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67-800: The Griffin Museum of Science and Industry (MSI) , formerly known as the Museum of Science and Industry , is a science museum located in Chicago, Illinois , in Jackson Park , in the Hyde Park neighborhood between Lake Michigan and The University of Chicago . It is housed in the Palace of Fine Arts from the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition . Initially endowed by Sears, Roebuck and Company president and philanthropist Julius Rosenwald and supported by

134-536: A Foucault pendulum suspended from the ceiling, a tsunami wave tank, tethered hot air balloons, a heliostat system with solar panel-powered cars, and a section about light and color; on the Second Level it features a Tesla coil mounted to the ceiling which fires approximately every 30 minutes, a Wimshurst machine built by James Wimshurst in the late 19th century, a giant Newton's cradle , and sections on fire, chemistry, and magnetism. Located in and beneath

201-963: A planetarium . The Science Centre was an exploratorium-style museum included as a small part of the complex. This combination of interactive science museum, planetarium and Omnimax theater pioneered a configuration that many major science museums now follow. Also in 1973, the Association of Science-Technology Centers (ASTC) was founded as an international organisation to provide a collective voice, professional support, and programming opportunities for science centres, museums and related institutions. The massive Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie (City of Science and Industry) opened in Paris in 1986, and national centres soon followed in Denmark (Experimentarium), Sweden ( Tom Tits Experiment ), Finland ( Heureka ), and Spain ( Museu de les Ciencies Principe Felipe ). In

268-452: A "Gravitron" spinning top toy and watch as it is assembled. It is often closed for maintenance. The Wanger Family Fab Lab (or simply "Fab Lab") is a digital fabrication facility with 3D-printers, laser-cutters, and various other tools and technologies used to create "almost anything you can imagine." It is visible through windows, but not accessible to the general public, and is used by museum-sponsored workshops and summer camps. Extreme Ice

335-404: A 5-story wrap-around screen of perforated aluminum (allowing the speakers to be mounted behind the screen and heard throughout the theater). The FarmTech exhibit showcases modern agricultural techniques and how farmers use modern technology like GPS systems to improve work on the farm, and includes a tractor and a combine harvester from John Deere . The exhibit also showcases a greenhouse,

402-561: A chick pen for those that have already hatched, as well as housing genetically modified frogs, mice, and drought resistant plants. The chick hatchery has been part of the museum since 1956. About 20 chicks are hatched a day, around 140 hatch in a week, and up to 8000 hatch in a year. A week after emerging from their shells, the chicks are sent to the Lincoln Park Zoo to be fed to various animals, including lions, crocodiles, snakes, vultures, owls and tigers. This partnership between

469-461: A hands-on approach, featuring interactive exhibits that encourage visitors to experiment and explore. Recently, there has been a push for science museums to be more involved in science communication and educating the public about the scientific process. Microbiologist and science communicator Natalia Pasternak Taschner stated, "I believe that science museums can promote critical thinking, especially in teenagers and young adults, by teaching them about

536-471: A mock-up of a kitchen showcasing how much of the food we eat comes from soybeans , and how we use cows, from energy to what we drink. The west wing of the museum's lower level includes two transportation exhibits, one displaying models of "Ships Through the Ages" and the other a collection of historic racing cars. The Lower Level includes a number of single-room exhibits. Black Creativity: Architecture covers

603-854: A product of the 1960s and later. In the United Kingdom , many were founded as Millennium projects , with funding from the National Lotteries Fund . The first 'science centre' in the United States was the Science Center of Pinellas County, founded in 1959. The Pacific Science Center (one of the first large organisations to call itself a 'science centre' rather than a museum), opened in a Seattle World's Fair building in 1962. In 1969, Oppenheimer 's Exploratorium opened in San Francisco , California , and

670-572: A track (described by the museum as a " pinball machine ", for which it holds a Guinness World Record as the largest); the Idea Factory , a toddler water table play area; and the Eye Spy gallery, a hallway with humorous tableaus behind windows. The Transportation Gallery, located in the east wing of the museum on the First and Second Levels, contains several permanent exhibits. In the middle of

737-794: Is Ecsite , and in the United Kingdom, the Association of Science and Discovery Centres represents the interests of over 60 major science engagement organisations. The Asia Pacific Network of Science and Technology Centres (ASPAC) is an association initiated in 1997 with over 50 members from 20 countries across Asia and Australia (2022). Their regional sister organisations are the Network for the Popularization of Science and Technology in Latin America and The Caribbean (RedPOP),

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804-508: Is a mock-up of a Chicago street from the early 20th century, complete with a cobblestone roadway, old-fashioned light fixtures, fire hydrants , and several shops, including the precursors to several Chicago-based businesses. Included are: Unlike the other shops, the Nickelodeon Cinema can be entered and is functional, and plays silent films throughout the day. ToyMaker 3000 is a working assembly line which lets visitors order

871-566: Is a room shaped to reflect sound. YOU! The Experience is an exhibit about life science and the mechanics of the body, featuring a 13-foot-tall (4.0 m), interactive, 3D heart, various motion-tracking interactive screens, a human-sized hamster wheel, and plastinated human remains showcasing anatomy. The Regenstein Hall of Chemistry includes a giant periodic table of the elements with samples of each element as well as cases displaying food and materials science. Science museum While

938-617: Is an exhibit showcasing the effect of climate change on Earth's polar ice caps, including climate survey equipment, interactive screens, and a large ice wall which visitors can touch. Opened in spring 2013, The Art of the Bicycle showcases the history of bicycles, and how modern bikes continue to evolve. Earth Revealed centers around a "Science on a Sphere" holographic projection globe, and has presentations about planetary science, space exploration, and movies about rising sea levels and water use. The Whispering Gallery, which opened in 1938,

1005-456: Is an immersive exhibit discussing the ocean plastics crisis which opened on July 1, 2023. Before being relocated to MSI, it was originally a pop-up experience in London , and is sponsored by S.C. Johnson . Genetics: Decoding Life looks at how genetics affect human and animal development as well as containing a chick hatchery composed of an incubator where baby chickens hatch from their eggs and

1072-534: Is entitled Notes to Neurons , and examines how music interacts with the human mind and body. Numbers in Nature: A Mirror Maze contains interactive stations to learn about patterns in nature, including the Golden Ratio , spirals, fractal branching, and Voronoi patterns . It also contains a mirror maze as a demonstration of geometric patterns. The exhibit requires a free timed entry ticket. The Blue Paradox

1139-552: Is set to remain at the museum through 2026. German submarine  U-505 is one of just six German submarines captured by the Allies during World War II , and, since its arrival in 1954, the only one on display in the Western Hemisphere. The U-505 exhibit was dedicated as a permanent war memorial by the museum in 1954, and the submarine was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1989. For its first 50 years at

1206-764: The Apollo 8 command module, which flew the first human beings around the Moon; the Mercury-Atlas 7 capsule which flew the second American to orbit the Earth; a NASA lunar module trainer used to test procedures for the Apollo lunar landings , and a SpaceX Dragon 1 cargo spacecraft. Located in the Henry Crown Space Center is the Giant Dome Theater, a domed theater which shows movies on

1273-530: The Commercial Club of Chicago , it opened in 1933 during the Century of Progress Exposition . It was renamed for benefactor and financier Kenneth C. Griffin on May 19, 2024. Among the museum's most notable exhibits are a full-size replica coal mine , German submarine  U-505 captured during World War II , a United Airlines Boeing 727 , the first streamlined diesel-powered passenger train in

1340-678: The Empire State Express , which is alleged by some sources to have been the first steam locomotive in the world to exceed 100 milers per hour (160km/h). It was donated to the museum in 1962, and displayed outside until being moved indoors and restored in 1993. The first level of the Transportation Gallery also includes a replica of Stephenson's Rocket , which was the first steam locomotive to exceed 25 miles per hour; as well as several carriages and cars showcasing historic and modern road vehicles. The second level of

1407-652: The Museum of Science ) which opened in Boston in 1864. Another was the Academy of Science, St. Louis , founded in 1856, the first scientific organisation west of the Mississippi. (Although the organisation managed scientific collections for several decades, a formal museum was not created until the mid-20th century.) The modern interactive science museum appears to have been pioneered by Munich's Deutsches Museum (German Museum of Masterpieces of Science and Technology) in

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1474-427: The mission statements of science centres and modern museums may vary, they are commonly places that make science accessible and encourage the excitement of discovery. The public museum as understood today is a collection of specimens and other objects of interest to the scholar, the man of science as well as the more casual visitor, arranged and displayed in accordance with the scientific method. In its original sense,

1541-616: The Board. It was this usurpation of Kaempffert's authority that led him to ask The New York Times in January 1931 if he could have his old job back which was agreed. He remained with The New York Times until his retirement in 1956. He was succeeded as science editor by William L. Laurence . In 1956, Kaempffert reported on climate change in The New York Times . He said: “Coal and oil are still plentiful and cheap in many parts of

1608-654: The British government: a German Ju 87 R-2/Trop. Stuka dive-bomber—one of only two fully-intact Stukas left in the world—and a British Mark 1A Supermarine Spitfire . Opened in March 2010, Science Storms is a permanent multi-level exhibit which occupies the Allstate Court on the west side of the museum. On the First Level it features a 40-foot (12-meter) water vapor tornado vortex, a rotating sand avalanche disk,

1675-516: The Century of Progress event. In 1992, the museum began planning a series of renovations as part of the "MSI2000" plan. This included an underground three-level parking deck beneath the front lawn. Construction of the underground parking deck was finished in July 1998. These renovations also eventually incorporated a new subterranean main entrance hall which visitors descend into before re-ascending into

1742-612: The Entry Hall (previously the Great Hall, renamed in 2008). The train was previously displayed outdoors, before being relocated indoors during the construction of the museum's underground parking lot in the 1990s. Added to the Entry Hall to coincide with the first NASCAR Chicago Street Race , the Next Gen Ford Mustang is painted by local Chicago artists Paint The City, and showcases modern race-car engineering. It

1809-728: The Field Museum moved to a new building five miles north in the Near South Side in 1920, the palace was left vacant. School of the Art Institute of Chicago professor Lorado Taft led a public campaign to restore the building and turn it into another art museum, one devoted to sculpture. The South Park Commissioners (now part of the Chicago Park District ) won approval in a referendum to sell $ 5 million in bonds to pay for restoration costs, hoping to turn

1876-850: The North Africa and Middle East science centres (NAMES), and the Southern African Association of Science and Technology Centres (SAASTEC). In India, the National Council of Science Museums runs science centres at several places including Delhi , Bhopal , Nagpur and Ranchi . There are also a number of private Science Centres, including the Birla Science Museum and The Science Garage in Hyderabad. Waldemar Kaempffert Waldemar Bernhard Kaempffert (September 27, 1877 - November 27, 1956)

1943-942: The Ontario Science Centre opened near Toronto , Ontario , Canada. By the early 1970s, COSI Columbus , then known as the Center of Science and Industry in Columbus, Ohio , had run its first 'camp-in'. In 1983, the Smithsonian Institution invited visitors to the Discovery Room in the newly opened National Museum of Natural History Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland , where they could touch and handle formerly off-limits specimens. The new-style museums banded together for mutual support. In 1971, 16 museum directors gathered to discuss

2010-607: The Transportation Gallery consists of the Take Flight exhibit, which features the first Boeing 727 jet plane in commercial service, donated by United Airlines , with one wing removed and holes cut on the fuselage to facilitate visitor access. A formerly-working replica of the Wright Brothers ' first airplane, the Wright Flyer , is also on display. Two World War II warplanes are also exhibited, both donated by

2077-514: The US ( Pioneer Zephyr ), the command module of Apollo 8 , and a 3,500-square-foot (330 m) model railroad. Other exhibits cover manufacturing, environmental science, chemistry, physics, computers, the brain, and mechanics of the human body. The building which now houses the Museum was constructed as the Palace of Fine Arts, built for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition and designed by Charles B. Atwood for D. H. Burnham & Company . During

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2144-639: The United Kingdom, the first interactive centres also opened in 1986 on a modest scale, with further developments more than a decade later, funded by the National Lottery for projects to celebrate the Millennium . Since the 1990s, science museums and centres have been created or greatly expanded in Asia. Examples are Thailand 's National Science Museum and Japan 's Minato Science Museum . Museums that brand themselves as science centres emphasise

2211-471: The board of directors, especially around the appointment of George Ranney, who was also a director of International Harvester . This appointment created an apparent conflict of interest in the museum, as International Harvester was contributing to an exhibit on farm tractors that claimed that an IH predecessor company was responsible for the invention of the tractor. Research by both Kaempffert and his staff showed otherwise, but he could not antagonize donors to

2278-488: The building into a sculpture museum, a technical trade school, and other things. However, after a few years, the building was selected as the site for a new science museum. At this time, the Commercial Club of Chicago was interested in establishing a science museum in Chicago. Julius Rosenwald , philanthropist and Sears, Roebuck and Company president, energized his fellow club members by pledging to pay $ 3 million towards

2345-675: The building. For the first two years of development, the museum was often called the Rosenwald Industrial Museum . In 1928, the name of the museum was officially changed to the Museum of Science and Industry . Rosenwald's vision was to create a museum in the style of the Deutsches Museum in Munich , which he had visited in 1911 while in Germany with his family. Sewell Avery , another businessman, had supported

2412-513: The complexity of the process. He also said part of the gift will go into funding "a state-of-the-art digital gallery and performance space that will be the only experience of its kind in North America." Chevy Humphrey became president and CEO of the private, non-profit museum in January 2021. The new name was officially unveiled on May 19, 2024, alongside an updated logo. The museum has over 2,000 exhibits, displayed in 75 major halls. Many of

2479-532: The cost of converting the Palace of Fine Arts (Rosenwald eventually contributed more than $ 5 million to the project). During its conversion into the MSI, the building's exterior was re-cast in limestone to retain its 1893 Beaux Arts look. The interior was replaced with a new one in Art Moderne style designed by Alfred P. Shaw . Rosenwald established the museum organization in 1926 but declined to have his name on

2546-491: The early 20th century. This museum had moving exhibits where visitors were encouraged to push buttons and work levers. The concept was taken to the United States by Julius Rosenwald , chairman of Sears, Roebuck and Company , who visited the Deutsches Museum with his young son in 1911. He was so captivated by the experience that he decided to build a similar museum in his home town. The Ampère Museum , close to Lyon,

2613-399: The editor of Popular Science Monthly . In 1922, he began writing essays about science for The New York Times , where he was named Editor of Science and Engineering in 1927. During the 1920s, he also wrote free-lance magazine articles. in a June 1924 essay for Forum magazine, "The Social Destiny of Radio," he addressed a non-technical audience, discussing where radio had been and how it

2680-801: The exhibits. In order to prepare the museum, Kaempffert and his staff visited the Deutsches Museum in Munich, the Science Museum in Kensington , and the Technical Museum in Vienna , all of which served as models. Kaempffert was instrumental in developing close ties with the science departments of the University of Chicago , which supplied much of the scholarship for the exhibits. Kaempffert resigned in early 1931 amid growing disputes with

2747-662: The experience by publishing 'Cookbooks' that explain how to construct versions of the Exploratorium's exhibits. The Ontario Science Centre , which opened in September 1969, continued the trend of featuring interactive exhibits rather than static displays. In 1973, the first Omnimax cinema opened at the Reuben H. Fleet Space Theater and Science Center in San Diego's Balboa Park. The tilted-dome Space Theater doubled as

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2814-589: The fair, the palace displayed paintings, prints, drawing, sculpture, and metalwork from around the world. Unlike the other " White City " buildings, it was constructed with a brick substructure under its plaster facade. After the World's Fair, the palace initially housed the Columbian Museum, largely displaying collections left from the fair, which evolved into the Field Museum of Natural History . When

2881-405: The history of Black architects, as part of the museum's wider Black Creativity initiative. Mold-A-Rama ™ : Molded for the Future showcases several Mold-A-Rama machines and the history and mechanics of injection-molded plastics manufacturing. Colleen Moore 's Fairy Castle, an intricate miniature fantasy house with decorations inspired by folklore and fairy tales, is also on display, having been at

2948-416: The history of unions and the science of coal mining and other types of energy production. The experience takes around 30 minutes and requires an additional fee. Opened in 2024, the Kenneth C. Griffin Studio (or simply Griffin Studio) is an "immersive multimedia experience" with projections, sound, and movement recognition, intended to rotate presentations throughout its life. Its first and current presentation

3015-472: The main building, similar to the entryway beneath the Louvre Pyramid in Paris. For the first 5 decades of its operation, general admission to the MSI was free, although certain exhibits (such as the Coal Mine and U-505 ) required small fees. General entrance fees were first charged in the early 1990s, with general admission rates increasing from $ 13 in 2008 to $ 18 in 2015 and $ 25.95 in 2024. Many "free days"—for Illinois residents only—are offered throughout

3082-425: The major exhibits are permanent or semi-permanent. Access to the Coal Mine , U-505 on-board tour, and other special exhibits requires an additional fee, while other exhibits require a free timed-entry ticket. In keeping with Rosenwald's vision for the museum, many of the exhibits are interactive. The first diesel-powered, streamlined stainless-steel passenger train, the Pioneer Zephyr , is on permanent display in

3149-398: The museum and the zoo has been operating for decades, with about 7000 chicks being sent to the zoo each year. Some of the chicks hatched are of the Java species of chicken, and these chicks are sent to a farm in La Fox , Illinois that works to preserve the rare breed. There have been numerous efforts to shut down the exhibit, as early as 1998 and as recent as 2017. Yesterday's Main Street

3216-442: The museum nor his board of directors. The board also found issue with Kaempffert's cost accounting. The board, all business executives, kept careful track of every dollar spent. Kaempffert, however, was more lax in his accounting. No wrongdoing was alleged, but the board wanted greater oversight. To achieve that, the board created a new layer of management, "assistant directors," who reported not only to Kaempffert but also directly to

3283-404: The museum since 1949. 90 and Beyond opened in 2023 to celebrate MSI's 90th anniversary, and showcases objects from each of the 9 decades in the museum's history. There are multiple exhibits on the Lower Level aimed at younger children, including the Swiss Jollyball , a kinetic art piece built by a British man from Switzerland using nothing but salvaged junk which showcases a metal ball moving on

3350-410: The museum within the Commercial Club and was selected as its first president of the board of directors. The museum conducted a nationwide search for the first director. MSI's Board of Directors selected Waldemar Kaempffert , then the science editor of The New York Times , because he shared Rosenwald's vision. He assembled the museum's curatorial staff and directed the organization and construction of

3417-436: The museum works closely with the Spanish National Research Council (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas). The Utrecht University Museum, established in 1836, and the Netherlands' foremost research museum, displays an extensive collection of 18th-century animal and human "rarities" in its original setting. More science museums developed during the Industrial Revolution , when great national exhibitions showcased

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3484-419: The museum, U-505 was displayed outdoors. Starting in 2004, the U-boat was newly restored and moved into its current indoor exhibit, which opened as The New U-505 Experience on June 5, 2005. The submarine itself is located in a large concrete bunker at the end of the multi-floor exhibit alongside various artifacts found aboard, as well as interactive games related to the operation of a submarine. Guided tours of

3551-414: The possibility of starting a new association; one more specifically tailored to their needs than the existing American Association of Museums (now the American Alliance of Museums ). As a result of this, the Association of Science-Technology Centers was formally established in 1973, headquartered in Washington DC, but with an international organisational membership. The corresponding European organisation

3618-442: The predecessors of modern natural history museums. In 1683, the first purpose-built museum covering natural philosophy , the original Ashmolean museum (now called the Museum of the History of Science) in Oxford , England, was opened, although its scope was mixed. This was followed in 1752 by the first dedicated science museum, the Museo de Ciencias Naturales , in Madrid , which almost did not survive Francoist Spain . Today,

3685-497: The scientific method and the process of science, and how by using this to develop knowledge and technology, we can be less wrong." Urania was a science centre founded in Berlin in 1888. Most of its exhibits were destroyed during World War II, as were those of a range of German technical museums. The Academy of Science of Saint Louis (founded in 1856) created the Saint Louis Museum of Science and Natural History in 1959 ( Saint Louis Science Center ), but generally science centres are

3752-448: The second president of the board of directors; they disagreed over the objectivity and neutrality of the exhibits and Kaempffert's management of the staff. The new Museum of Science and Industry opened to the public in three stages between 1933 and 1940. The first opening ceremony took place during the Century of Progress Exposition . Two of the museum's presidents, a number of curators and other staff members, and exhibits came to MSI from

3819-404: The south end of the museum's Central Pavilion, The Coal Mine re-creates a working deep-shaft bituminous coal mine, using original equipment from Old Ben #17, a mine in Johnston City, Illinois which closed in 1923. It is the museum's oldest exhibit, opening with MSI in 1933. Visitors are led through the exhibit by one or more "coal miner" guides, including a ride on a genuine mine train, and learn

3886-403: The submarine's interior are offered for an additional fee. Located outside the entrance to the exhibit, there is both a Mold-A-Rama machine and a penny flattening device with U-505 designs. MSI's Henry Crown Space Center is located in its own connected wing on the building's southeast side. It opened in 1986, and was extensively renovated and reopened in 2024. The Space Center includes

3953-535: The term 'museum' meant a spot dedicated to the muses - 'a place where man's mind could attain a mood of aloofness above everyday affairs'. Museum of Jurassic Technology , Introduction & Background, p. 2. As early as the Renaissance period, aristocrats collected curiosities for display. Universities, and in particular medical schools , also maintained study collections of specimens for their students. Scientists and collectors displayed their finds in private cabinets of curiosities . Such collections were

4020-438: The triumphs of both science and industry. An example is the Great Exhibition in 1851 at The Crystal Palace , London, England, surplus items from which contributed to the Science Museum, London , founded in 1857. In the United States of America, various natural history Societies established collections in the early 19th century. These later evolved into museums. A notable example is the New England Museum of Natural History (now

4087-443: The wing is The Great Train Story , a 3,500-square-foot (330 m) HO-scale model railroad which recreates an embellished version of the "Empire Builder" rail line from Chicago to Seattle , with sections depicting downtown Chicago, the Chicago suburbs, the Great Plains , the Rocky Mountains and the Cascades , and downtown Seattle with a cargo port. In the main level of the gallery is NYC & HRR Locomotive No. 999 , known as

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4154-426: The world, and there is every reason to believe that both will be consumed by industry so long as it pays to do so.” Kaempffert was a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers , History of Science Society , National Association of Science Writers (serving as the president in 1937), and the Newcomen Society . He was also a member of the Peabody Awards Board of Jurors from 1940 to 1956. Kaempffert

4221-428: The year. On October 3, 2019, the museum announced that it intended to change its name to the Kenneth C. Griffin Museum of Science and Industry , after a donation of $ 125 million from billionaire Kenneth C. Griffin . It is the largest single gift in the museum's history, effectively doubling its endowment. However, president and chief executive officer David Mosena said the formal name change could take some time, due to

4288-476: Was a member of the American Society for Psychical Research , an organisation dedicated to parapsychology. He was a friend of the parapsychologists James H. Hyslop and Walter Franklin Prince . Kaempffert wrote a supportive review of J. B. Rhine's book Extrasensory Perception (1934) in The New York Times . In 1916, he vigorously defended the Martian canals theory against skeptics. His obituary in The New York Times said his death, on November 27, 1956,

4355-506: Was an American science writer and museum director. Waldemar (Bernhard) Kaempffert was born and raised in New York City . He received his Bachelor of Science from the City College of New York in 1897. Thereafter, he was employed by Scientific American , first as a translator (1897–1900), then as managing editor (1900–1916). He also wrote articles about science for other publications during this time, including three articles for Harper's , beginning in 1908. In 1916, he started working as

4422-493: Was changing American life. In 1928, following a nationwide search for a director, the Museum of Science and Industry Chicago asked Kaempffert to become its first director. He enthusiastically devoted himself to the work of laying out the history of the sciences and of the industries. He encouraged his curators and exhibit designers to base their exhibits on careful research in order to be as objectively truthful as possible. This devotion to objectivity, however, led to disputes with

4489-528: Was created in 1931 and is the first interactive scientific museum in France. Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry opened in phases between 1933 and 1940. In 1959, the Museum of Science and Natural History (now the Saint Louis Science Center ) was formally created by the Academy of Science of Saint Louis, featuring many interactive science and history exhibits, and in August 1969, Frank Oppenheimer dedicated his new Exploratorium in San Francisco almost completely to interactive science exhibits, building on

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