pleasure. Primitivism

3312-571: The paintings Spirit of the Dead Watching (1892), Parau na te Varua ino (1892), and Anna the Javanerin (1893), Te Tamari No Atua (1896) and Cruel Tales (1902). Gauguin's European perspective of Tahiti as a sexual utopia free of the religious sexual prohibitions is in line with the perspective of pastoral art, which idealizes rural life as better than city life. The similarities between Pastoralism and Primitivism are evident in

3384-443: The paintings Tahitian Pastoral (1892) and Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? (1897–1898). The artist Gauguin said that his paintings celebrated Tahitian society, and that he was defending Tahiti against French colonialism; nonetheless, from the postcolonial perspective of the 20th century, feminist art critics said that Gauguin's taking adolescent mistresses voids his claim of being an anti-colonialist. As

3456-522: The particulars of the indigenous society's social structures and power structures. The early Warring States philosopher Mozi was one of the first thinkers in recorded history to develop the idea of the state of nature. He developed the idea to defend the need for a single overall ruler. According to Mozi, in the state of nature, each person has their own moral rules ( yi , 義). As a result, people were unable to reach agreements and resources were wasted. Since Mozi promoted ways of strengthening and unifying

3528-518: The past three decades; however, art critics in London were shocked by what they saw. Some called Fry "mad" and "crazy" for publicly displaying such artwork in the exhibition. Fry's exhibition called attention to primitivism in modern art even if he did not intend for it to happen; leading American scholar Marianna Torgovnick to term the exhibition as the "debut" of primitivism on the London art scene. In 1984, The Museum of Modern Art in New York had

3600-477: The pieces of 'tribal' art in themselves but instead wanted to focus on the ways in which modern artists 'discovered' this art." He was trying to show there was an 'affinity' between the two types of art. Scholar Jean-Hubert Martin argued this attitude effectively meant that the 'tribal' art objects were "given the status of not much more than footnotes or addenda to the Modernist avant-garde." Rubin's exhibition

3672-469: The preference of benefit over morals. The pure state of nature, or "the natural condition of mankind", was described by the 17th century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan and his earlier work De Cive . Hobbes argued that natural inequalities between humans are not so great as to give anyone clear superiority; and thus all must live in constant fear of loss or violence; so that "during

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3744-460: The primitive time, place, and person, either by emulation or by re-creation. In Western philosophy, Primitivism proposes that the people of a primitive society possess a morality and an ethics that are superior to the urban value system of civilized people. In European art, the aesthetics of primitivism included techniques, motifs, and styles copied from the arts of Asian, African, and Australasian peoples perceived as primitive in relation to

3816-440: The second is "that a man be willing, when others are so too, as far forth as for peace and defence of himself he shall think it necessary, to lay down this right to all things; and be contented with so much liberty against other men as he would allow other men against himself" ( loc. cit. ). From here, Hobbes developed the way out of the state of nature into political society and government by mutual contracts . According to Hobbes,

3888-426: The social and political—the one for which his Creator made him, and the only one in which he can preserve and perfect his race. As, then, there never was such a state as the, so-called, state of nature, and never can be, it follows, that men, instead of being born in it, are born in the social and political state; and of course, instead of being born free and equal, are born subject, not only to parental authority, but to

3960-427: The social contract, people create societal rights and obligations. In other versions of social contract theory, society imposes restrictions (law, custom, tradition, etc.) that limit the natural rights of a person. Societies existing before the political state are investigated and studied as Mesolithic history, as archaeology , and as cultural anthropology , as social anthropology , and as ethnology to determine

4032-550: The stalks of sugar cane to represent the connection between the neo-African idealism of Négritude and the history of plantation slavery for the production of table sugar . Neo-primitivism was a Russian art movement that took its name from the 31-page pamphlet Neo-primitivizm , by Aleksandr Shevchenko (1913) . It is considered a type of avant-garde movement and is proposed as a new style of modern painting which fuses elements of Cézanne , Cubism , and Futurism with traditional Russian ' folk art ' conventions and motifs, notably

4104-414: The state (li, 利 ), such natural dis-organisation was rejected: In the beginning of human life, when there was yet no law and government, the custom was "everybody according to his rule (yi, 義)." Accordingly each man had his own rule, two men had two different rules and ten men had eleven different rules -- the more people the more different notions. And everybody approved his own moral views and disapproved

4176-487: The state of nature and civil society to be opposites of each other, and the need for civil society comes in part from the perpetual existence of the state of nature. This view of the state of nature is partly deduced from Christian belief (unlike Hobbes, whose philosophy is not dependent upon any prior theology). Although it may be natural to assume that Locke was responding to Hobbes, Locke never refers to Hobbes by name, and may instead have been responding to other writers of

4248-553: The state of nature between nations. In his work the Law of Peoples , Rawls applies a modified version of his original position thought experiment to international relationships. Rawls says that peoples, not states, form the basic unit that should be examined. States should be encouraged to follow the principles from Rawls' earlier A Theory of Justice . Democracy seems like it would be the most logical means of accomplishing these goals, but benign non-democracies should be seen as acceptable at

4320-447: The state of nature exists at all times among independent countries, over whom there is no law except for those same precepts or laws of nature ( Leviathan , Chapters XIII, XXX end). His view of the state of nature helped to serve as a basis for theories of international law and relations and even some theories about domestic relations. John Locke considers the state of nature in his Second Treatise on Civil Government written around

4392-426: The state of nature tradition. Nozick argued that a minimalist state of property rights and basic law enforcement would develop out of a state of nature without violating anyone's rights or using force. Mutual agreements among individuals rather than social contract would lead to this minimal state. In Hobbes' view, once a civil government is instituted, the state of nature has disappeared between individuals because of

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4464-407: The state. Human beings would also at first feel themselves to be impotent and weak. As a result, humans would not be likely to attack each other in this state. Next, humans would seek nourishment and, out of fear and impulse, would eventually unite to create society. Once society was created, a state of war would ensue amongst societies, which would all have been created the same way. The purpose of war

4536-545: The suppos'd state of nature; provided they allow it to be a mere philosophical fiction, which never had, and never could have any reality." Hume's ideas about human nature expressed in the Treatise suggest that he would be happy with neither Hobbes' nor his contemporary Rousseau's thought-experiments. He explicitly derides as incredible the hypothetical humanity described in Hobbes' Leviathan . Additionally, he argues in "Of

4608-421: The time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war; and such a war as is of every man against every man". In this state, every person has a natural right to do anything one thinks necessary for preserving one's own life, and life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short " ( Leviathan, Chapters XIII–XIV). Hobbes described this natural condition with

4680-656: The time of the Exclusion Crisis in England during the 1680s. For Locke, in the state of nature all men are free "to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature." (2nd Tr., §4). "The state of Nature has a law of Nature to govern it", and that law is reason. Locke believes that reason teaches that "no one ought to harm another in his life, liberty, and or property" (2nd Tr., §6) ; and that transgressions of this may be punished. Locke describes

4752-477: The urban civilization of western Europe. In that light, the painter Paul Gauguin 's inclusion of Tahitian imagery to his oil paintings was a characteristic borrowing of technique, motif, and style that was important for the development of Modern art (1860s–1970s) in the late 19th century. As a genre of Western art , Primitivism reproduced and perpetuated racist stereotypes , such as the " noble savage ", with which colonialists justified white colonial rule over

4824-482: The views of others, and so arose mutual disapproval among men. As a result, father and son and elder and younger brothers became enemies and were estranged from each other, since they were unable to reach any agreement. Everybody worked for the disadvantage of the others with water, fire, and poison. Surplus energy was not spent for mutual aid; surplus goods were allowed to rot without sharing; excellent teachings ( dao , 道 ) were kept secret and not revealed. The disorder in

4896-422: The works of art of the colonized natives, which featured primitive styles of expression and execution, especially the absence of linear perspective, a simple outline, the presence of hieroglyphs , distortions of the figure, and the meaning communicated with repeated patterns of ornamentation. The African and Australasian cultures provided artists an answer to their "white, Western, and preponderantly male quest" for

4968-463: The world's nations were each an individual under a state of nature: it tends to take anarchy for granted, and does not see a solution to it as possible or even necessarily desirable. Liberalism claims that anarchy may be mitigated through the spread of liberal democracy and the use of international organizations , thus creating a global civil society; this approach may be summed up by the words of George H. W. Bush , who sought to create "a world where

5040-412: Was a historical period before societies existed, and seek answers to the questions: "What was life like before civil society ?", "How did government emerge from such a primitive start?", and "What are the hypothetical reasons for entering a state of society by establishing a nation-state?". In some versions of social contract theory, there are freedoms, but no rights in the state of nature; and, by way of

5112-496: Was divided into four different parts: Concepts, History, Affinities, and Contemporary Explorations. Each section is meant to serve a different purpose in showing the connections between modern art and non-Western 'art.' In 2017, the Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac in collaboration with the Musée National Picasso – Paris, put on the exhibition Picasso Primitif . Yves Le Fur, the director, stated he wanted this exhibition to invite

5184-434: Was happy in his relationship with Fernande Olivier whom he had met in 1904 and this has been suggested as one of the possible reasons he changed his style of painting. Harlequins , circus performers and clowns appear frequently in the Rose Period and populated Picasso's paintings at various stages throughout the rest of his long career. The harlequin, a comedic character usually depicted in checkered patterned clothing, became

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