Rosello is a village and comune of the province of Chieti in the Abruzzo region of Central Italy . A number of city-dwellers have summer homes in the area.
94-537: The village borders the following comuni : Agnone , Borrello , Giuliopoli , Roio del Sangro and Villa Santa Maria . The village was first inhabited around the 11th century by Benedictine monks from the Abbey of San Giovanni in Verde. It first appears in the historical record in the 12th century, where it was described as a 'charming village' by Giulio Caracciolo. A picture entitled 'Maria SS delle Grazie' adorns
188-597: A giant round window over the portal, dated 1330. Inside, the Final Judgment on the vault is painted by Gambora. The Church of San Nicola has a peculiar bell tower coated with yellow and green ceramic tiles. It is due to Agnone's craftsmen and medieval architecture that the town adopted the nickname Città d'Arte (City of Art) which the town uses on a promotional basis. The Pontificia Fonderia Marinelli (the Marinelli Pontifical Foundry)
282-724: A lot of improvements in infrastructure; many roads were built or reconstructed. Napoleon himself blamed Marshal of the Empire Auguste de Marmont , the governor of Dalmatia, that too much money was spent. However, in 1813, the Habsburgs once again declared war on France and, by the following year, had restored control over Dalmatia. From the Middle Ages to the 19th century, Italian and Slavic communities in Dalmatia had lived peacefully side by side because they did not know
376-548: A nationalist notion. During Dalmatia's incorporation in Austrian Empire , with the Autonomist Party in Dalmatia refusing and opposed plans to incorporate Dalmatia into Croatia; instead it supported an autonomous Dalmatia based on a multicultural association of Dalmatia's ethnic communities: Croats , Serbs , and Italians , united as Dalmatians. The Autonomist Party has been accused of secretly having been
470-575: A personal union with Hungary in 1102, its cities and lands were often conquered by, or switched allegiance to, the kingdoms of the region during the Middle Ages . At one time, most of Dalmatia came under rule of the Republic of Venice , which controlled most of Dalmatia between 1420 and 1797 as part of its State of the Sea , with the exception of the small but stable Republic of Ragusa (1358–1808) in
564-467: A pro-Italian movement due to their defense of the rights of ethnic Italians in Dalmatia. Also support for the autonomy of Dalmatia, had deep historic roots in identifying Dalmatian culture as linking Western culture via Venetian Italian influence and Eastern culture via South Slavic influence, such a view was supported by Dalmatian autonomist Stipan Ivičević . The Autonomist Party did not claim to be an Italian movement, and indicated that it sympathized with
658-519: A sense of heterogeneity amongst Dalmatians in opposition to ethnic nationalism . In the 1861 elections, the Autonomists won twenty-seven seats in Dalmatia, while Dalmatia's Croatian nationalist movement, the People's Party , won only fourteen seats. The issue of autonomy of Dalmatia was debated after the creation of Yugoslavia in 1918, due to divisions within Dalmatia over proposals of merging
752-462: A sense of regional identity. This same regional identity and heritage is displayed in the Hinterland, where the architectural and cultural legacy remains evident in many villages and towns that have a distinct Mediterranean style. The cuisine Dalmatia was influenced by Italian cuisine , given the historical presence of local ethnic Italians ( Dalmatian Italians ), influence that has eased after
846-409: A viable alternative, the lower classes of Agnone were, out of a sense of desperation, prime candidates. Politically alienated by decades of unfulfilled promises of land reform, mired in endemic poverty, dependent on a rapacious class of galantuomini for what was, by any yardstick, a meagre existence, the peasantry was further squeezed by relentless population increase throughout the first seven decades of
940-626: A wholly inland district of south-central Italy named after them. The Pentri tribe of the Samnites was the most powerful and based in Bovianium , which was a city some 10 km (6 mi) south of present Agnone. Agnone is in the centre of important archaeological vestiges of the old Oscan-Samnite civilization and has been called "the Athens of the Sannio" due to the large number of ancient ruins of
1034-686: A wide-ranging project aimed at the Germanization or Slavization of the areas of the empire with an Italian presence: His Majesty expressed the precise order that action be taken decisively against the influence of the Italian elements still present in some regions of the Crown and, appropriately occupying the posts of public, judicial, masters employees as well as with the influence of the press, work in South Tyrol , Dalmatia and Littoral for
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#17327808608691128-666: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Agnone Agnone is a comune in the province of Isernia , in the Molise region of southern Italy , some 53 km (33 mi) northwest of Campobasso . Agnone is known for the manufacture of bells by the Marinelli Bell Foundry . The town of Agnone proper is complemented by other populated centres like Fontesambuco, Villa Canale and Rigaini. The Samnites comprised several distinct tribes in Samnium,
1222-538: Is an ancient factory of bells which has been operating in Agnone for nearly a millennium. It ranks as one of the oldest companies in the world, where the Marinelli family has run the foundry for the last 1000 years. This factory has a museum, where bells of almost a thousand years of antiquity to more recent others are displayed. It is also possible to observe the artisan process of the manufacturing of bells. The factory
1316-647: Is derived from the name of an Illyrian tribe called the Dalmatae who lived in the area of the eastern Adriatic coast in the 1st millennium BC. It was part of the Illyrian Kingdom between the 4th century BC and the Illyrian Wars (220, 168 BC) when the Roman Republic established its protectorate south of the river Neretva . The name "Dalmatia" was in use probably from the second half of
1410-496: Is still declining. As Molise is starting to find recognition as a tourist destination, Agnone is marketing itself on the agritourism market and for its unique Pre-Roman and Medieval architecture. The town's medieval -style architecture is reflected in its nineteen churches, including the Church of San Marco, with a large Renaissance portal embellished by a copper lion. In the 11th century, Odorisio and Gualtiero Borrello introduced
1504-558: The Ndocciata , which is a huge torchlight parade of thousands of handmade, wooden torches made into nine different quarters ("borgate"), accompanied by the sound of bagpipes, to the Piazza Plebiscito where a brotherhood bonfire is lit. The Fiera delle Arti e Mestieri Antichi (Arts and Antique Crafts Fair) is held from 17 to 19 August where a large area of the old town home to artisans, display their works. Artisan crafts at
1598-698: The Angevin and also in the Aragonese reigns to the point that during the reign of the Bourbons of the Two Sicilies , the city was among the 56 royal towns, that reported directly to the King, and was free from any other type of feudal subjection. Joseph Bonaparte decided to create the region Molise, which was to exclude Agnone, but during the reign of Joachim Murat , the elders of Agnone asked and obtained
1692-770: The Barbarian Invasions , Slavic tribes settled. The Slavs alongside Avars by 619 brought to ruin the capital Salona (an event that allowed for the settlement of the nearby Diocletian's Palace in Spalatum ), Asseria, Varvaria, Burnum, Scardona, Epidaurum and Acruvium (resulting with the foundation of Kotor ), and Epidaurum (resulting with the foundation of Ragusa ). The arrived tribes of Croats , Serbs and other Slavs founded sclaviniae Croatia , Pagania , Zachlumia , Travunia and Konavle (also small region of Bosnia , with Duklja in near Praevalitana and Serbia in Dalmatia, Praevalitana and Moesia ). In
1786-665: The Bay of Kotor to become a safe place for doing business. In 1389, Tvrtko I , the founder of the Kingdom of Bosnia , was able to control the Adriatic littoral between Kotor and Šibenik , and even claimed control over the northern coast up to Rijeka , and his own independent ally, Republic of Ragusa . This was only temporary, as Hungary and the Venetians continued their struggle over Dalmatia after Tvrtko's death in 1391. By this time,
1880-839: The Bay of Kotor –includes the Orjen mountains with the highest peak in Montenegro , 1894 m. In present-day Dalmatia, the highest peak is Dinara (1913 m), which is not a coastal mountain, while the highest coastal Dinaric mountains are on Biokovo (Sv. Jure, 1762 m) and Velebit (Vaganski vrh, 1757 m), although the Vaganski vrh itself is located in Lika-Senj County . The largest Dalmatian islands are Brač , Korčula , Dugi Otok , Mljet , Vis , Hvar , Pag and Pašman . The major rivers are Zrmanja , Krka , Cetina , and Neretva . The Adriatic Sea's high water quality , along with
1974-637: The Black Sea , and the Republic of Ragusa was the fiercest competitor to Venice's merchants in the 15th and 16th centuries. Originally, Latin was used in official documents of the Republic. Italian came into use in the 1420s. Both languages were used in official correspondence by the Republic. The Republic was influenced by the Venetian language and the Tuscan dialect . In the early 16th century, most of
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#17327808608692068-641: The Gheg form delmë , meaning "sheep", and to the Albanian term delmer , "shepherd", although there is lack of compelling evidence in ancient literary sources that Delmatae is derived from a word meaning "sheep". According to Vladimir Orel , the Gheg form delmë hardly has anything in common with the name of Dalmatia because it represents a variant of dele with *-mā , which is ultimately from proto-Albanian *dailā . The ancient name Dalmana , derived from
2162-577: The Great Turkish War and the Treaty of Passarowitz , more peaceful times made Dalmatia experience a period of certain economic and cultural growth in the 18th century, with the re-establishment of trade and exchange with the hinterland. This period was abruptly interrupted with the fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797. Napoleon 's troops stormed the region and ended the independence of the Republic of Ragusa as well, saving it from occupation by
2256-522: The Istrian–Dalmatian exodus . For example, the influence of Italian cuisine on Dalmatian dishes can be seen in the pršut (similar to Italian prosciutto ) and on the preparation of homemade pasta. Traditional dishes of Italian origin also include gnocchi ( njoki ), risotto ( rižot ), focaccia ( pogača ), polenta ( palenta ), and brudet . Dalmatian identity , or sometimes also Dalmatianism, Dalmatianness or Dalmatian nationalism', refers to
2350-726: The Mediterranean aspects of their culture, from the more numerous inhabitants of the Hinterland . Referred to (sometimes derogatorily) as the Vlaji , their name originated from the Vlachs with whom they have no ethnic connection. The former two groups (inhabitants of the islands and the cities) historically included many Venetian and Italian speakers, who are identificated as Dalmatian Italians . Their presence, relative to those identifying as Croats , decreased dramatically over
2444-769: The Russian Empire and Montenegro . In 1805, Napoleon created his Kingdom of Italy around the Adriatic Sea, annexing to it the former Venetian Dalmatia from Istria to Kotor. In 1808, he annexed the just conquered Republic of Ragusa to the Kingdom. A year later, in 1809, he removed the Venetian Dalmatia from his Kingdom of Italy and created the Illyrian Provinces , which were annexed to France , and named Marshal General Jean-de-Dieu Soult
2538-652: The University of Zadar : ...the modern perception of Dalmatia is mainly based on the territorial extent of the Austrian Kingdom of Dalmatia , with the exception of Rab, which is geographically related to the Kvarner area and functionally to the Littoral – Gorski Kotar area, and with the exception of the Bay of Kotor , which was annexed to another state ( Montenegro ) after World War I . Simultaneously,
2632-409: The 1860s. In 1884 the local newspaper L'Aquilonia reviewed the causes of emigration of peasants from Agnone and concluded that the two main factors were excessive taxes on consumers' goods and usurious interest rates that at times surpassed 20 percent in the town. The peasants were arrested for stealing the crops of the galantuomini ("gallant men" or ruling class), and a particularly frequent crime
2726-635: The 19th century. When Benito Mussolini 's fascist regime came to power, they effectively put a stop to Italy's out-migration. During the Fascist era, Agnone was the site of exile for many opponents of the ruling party, including Don Raimondo Viale, the protagonist of "The Just Priest" by Nuto Revelli . The Germans sat up a concentration camp in Molise for gypsies where Father Viale tried to help them. The War would finally reach Agnone in December 1943, as
2820-620: The 2nd century BC and certainly from the first half of the 1st century BC, defining a coastal area of the eastern Adriatic between the Krka and Neretva rivers. It was slowly incorporated into Roman possessions until the Roman province of Illyricum was formally established around 32–27 BC. In 9 AD, the Dalmatians raised the last in a series of revolts together with the Pannonians, but it
2914-830: The Allied Forces would land on Italy's Adriatic coast and make their way northward and westward to Rome. The 1st Canadian Infantry Division would drive the Germans and Fascists out of Molise, and on 2 and 3 December, the West Nova Scotia Regiment would billet in Agnone during the Ortona offensive. After the war, Agnone's out-migration issues continued, although more for reasons of economic availability. As international emigration declined, southern Italians migrated to industrial northern Italy for more promising economic prospects. Presently, Agnone's population
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3008-535: The Alto Molise". Its territorial extension covers 9,630 hectares (23,800 acres) made up of forests, pastures and agriculture land. From a geomorphological point of view, the area is affected by several landslides. For example, in January 2003, a huge landslide occurred in the municipality of Agnone causing important damage to infrastructures. On Christmas Eve Agnone holds the " Carnevale Agnonese ", including
3102-476: The Austrian capital of Dalmatia, Zara, the proportion of Italians continued to grow, making it the only Dalmatian city with an Italian majority. In 1861 was the meeting of the first Dalmatian Assembly, with representatives from Dubrovnik. Representatives of Kotor came to Dubrovnik to join the struggle for unification with Croatia. The citizens of Dubrovnik gave them a festive welcome, flying Croatian flags from
3196-590: The Council of Kingdom of Dalmatia was Baron Vlaho Getaldić . In the same year, the first issue of the Dubrovnik almanac appeared, Flower of the National Literature ( Dubrovnik, cvijet narodnog književstva ), in which Petar Preradović published his noted poem "Pjesma Dubrovniku" ( Poem to Dubrovnik ). This and other literary and journalistic texts, which continued to be published, contributed to
3290-599: The Dalmatia populace, only Italian language schools existed until 1848, and due to restrictive voting laws, the Italian-speaking aristocratic minority retained political control of Dalmatia. Only after Austria liberalized elections in 1870, allowing more majority Slavs to vote, did Croatian parties gain control. Croatian finally became an official language in Dalmatia in 1883, along with Italian. Yet minority Italian-speakers continued to wield strong influence, since Austria favored Italians for government work, thus in
3384-1075: The Dalmatian hinterland which was controlled by the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom was lost to the Ottoman Empire by the 1520s when was formed Croatian vilayet which became incorporated into the Sanjak of Klis after the Siege of Klis (1537), and decades later into the Bosnia Eyalet . With the fall of the Hungarian-Venetian border in Dalmatia, Venetian Dalmatia now directly bordered with the Ottoman Dalmatia. Venetians still perceived this inner hinterland as once part of Croatia, calling it as "Banadego" (lands of Ban i.e. Banate ). The Republic of Venice
3478-451: The Duke of Dalmatia. Napoleon's rule in Dalmatia was marked with war and high taxation, which caused several rebellions. On the other hand, French rule greatly contributed to Croatian national revival (the first newspaper in Croatian was published then in Zadar, Il Regio Dalmata – Kraglski Dalmatin ), the legal system and infrastructure were finally modernized somewhat in Dalmatia, and the educational system flourished. French rule brought
3572-425: The Germanization and Slavization of these territories according to the circumstances, with energy and without any regard. His Majesty calls the central offices to the strong duty to proceed in this way to what has been established. Dalmatia, especially its maritime cities, once had a substantial local ethnic Italian population ( Dalmatian Italians ), making up 33% of the total population of Dalmatia in 1803, but this
3666-432: The Ottomans took control of the hinterland, many Christians took refuge in the coastal cities of Dalmatia. In the Ottoman Dalmatia many people converted to Islam to get freedom and privileges. The border between the Dalmatian hinterland and the Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina greatly fluctuated until the Morean War , when the Venetian capture of Knin and Sinj set much of the borderline at its current position. After
3760-399: The Romance-speaking Dalmatian city-states and remained influential as they were well fortified and maintained their connection with the Byzantine Empire. The original name of the cities was Jadera ( Zadar ; capital of the theme), Spalatum (Split), Crepsa ( Cres ), Arba ( Rab ), Tragurium ( Trogir ), Vecla ( Krk ), Ragusium ( Dubrovnik ) and Cattarum ( Kotor ). The language and
3854-408: The Samnite culture. According to tradition, the name of Agnone derives from the old city of Aquilonia that was destroyed by the Romans. The Samnites were soundly defeated by the consuls Carvilius and Lucius Papirius Cursor in 293 B.C. Papirius, after making himself master of Aquilonia, which he burnt to the ground, proceeded to besiege Saepinum , on his way to Bovianum. Agnone also lays claim to
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3948-443: The Samnite language. The tablet speaks of a series of dedications to different deities or holy beings During the Roman Period, Christianity was spread to Molise. Agnone appears on Roman maps under different regions at various times as Aprutium, Picenum, Sabina et Samnium, Flaminia et Picenum and/or Campania et Samnium. The Roman penchant for building seems to have passed Agnone over as Samnitic architecture still prevailed. Agnone
4042-411: The area. Following the dissolution of Yugoslavia , Dalmatia became part of the Republic of Croatia. The regional name Dalmatia originates from Dalmatae , the name of the Illyrian , Balkan tribe who were the original inhabitants of the region, and from which the later toponym, Delminium , is derived. It is considered by some to be connected to the Albanian dele and its variants which include
4136-405: The awakening of the national consciousness reflected in efforts to introduce the Croatian language into schools and offices, and to promote Croatian books. The Emperor Franz Joseph brought the March Constitution which prohibited the unification of Dalmatia and Croatia and also any further political activity with this end in view. The political struggle of Dubrovnik to be united with Croatia, which
4230-578: The chapel near the cemetery. It is said to have been painted by an artist of the Neapolitan School between 1500 and 1600. It is very much the cultural highlight of the village. During the Second World War Rosello was located along the Gustav Line and was destroyed by German soldiers in November of 1943. Rosello was home to Renato Percario (6 September 1937 – 18 June 2008), chef to Princess Margaret , King Constantine and Ivana Trump . https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/2307674/Renato-Percario.html This Abruzzo location article
4324-410: The chief settlement of the tribe, Delminium . The toponym Duvno is a derivation from Delminium in Croatian via an intermediate form *Delminio in late antiquity. Its Latin form Dalmatia gave rise to its current English name. In the Venetian language , once dominant in the area, it is spelled Dalmàssia , and in modern Italian Dalmazia . The modern Croatian spelling is Dalmacija , and
4418-423: The coast and near hinterland of Dalmatia by the year 1420, it was to remain under Venetian rule for 377 years (1420–1797). Dalmatia was first and finally sold to the Republic of Venice in 1409 but Venetian Dalmatia was not fully consolidated from 1420. The Republic of Venice in 1420 controlled coastal part of Dalmatia, with the southern enclave , the Bay of Kotor , being called Venetian Albania . Venetian
4512-410: The coast, which gave rise to the geographic term Dalmatian concordant coastline . On the coasts the climate is Mediterranean , while further inland it is moderate Mediterranean. In the mountains, winters are frosty and snowy, while summers are hot and dry. To the south winters are milder. Over the centuries many forests have been cut down and replaced with bush and brush. There is evergreen vegetation on
4606-596: The coast. The soils are generally poor, except on the plains where areas with natural grass, fertile soils, and warm summers provide an opportunity for tillage. Elsewhere, land cultivation is mostly unsuccessful because of the mountains, hot summers, and poor soils, although olives and grapes flourish. Energy resources are scarce. Electricity is mainly produced by hydropower stations. The largest Dalmatian mountains are Dinara , Mosor , Svilaja , Biokovo , Moseć , Veliki Kozjak , and Mali Kozjak . The regional geographical unit of Dalmatia–the coastal region between Istria and
4700-415: The conquest of Zadar in the mid-11th century. Chronicler Thomas the Archdeacon relates that Stephen Držislav took the title "King of Dalmatia and Croatia", and that all subsequent rulers styled themselves in such manner. Petar Krešimir IV of Croatia expanded his rule to permanently incorporate Dalmatian cities and islands by 1069. Upon the death of King Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia by the end of 1080s,
4794-446: The control of the noble Šubić family which held them until they were defeated at the Battle of Bliska by a coalition of nobles, Dalmatian cities and royal troops loyal to Charles I of Hungary . In the south, due to its protected location, Kotor became a major city for the salt trade. The area was prosperous during the 14th century under the rule of Emperor of the Serbs Dušan the Mighty , who encouraged law enforcement, which helped
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#17327808608694888-460: The course of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. The Italian speakers (Dalmatian Italians and italophone Croats) constituted 33% of the total Dalmatian population in 1803. They decreased to 29% in 1809, 20% in 1816, 12.5% in 1865, 3.1% in 1890 and 2.8% in 1910. There remains, however, a strong cultural, and, in part, ancestral heritage among the natives of the cities and islands, who today almost exclusively identify as Croats, but retain
4982-430: The cult of Saint Mark and brought artists from Venice to decorate their homes with Saint Mark's lion. This church is adorned with great artwork including: rich altars, a painting of a Holy Family and Saints by Luca Giordano ; an ostensory in gilded copper and enamel, by Giovanni da Agnone, a disciple of Nicola da Guardiagrele . The church of Sant'Antonio Abate has a Romanesque portal and a 17th-century bell tower, and on
5076-460: The early 9th century, the Eastern Adriatic coast including Dalmatia was the scene of the sphere of influence struggle between the Frankish and Byzantine Empire, but although the Byzantines have retained supremacy, Dalmatia became a meeting place between the West and the East. The meaning of the administrative-geographical term "Dalmatia" by 820 shrank to the coastal cities and their immediate hinterland - Byzantine theme of Dalmatia . Its cities were
5170-405: The east shore of the Adriatic Sea in Croatia . Dalmatia is a narrow belt stretching from the island of Rab in the north to the Bay of Kotor in the south. The Dalmatian Hinterland ranges in width from fifty kilometres in the north, to just a few kilometres in the south; it is mostly covered by the rugged Dinaric Alps . Seventy-nine islands (and about 500 islets) run parallel to the coast,
5264-483: The eastern Adriatic. This triggered the gradual rise of Italian irredentism among many Italians in Dalmatia , who demanded the unification of the Austrian Littoral , Fiume and Dalmatia with Italy. The Italians in Dalmatia supported the Italian Risorgimento: as a consequence, the Austrians saw the Italians as enemies and favored the Slav communities of Dalmatia. During the meeting of the Council of Ministers of 12 November 1866, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria outlined
5358-428: The fair generally include goldsmiths, tinkers, tanners, wrought-iron, lace and embroidery. Dalmatia Dalmatia ( / d æ l ˈ m eɪ ʃ ə , - t i ə / ; Croatian : Dalmacija [dǎlmatsija] ; Italian : Dalmazia [dalˈmattsja] ; see names in other languages ) is one of the four historical regions of Croatia , alongside Central Croatia , Slavonia , and Istria , located on
5452-460: The historical nationalism or patriotism of Dalmatians and Dalmatian culture. There were significant Dalmatian nationalists in the 19th century, but Dalmatian regional nationalism faded in significance over time in favor of ethnic nationalism . 17th century Dalmatian poet Jerolim Kavanjin ( Girolamo Cavagnini ) exhibited Dalmatianism, identifying himself as "Dalmatian" and calling Dalmatia his homeland, which John Fine interprets not to have been
5546-484: The immense number of coves , islands , and channels , makes Dalmatia an attractive place for nautical races, nautical tourism , and tourism in general. Dalmatia also includes several national parks that are tourist attractions: Paklenica karst river, Kornati archipelago , Krka river rapids , and the northwest of the island of Mljet . The area of Dalmatia roughly corresponds to Croatia's four southernmost counties , listed here north to south: Dalmatia's name
5640-401: The largest (in Dalmatia) being Brač , Pag , and Hvar . The largest city is Split , followed by Zadar , Šibenik , and Dubrovnik . The name of the region stems from an Illyrian tribe called the Dalmatae , who lived in the area in classical antiquity . Later it became a Roman province (with much larger territory than modern region), and as result a Romance culture emerged, along with
5734-556: The laws were initially Latin , but after a few centuries they developed their own neo-Latin language (the " Dalmatico "), that lasted until the 19th century. The cities were maritime centres with a huge commerce mainly with the Italian peninsula and with the growing Republic of Venice. The Latin and Slavic communities were somewhat hostile at first, but as the Croats became Christianized this tension increasingly subsided. A degree of cultural mingling soon took place, in some enclaves stronger, in others weaker, as Slavic influence and culture
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#17327808608695828-417: The modern Serbian Cyrillic spelling is Далмација ( pronounced [dǎlmaːt͡sija] ). Dalmatia is referenced in the New Testament at 2 Timothy 4:10 , therefore the name has been translated in many of the world's languages. In antiquity , the Roman province of Dalmatia was much larger than the present-day Split-Dalmatia County , stretching from Istria in the north to modern-day Albania in
5922-399: The most important ancient document found in Molise , the so-called " Oscan Tablet " ("Tabula Osca"), an inscription written in Oscan on a bronze tablet and dated to the 3rd century BC, now in the British Museum . The small bronze tablet was discovered in 1848 at Fonte di Romito, between Capracotta and Agnone, near the river Sangro . It provides an example of the most southerly dialect of
6016-460: The national identification, given that they generically defined themselves as " Dalmatians ", of "Romance" or "Slavic" culture. In 1848, the Croatian Parliament ( Sabor ) published the People's Requests, in which they requested among other things the abolition of serfdom and the unification of Dalmatia and Croatia . The Dubrovnik municipality was the most outspoken of all the Dalmatian communes in its support for unification with Croatia. A letter
6110-429: The national identification, given that they generically defined themselves as "Dalmatians", of "Romance" or "Slavic" culture. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Dalmatia was granted as a province to the Emperor of Austria . It was officially known as the Kingdom of Dalmatia . From the Middle Ages to the 19th century, Italian and Slavic communities in Dalmatia had lived peacefully side by side because they did not know
6204-477: The now-extinct Dalmatian language , later largely replaced with related Venetian and Italian , which were mainly spoken by the Dalmatian Italians . With the arrival of the Sclaveni (South Slavs) to the area in the late 6th and early 7th century, who eventually occupied most of the coast and hinterland, Slavic and Romance elements began to intermix in language and culture . After the medieval Kingdom of Croatia , in which most of Dalmatia resided, entered
6298-432: The other hand, was in the ascendant, while the Croatia became increasingly influenced by Hungary to the north, being absorbed into it via personal union in 1102. Thus, these two factions became involved in a struggle in this area, intermittently controlling it as the balance shifted. During the reign of King Emeric , the Dalmatian cities separated from Hungary by a treaty. A consistent period of Hungarian rule in Dalmatia
6392-454: The past century, the perception can be seen to have altered somewhat with regard to certain areas, and sources conflict as to their being part of the region in modern times: The inhabitants of Dalmatia are culturally subdivided into two groups. The urban families of the coastal cities, commonly known as Fetivi , are culturally akin to the inhabitants of the Dalmatian islands (known derogatorily as Boduli ). The two are together distinct, in
6486-457: The population), in Zadar 7,423 (64.6%), in Šibenik 1,018 (14.5%), in Kotor 623 (18.7%) and in Dubrovnik 331 (4.6%). In other Dalmatian localities, according to Austrian censuses, Dalmatian Italians experienced a sudden decrease: in the twenty years 1890-1910, in Rab they went from 225 to 151, in Vis from 352 to 92, in Pag from 787 to 23, completely disappearing in almost all the inland locations. While Slavic-speakers made up 80-95% of
6580-420: The process of Romanization was rather selective. While urban centers, both coastal and inland, were almost completely romanized, the situation in the countryside was completely different. Despite the Illyrians being subject to a strong process of acculturation , they continued to speak their native language , worship their own gods and traditions, and follow their own social-political tribal organization which
6674-421: The ramparts and exhibiting the slogan Ragusa with Kotor . The Kotorans elected a delegation to go to Vienna ; Dubrovnik nominated Niko Pucić , who went to Vienna to demand not only the unification of Dalmatia with Croatia, but also the unification of all Croatian territories under one common Sabor . During this period, the Habsburgs carried out an aggressive anti-Italian policy through a forced Slavization of
6768-669: The region with the territories composing the former Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia . Proposals for the autonomy of Dalmatia within Yugoslavia were made by Dalmatians within the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II ; however, these proposals were strongly opposed by Croatian Communists and the proposals were soon abandoned. Most of the land area is covered by the Dinaric Alps mountain range running from north-west to south-east. The hills and mountains lie parallel to
6862-399: The respective tribal name Dalmatae are later variants as is already noted by Appian (2nd century AD). His contemporary grammarian Velius Longus highlights in his treatise about orthography that the correct form of Dalmatia is Delmatia , and notes that Marcus Terentius Varro who lived about two centuries prior to Appian and Velius Longius, used the form Delmatia as it corresponded to
6956-597: The same root, testifies to the advance of the Illyrians into the middle Vardar , between the ancient towns of Bylazora and Stobi . The medieval Slavic toponym Ovče Pole ("plain of sheep" in South Slavic ) in the nearby region represents a related later development. According to István Schütz, in Albania, Delvinë represents a toponym linked to the root *dele . The form of the regional name Dalmatia and
7050-612: The south. Dalmatia signified not only a geographical unit, but was an entity based on common culture and settlement types, a common narrow eastern Adriatic coastal belt, Mediterranean climate , sclerophyllous vegetation of the Illyrian province and Adriatic carbonate platform Today, Dalmatia is a historical region only, not formally instituted in Croatian law. Its exact extent is therefore uncertain and subject to public perception. According to Lena Mirošević and Josip Faričić of
7144-561: The south. Between 1815 and 1918, it was a province of the Austrian Empire known as the Kingdom of Dalmatia . After the Austro-Hungarian defeat in World War I , Dalmatia was split between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , which controlled most of it, and the Kingdom of Italy , which held several smaller parts. After World War II , the People's Republic of Croatia as a part of Yugoslavia took complete control over
7238-601: The southern part of Lika and upper Pounje, which were not part of Austrian Dalmatia, became part of Zadar County . From the present-day administrative and territorial point of view, Dalmatia comprises the four Croatian littoral counties with seats in Zadar , Šibenik , Split , and Dubrovnik . "Dalmatia" is therefore generally perceived to extend approximately to the borders of the Austrian Kingdom of Dalmatia. However, due to territorial and administrative changes over
7332-662: The state entered a period of anarchy and would result in Hungarians under Coloman of Hungary taking control over former Dalmatian possessions along with the rest of the state by 1102. In the High Medieval period , the Byzantine Empire was no longer able to expand its power consistently in Dalmatia, and was finally rendered impotent so far west by the Fourth Crusade in 1204. The Republic of Venice, on
7426-709: The territory of the Byzantine province of Dalmatia reached in the North up to the river Sava , and was part of the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum . In the middle of the 6th and the beginning of the 7th century began the Slavic migration , which caused the Romance-speaking population, descendants of Romans and Illyrians (speaking Dalmatian ), to flee to the coast and islands. The hinterland, semi-depopulated by
7520-474: The transition to Molise, basing the request on the geographical difficulties of the links to Abruzzo , and hoping to rise to a new role for the small region. During this period, the natural resources surrounding Agnone impacted its economy where skilled craftsmen produced gold jewellery, copperware, watches, and bells. Agnone suffered a significant decline in the years following the Unification of Italy in
7614-515: The vault inside a giant fresco by Francesco Palumbo. Sant'Emidio has a 12th-century portal and rich works of art including wooden painted statues that are taken out on Good Thursday and Friday for a re-enactment of the Last Supper. The church of Corso Garibaldi is sided by ancient houses with stone lions near the doors (the lion is on Agnone coat of arms), ancient artisans' workshops, Apollonio house and Nuonno house. Church of San Francesco displays
7708-545: The whole Hungarian and Croatian Kingdom was facing increasing internal difficulties, as a 20-year civil war ensued between the Capetian House of Anjou from the Kingdom of Naples , and King Sigismund of the House of Luxembourg . During the war, the losing contender, Ladislaus of Naples , sold his "rights" on Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice for a mere 100,000 ducats . The much more centralized Republic came to control
7802-725: Was adapted to Roman administration and political structure only in some necessities. The fall of the Western Roman Empire , with the beginning of the Migration Period , left the region subject to Gothic rulers Odoacer and Theodoric the Great . They ruled Dalmatia from 480 to 535 AD, when it was restored to the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire by Justinian I . In the Early Middle Ages ,
7896-620: Was also one of the powers most hostile to the Ottoman Empire's expansion , and participated in many wars against it , but also promoted peace negotiations and cultural and religious coexistence and tolerance. Since the 16th century Slavicized Vlachs , Serbs and other South Slavs arrived both as martolos in Ottoman service and refugees fleeing from Ottoman territory to the Military Frontier and Venetian Dalmatia. As
7990-590: Was an important centre during the rule of the Lombards , but then was left decaying in the centuries immediately preceding 1000, while the Verrino Valley and surrounding hills became a place of hermitages, monasteries and small agricultural colonies. In 1139 the powerful Borrello family, supported by soldiers of fortune from Venice , probably originating from colonies Dalmatian of the "Serenissima" took control of Agnone. The importance of Agnone grew during
8084-531: Was ended with the Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1241. The Mongols severely impaired the feudal state, so much so that that same year, King Béla IV had to take refuge in Dalmatia, as far south as the Fortress of Klis . The Mongols attacked the Dalmatian cities for the next few years but eventually withdrew without major success. At the beginning of the 14th century and until 1322, the Dalmatian cities were under
8178-503: Was finally crushed and, in 10 AD, Illyricum was split into two provinces, Pannonia and Dalmatia , which spread into larger area inland to cover all of the Dinaric Alps and most of the eastern Adriatic coast. The historian Theodor Mommsen wrote in his book, The Provinces of the Roman Empire , that all Dalmatia was fully romanized by the 4th century AD. However, analysis of archaeological material from that period has shown that
8272-663: Was intense throughout 1848–49, did not succeed at that time. Many Dalmatian Italians looked with sympathy towards the Risorgimento movement that fought for the unification of Italy . However, after 1866, when the Veneto and Friuli regions were ceded by the Austrians to the newly formed Kingdom Italy , Dalmatia remained part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , together with other Italian-speaking areas on
8366-588: Was more accentuated in Ragusa, Spalatum, and Tragurium. In the first half of the 10th century, Croatia was elevated to a kingdom by Duke Tomislav who also extended his influence further southwards to Zachlumia . As an ally of the Byzantine Empire, the King was given the status of Protector of Dalmatia, and became its de facto ruler. In the subsequent period, the rulers of Croatia exerted influence over Dalmatian cities and islands, occasionally taking control such as
8460-528: Was reduced to 20% in 1816. According to Austrian censuses, the Dalmatian Italians formed 12.5% of the population in 1865, but this was reduced to 2.8% in 1910. In Dalmatia there was a constant decline in the Italian population, in a context of repression that also took on violent connotations. The Italian population in Dalmatia was concentrated in the major coastal cities. In the city of Split in 1890 there were 1,969 Dalmatian Italians (12.5% of
8554-482: Was sent from Dubrovnik to Zagreb with pledges to work for this idea. In 1849, Dubrovnik continued to lead the Dalmatian cities in the struggle for unification. A large-scale campaign was launched in the Dubrovnik paper L'Avvenire ( The Future ) based on a clearly formulated programme: the federal system for the Habsburg territories , the inclusion of Dalmatia into Croatia and the Slavic brotherhood . The President of
8648-462: Was the commercial lingua franca in the Mediterranean at that time, and it heavily influenced Dalmatian and to a lesser degree coastal Croatian and Albanian . The southern city of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) became de facto independent in 1358 through the Treaty of Zadar when Venice relinquished its suzerainty over it to Louis I of Hungary . In 1481, Ragusa switched allegiance to the Ottoman Empire . This gave its tradesmen advantages such as access to
8742-515: Was the illegal cutting of timber on the town commons. In 1863, for example, the authorities actually prosecuted 624 cases of illegal felling of trees. Consequently, when by the 1870s, owing to improvements in sea travel, a lowering of fares, and the expansive nature of the economies of both the United States and the Rio de la Plata region of southern South America, transatlantic emigration became
8836-682: Was visited by the Pope John Paul II in 1995 as many of the foundry's bells can be found at the Vatican . Agnone lies on a rocky spear in the mountainous regions of Molise (Alto Molise). Farms and country houses surround the city at elevations varying from 370 m (1,210 ft) above sea level of the Verrino River bed to 1,386 m (4,547 ft) at Monte Castelbarone. The Sangro River also passes by Agnone. Its geographic position has been described as "the natural capital of
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