64-614: Roseburg is the most populous city in and the county seat of Douglas County, Oregon . It is located in the Umpqua River Valley in southern Oregon . Founded in 1851, the population was 23,683 at the 2020 census , making it the principal city of the Roseburg, Oregon Micropolitan Statistical Area. The community developed along both sides of the South Umpqua River and is traversed by Interstate 5 . Traditionally
128-469: A lumber industry town, Roseburg was the original home of Roseburg Forest Products , which is now based in nearby Springfield . Waterfalls near Roseburg include Susan Creek Falls and Fall Creek Falls . Roseburg's primary industries include timber and tourism, and the region is home to many vineyards and more than 30 wineries. The Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife lists more than 50 areas for fishing for salmon, steelhead, bass, bluegill and trout in
192-489: A proton is abstracted from nitroalkane 1 to a carbanion 2 followed by protonation to an aci-nitro 3 and finally nucleophilic displacement of chlorine based on an experimentally observed hydrogen kinetic isotope effect of 3.3. When the same reactant is reacted with potassium hydroxide the reaction product is the 1,2-dinitro dimer. Chloramphenicol is a rare example of a naturally occurring nitro compound. At least some naturally occurring nitro groups arose by
256-439: A dining room and kitchen. Originally, guests could use the floor of the front room to spread their beds or were able to sleep out of doors under nearby oak trees. His first structure served as a roadside inn and tavern for many years. Rose built a proper hotel in 1853. He died in 1899. Roseburg was first known as Deer Creek because it was at the confluence of Deer Creek and the South Umpqua River . In 1854, voters chose Roseburg as
320-471: A homestead within the current city limits on September 23, 1851. Rose was born in 1813 in Ulster County, New York . In 1851, he came to Oregon from Coldwater, Michigan , where he had lived since 1837. Rose constructed the first building in what would become Roseburg, a rough structure made of poles and clapboards with a front room about 16 or 18 feet square; it was used as a grocery store, backed by
384-563: A household in the county was $ 33,223, and the median income for a family was $ 39,364. Males had a median income of $ 32,512 versus $ 22,349 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 16,581. About 9.6% of families and 13.1% of the population were below the poverty line , including 16.6% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over. Oregon Route 99 runs through Azalea , Tri-City , Myrtle Creek , Canyonville , Green , Roseburg , Winchester , Sutherlin , Rice Hill , Drain , and Anlauf. Interstate 5 provides access to
448-630: A month is 23.4 inches (59 cm) in January 1950. As of the census of 2010, there were 21,181 people, 9,081 households, and 5,177 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,116.0 inhabitants per square mile (817.0/km). There were 9,732 housing units at an average density of 972.2 per square mile (375.4/km). The racial makeup of the city was 91% White , 0.5% African American , 1.7% Native American , 1.6% Asian , 0.3% Pacific Islander , 1.4% from other races , and 3.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.5% of
512-486: A nitronate hydrolyzes to a carbonyl and azanone . Grignard reagents combine with nitro compounds to give a nitrone ; but a Grignard reagent with an α hydrogen will then add again to the nitrone to give a hydroxylamine salt. The Leimgruber–Batcho , Bartoli and Baeyer–Emmerling indole syntheses begin with aromatic nitro compounds. Indigo can be synthesized in a condensation reaction from ortho -nitrobenzaldehyde and acetone in strongly basic conditions in
576-509: A reaction known as the Baeyer–Drewson indigo synthesis . Many flavin -dependent enzymes are capable of oxidizing aliphatic nitro compounds to less-toxic aldehydes and ketones. Nitroalkane oxidase and 3-nitropropionate oxidase oxidize aliphatic nitro compounds exclusively, whereas other enzymes such as glucose oxidase have other physiological substrates. Explosive decomposition of organo nitro compounds are redox reactions, wherein both
640-673: A small reservation in Canyonville, Oregon, and has a Casino/Hotel named Seven Feathers to represent the seven families who refused forced removal to the Grand Ronde Reservation. Douglas County was created on January 7, 1852, from the portion of Umpqua County which lay east of the Coast Range summit. In 1856 the Camas Valley was annexed to Douglas County from Coos County . In 1862, the rest of Umpqua county
704-514: A town for you! You talk about rough... You know a lot of places in the country claim Paul Bunyon lived there. But you should have seen Roseburg when me and my daddy come there. Every one of them loggers looked like Paul Bunyon to me.” On August 7, 1959, at approximately 1:00 a.m., the Gerretsen Building Supply Company caught fire. Firefighters soon arrived at the building, near Oak and Pine Streets, to extinguish
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#1732794115191768-481: Is achieved using a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid , which produce the nitronium ion ( NO + 2 ), which is the electrophile: The nitration product produced on the largest scale, by far, is nitrobenzene . Many explosives are produced by nitration including trinitrophenol (picric acid), trinitrotoluene (TNT), and trinitroresorcinol (styphnic acid). Another but more specialized method for making aryl–NO 2 group starts from halogenated phenols,
832-617: Is also found in members of the Annonaceae , Lauraceae and Papaveraceae . Despite the occasional use in pharmaceuticals, the nitro group is associated with mutagenicity and genotoxicity and therefore is often regarded as a liability in the drug discovery process. Nitro compounds participate in several organic reactions , the most important being reduction of nitro compounds to the corresponding amines: Virtually all aromatic amines (e.g. aniline ) are derived from nitroaromatics through such catalytic hydrogenation . A variation
896-454: Is called a nitronate , and behaves similar to an enolate . In the nitroaldol reaction , it adds directly to aldehydes , and, with enones , can serve as a Michael donor . Conversely, a nitroalkene reacts with enols as a Michael acceptor. Nitrosating a nitronate gives a nitrolic acid . Nitronates are also key intermediates in the Nef reaction : when exposed to acids or oxidants,
960-413: Is formation of a dimethylaminoarene with palladium on carbon and formaldehyde : The α-carbon of nitroalkanes is somewhat acidic. The p K a values of nitromethane and 2-nitropropane are respectively 17.2 and 16.9 in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution, suggesting an aqueous p K a of around 11. In other words, these carbon acids can be deprotonated in aqueous solution. The conjugate base
1024-403: Is land and 0.19 square miles (0.49 km) is water. Roseburg's elevation is approximately 500 feet (150 m). Its highest point is Mount Nebo, a 1,200-foot (370 m) hill to the west of Interstate 5. Through the 1980s, it was known for its band of 10-20 feral angora goats . Residents said they could predict the weather by watching where the goats were on the mountain; if they were high,
1088-503: Is one of the 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon . As of the 2020 census , the population was 111,201. The county seat is Roseburg . The county is named after Stephen A. Douglas , an American politician who supported Oregon statehood . Douglas County comprises the Roseburg, OR Micropolitan Statistical Area . In regards to area, Douglas County is the largest county west of the Oregon Cascades. The area originally
1152-637: Is one of the most common explosophores (functional group that makes a compound explosive) used globally. The nitro group is also strongly electron-withdrawing . Because of this property, C−H bonds alpha (adjacent) to the nitro group can be acidic. For similar reasons, the presence of nitro groups in aromatic compounds retards electrophilic aromatic substitution but facilitates nucleophilic aromatic substitution . Nitro groups are rarely found in nature. They are almost invariably produced by nitration reactions starting with nitric acid . Aromatic nitro compounds are typically synthesized by nitration. Nitration
1216-434: Is powerfully conservative and Republican, being akin to Josephine County to the south, or to Eastern Oregon . No Democratic presidential nominee has carried Douglas County since Lyndon Johnson 's landslide win in 1964: indeed the last Democrat to crack forty percent of the county's vote was Michael Dukakis in 1988 during an election influenced by a major drought. Historically, the county, like all of Western Oregon north of
1280-523: Is represented by Republican Christine Goodwin . The far southwest adjacent to Curry and Coos counties is within the 1st District represented by Republican Court Boice , and the bulk of the county, centered on the northeastern half, lies in the 2nd District represented by Republican Virgle Osborne . In the Oregon State Senate , Douglas County is split between three districts. The coastal part (9th House of Representatives District) lies within
1344-454: Is the Zinke nitration . Aliphatic nitro compounds can be synthesized by various methods; notable examples include: In nucleophilic aliphatic substitution , sodium nitrite (NaNO 2 ) replaces an alkyl halide . In the so-called Ter Meer reaction (1876) named after Edmund ter Meer , the reactant is a 1,1-halonitroalkane: The reaction mechanism is proposed in which in the first slow step
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#17327941151911408-505: The 2000 census , there were 100,399 people, 39,821 households, and 28,233 families living in the county. The population density was 20 people per square mile (7.7 people/km ). There were 43,284 housing units at an average density of 9 units per square mile (3.5/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 93.86% White , 0.18% Black or African American , 1.52% Native American , 0.63% Asian , 0.09% Pacific Islander , 1.02% from other races , and 2.70% from two or more races. 3.27% of
1472-652: The Greater Idaho coalition. An initial effort in November of 2020 failed on a vote of 56.68% in opposition to 43.32% in support. A second effort in May of 2022 was also rejected on a vote of 52.63% in opposition to 47.37% in support. This came despite the county, in 2020 , giving 67.29% of its votes to Donald Trump and 29.78% of its votes to Joe Biden. Almost the entire watershed of the Umpqua River lies within
1536-629: The Roseburg School District . Umpqua Community College is the city's two-year college. The unemployment rate in Roseburg is about 6.9 percent. During the Great Recession of 2009 , the unemployment rate peaked at 16.5% before falling. In 2012, the largest employer in the town was Roseburg Forest Products and Mercy Medical Center was the second largest. In 2018, the City of Roseburg opened its own library. Previously,
1600-665: The Umpqua National Forest is in Douglas County. Douglas County is one of two Oregon counties that extend from the Pacific Ocean to the Cascade Range . (The other is Lane County .) As of the 2020 census , there were 111,201 people residing in the county. As of the 2010 census , there were 107,667 people, 44,581 households, and 29,839 families living in the county. The population density
1664-565: The county seat over rival town Winchester . Rose donated 3 acres (1.2 ha) of land and $ 1,000 for the building of the county courthouse, and the important buildings of Winchester were moved to Roseburg before 1860. Deer Creek post office was established in 1852, and the name changed to "Roseburgh" in 1857. The spelling was changed to "Roseburg" in 1894. Roseburg was incorporated by the Oregon Legislative Assembly on October 3, 1872. The fortunes of Roseburg grew with
1728-452: The 5th Senate District represented by Republican Dick Anderson . The two southwestern State House Districts (1st and 2nd) are part of the 1st Senate District represented by Republican David Brock Smith . The southernmost portion of Douglas County exists within the state's 2nd Senate District, represented by Republican Art Robinson . In spite of its conservative reputation, Douglas County voters have rejected two secessionist proposals to join
1792-528: The Democratic stronghold of Eugene and has been represented by Democrat Val Hoyle since 2023. Within the Oregon House of Representatives , Douglas County is split between four districts. The coastal part, including Reedsport , lies within the 9th District represented by Republican Boomer Wright . A belt from Roseburg south lies in the 4th District, which extends into Jackson and Josephine counties,
1856-558: The Rogue Valley, also leaned strongly Republican: before 1964 the only other Democrats to carry Douglas County had been John F. Kennedy in 1960, Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1936 and 1932, Woodrow Wilson in 1912 and William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Douglas County is split between the highly conservative 2nd congressional district , represented by Cliff Bentz , and the liberal-leaning 4th district , which includes
1920-688: The Roseburg area. Modern-day Roseburg is located on the lands of numerous Indian tribes, including the Cow Creek Band of the Umpqua Tribe , whose Cow Creek Umpqua Indian Foundation is located in Roseburg. Roseburg was the site of the 1855 Battle of Hungry Hill , part of the Rogue River Wars of 1855–56, fought between several southern Oregon Indian groups and the US Army. The city was named for settler Aaron Rose , who established
1984-414: The area from Southern California, who killed nine people (eight students and an assistant professor) and injured nine others. The gunman, a student at the school, committed suicide following a gun battle with police. This was the second school shooting in the Roseburg area, the other being a 2006 shooting at Roseburg High School . On October 9, President Barack Obama privately visited families of victims of
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2048-508: The area has little or no precipitation and plentiful sunshine — on average, 73.5 percent of days in July, August and September are at least partly sunny. There is also a much higher degree of diurnal temperature variation than in the winter. On the other hand, the majority of winter days are overcast and rainy — during this period, rainfalls of 8 inches (200 mm) per month are not uncommon, with as much as 15.74 inches (399.8 mm) during
2112-403: The average family size was 2.88. In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.2% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.5 males. The median income for a household in the city
2176-513: The blast. A total of fourteen people died in the blast and fire, and 125 were injured. Damage was estimated at 10 to 12 million dollars; the powder company was eventually made to pay $ 1.2 million in civil damages, but was acquitted of criminal wrongdoing. Roseburg's downtown was rebuilt, primarily by businesses using money collected from insurance claims. The city built a new bridge over the South Umpqua River on parcels affected by
2240-402: The boundaries of Douglas County. The heavily timbered county contains nearly 1.8 million acres (7,300 km ) of commercial forest lands and one of the oldest stands of old growth timber in the world. Approximately 25–30% of the labor force is employed in the forest products industry. Agriculture, mainly field crops, orchards, and livestock (particularly sheep ranching), is also important to
2304-564: The city's library had been part of the Douglas County Library System but was closed when county libraries lost public funding. There are three newspapers serving Roseburg. The News-Review is published five days per week and is based in Roseburg. The Roseburg Beacon is published weekly and serves Roseburg. The Douglas County News is published weekly and is based in the nearby town of Sutherlin. AM FM Oregon Route 99 runs through downtown Roseburg as
2368-406: The city. The population density was 2,171.1 inhabitants per square mile (838.3/km). There were 8,838 housing units at an average density of 958.6 per square mile (370.1/km). The racial makeup of the city was 93.56% White, 0.3% African American, 1.3% Native American, 0.99% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.26% from other races, and 2.48% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.73% of
2432-413: The communities of Tri-City , Myrtle Creek , Canyonville , Green , Roseburg , Sutherlin , and Rice Hill. Oregon Route 138 runs northwest from Roseburg to Elkton, Oregon , and generally east from Roseburg to its terminus at a junction with U.S. Route 97 , just east of Diamond Lake and Crater Lake . The communities of Douglas county are regionally served by U-Trans (formerly Umpqua Transit),
2496-541: The county were closed. Subsequently, 10 of the cities reopened their libraries to continue serving their communities. According to the United States Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 5,134 square miles (13,300 km ), of which 5,036 square miles (13,040 km ) is land and 98 square miles (250 km ) (1.9%) is water. It is the fifth-largest county in Oregon by area. A portion of
2560-547: The disaster. Since the incident, it is commonly referred to as the Roseburg Blast or simply "The Blast". In 2005, SOPTV produced a documentary examining the Blast and the experiences of those who were involved or witnessed it, entitled The Roseburg Blast: A Catastrophe and Its Heroes . On October 1, 2015, students at Umpqua Community College near Roseburg were attacked by a 26-year-old gunman that had recently moved to
2624-536: The economy of the county. The land of Douglas County is roughly half-publicly and half-privately owned. The post-Prohibition wine industry in Oregon began with Richard Somer planting Hillcrest Vineyard at the south end of the Umpqua Valley in 1961. The Umpqua Valley wine appellation lies entirely within Douglas county. Nickel has been refined at Riddle since 1954. There is a significant federal presence in
Roseburg, Oregon - Misplaced Pages Continue
2688-529: The fire. Earlier in the evening, a truck driver for the Pacific Powder Company, George Rutherford, had parked his explosives truck in front of the building, which was not noticed. The truck exploded at around 1:14 a.m., destroying buildings in an eight-block radius and severely damaging 30 more blocks. The truck was loaded with two tons of dynamite and four-and-a-half tons of the blasting agent nitro carbo nitrate . Rutherford had parked
2752-488: The local bus service. In 2017, these services were significantly expanded to include locations such as Oakland, Oregon and Tenmile Greyhound Lines provide the community of Roseburg with more distant transportation. There are two public airports in Roseburg, Marion E. Carl Memorial Field at the north end of town and George Felt Airport to the west. In contrast to the Willamette Valley , Douglas County
2816-471: The local bus service. In 2017, these services were significantly expanded. Greyhound Lines provide the community of Roseburg with more distant transportation. There are two public airports, Marion E. Carl Memorial Field at the north end of town and George Felt Airport to the west. Eugene Airport is the nearest commercial airport, which is 81 miles (130 km) away. Roseburg has three sister cities : Douglas County, Oregon Douglas County
2880-582: The lumber industry. In 1937, Roseburg Lumber opened. Founded by Kenneth Ford, the company became the major employer in the community. Other major employers, including Weyerhaeuser, Champion and Sun Studs also developed and grew during this time. By the 1970s Roseburg branded itself as the Timber Capital of the Nation. Country singer Johnny Cash mythologized Roseburg loggers in the 1960 song "Lumberjack”: "Ride this train to Roseburg, Oregon. Now there's
2944-433: The main north–south arterial. Interstate 5 runs along the west side of the city, across the South Umpqua River from downtown. Oregon Route 138 runs northwest from Roseburg to Elkton, Oregon , and generally east from Roseburg to its terminus at a junction with U.S. Route 97 , just east of Diamond Lake and Crater Lake . Roseburg and surrounding communities are regionally served by U-Trans (formerly Umpqua Transit),
3008-471: The oxidation of amino groups. 2-Nitrophenol is an aggregation pheromone of ticks . Examples of nitro compounds are rare in nature. 3-Nitropropionic acid found in fungi and plants ( Indigofera ). Nitropentadecene is a defense compound found in termites . Aristolochic acids are found in the flowering plant family Aristolochiaceae . Nitrophenylethane is found in Aniba canelilla . Nitrophenylethane
3072-530: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 18.4% were of German , 13.2% American , 12.6% English and 10.2% Irish ancestry. 96.5% spoke English and 2.2% Spanish as their first language. There were 39,821 households, out of which 29.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.2% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.1% were non-families. 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11% had someone living alone who
3136-407: The population. There were 8,237 households, out of which 28.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.2% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.1% were non-families. 31.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and
3200-442: The population. There were 9,081 households, of which 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.2% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.0% were non-families. 35.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
3264-422: The population. In terms of ancestry, 25.6% were German , 16.7% were Irish , 15.8% were English , and 5.7% were American . Of the 44,581 households, 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.2% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 33.1% were non-families, and 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size
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#17327941151913328-439: The record wet month of December 1955. Roseburg averages 30.7 inches (779.8 mm) of rain per year, more than half of which falls between November and January. The wettest "rain year" has been from July 1955 to June 1956 with 50.29 inches (1,277.4 mm) and the driest from July 2000 to June 2001 with only 18.43 inches (468.1 mm). Light dustings of snow can sometimes be seen, but accumulations are rare. The most snowfall in
3392-518: The region; the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management administer more than 50% of the county's land. As of 2015, the top ten private employers in the county were: 43°17′N 123°11′W / 43.29°N 123.18°W / 43.29; -123.18 Nitro compounds In organic chemistry , nitro compounds are organic compounds that contain one or more nitro functional groups ( −NO 2 ). The nitro group
3456-430: The shooting. Hundreds of local residents protested the visit due to Obama's support of gun control legislation. In 1968, Bobby Kennedy had given a speech in Roseburg advocating for gun control for the mentally ill and for those with a "long criminal record" of murder. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 10.20 square miles (26.42 km), of which 10.01 square miles (25.93 km)
3520-407: The temperature reaches or exceeds 90 °F or 32.2 °C, and 2.7 days with a temperature of at least 100 °F or 37.8 °C. Conversely, the temperature drops to 32 °F (0 °C) or below 27.6 days a year. The record high temperature is 114 °F (45.6 °C), set on June 27, 2021, and the record low temperature is −1 °F (−18.3 °C), set on January 22, 1962. In the summer,
3584-523: The truck after arranging his delivery for the following morning, despite warnings given to the Pacific Powder Company two days earlier not to leave such trucks unattended or park them in "congested areas". A police officer named Donald De Sues and the Chief of Police were on site and managed to evacuate citizens from the area of the truck before the explosion. Donald De Sues and the town Assistant Fire Chief were recognized as heroes that day and were both killed in
3648-406: The weather would be good. If rain was pending, the goats moved to lower levels. Because the goats wandered across the freeway for grazing, they were a risk to traffic. In the 1980s, they were rounded up and placed for adoption. Roseburg has a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csb borderline with Csa ) with cool, rainy winters and very warm, dry summers. In a typical year, there are 30.9 days where
3712-399: Was $ 31,250, and the median income for a family was $ 40,172. Males had a median income of $ 32,624 versus $ 25,707 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 17,082. About 11.0% of families and 15.1% of the population were below the poverty line , including 18.9% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over. Primary and secondary public education in Roseburg are provided by
3776-436: Was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.84. The median age in the city was 41.1 years. 21.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.8% were from 25 to 44; 26.2% were from 45 to 64; and 19.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.0% male and 52.0% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 20,017 people, 8,237 households, and 5,098 families residing in
3840-467: Was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.82. The median age was 46.1 years. The median income for a household in the county was $ 39,711 and the median income for a family was $ 48,729. Males had a median income of $ 39,308 versus $ 28,176 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 21,342. About 10.6% of families and 15.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 24.1% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those age 65 or over. As of
3904-415: Was 21.4 inhabitants per square mile (8.3 inhabitants/km ). There were 48,915 housing units at an average density of 9.7 units per square mile (3.7 units/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 92.4% white, 1.8% American Indian, 1.0% Asian, 0.3% black or African American, 0.1% Pacific islander, 1.2% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 4.7% of
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#17327941151913968-447: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.9. In the county, the population was spread out, with 24% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 17.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 96.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.2 males. The median income for
4032-517: Was absorbed into Douglas County, some say due to the loss of population following the end of the early gold boom, while others attribute the absorption to politics. Further boundary adjustments were made with Jackson and Lane Counties in 1915. The borders of Douglas County are largely defined by the Umpqua River watershed. In 2017, after the defeat of a referendum, the Douglas County Library System ceased operations and all public libraries in
4096-739: Was inhabited by the Umpqua Indians, a grouping of natives who spoke a variety of Penutian and Athabaskan languages. Following the Rogue River Indian War in 1856, most of the remaining natives were moved by the government to the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation . However, seven families of Umpqua hid in the hills, eluding capture for many decades. They are now federally recognized as the Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians. The tribe manages
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