Rosny-sous-Bois ( French: [ʁoni su bwɑ] ) is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris , France . It is located 10.1 km (6.3 mi) from the centre of Paris .
61-426: It is the seat of the national centre of road information of the national gendarmerie . Azure, an eagle rampant argent, holding in his right talon an olive branch palewise Or. Rosny-sous-Bois is served by two stations on Paris RER E : Rosny–Bois-Perrier and Rosny-sous-Bois . The commune has seven public primary school groups, with each having a preschool ( maternelle ) and an elementary school. There
122-437: A division of the parish, and so petty constables became seen as parish constables; there are records of parish constables by the 17th century in the county records of Buckinghamshire . Parish constables derived most of their powers from their local parish. Traditionally, they were elected by the parishioners (just as the tithing had chosen their chief pledge forebears), but from 1617 onwards were typically appointed by
183-542: A drain on parish resources, under the Elizabethan Poor Law . They could also be a potential source of crime. Constables were expected to implement the Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1494 , under which vagabonds and beggars were to be set in the stocks for three days, and then whipped until they leave the parish. The constable also had general responsibility for the local stocks, as well as for the pillory , and
244-479: A more general meaning related to enforcing order; in 1285 King Edward I of England "constituted two constables in every hundred to prevent defaults in towns and highways". In England and Scotland , the officer in command of the army then came to be called the Lord High Constable , to avoid ambiguity over his role. As the chief pledge were also involved in policing people's behaviour, though at
305-471: A much smaller scale, and with much-lowered resources, they gradually came to be referred to as petty constables . Tithings were originally connected with the hundred, but the courts baron introduced by the feudal system , attracted more attention, and the significance of the hundreds decreased. To shift the balance of power away from feudal lords again, magistrates were introduced, and the kings gradually transferred various functions to them, including from
366-607: A rotational basis in the French overseas territories. Other units deploy occasionally abroad alongside French troops engaged in military operations (called external operations or OPEX). The civilian tasks of the mobile gendarmerie are similar to those of the police units known as Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (CRS), for which they are often mistaken. Easy ways to distinguish them include: The Mobile Gendarmerie includes Groupement Blindé de la Gendarmerie Nationale (GBGM), an armoured group of seven squadrons equipped with
427-443: Is also a private Montessori French-English bilingual primary school, Ecole maternelle privée «Les merveilles». Secondary schools: This Seine-Saint-Denis geographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . French Gendarmerie The National Gendarmerie ( French : Gendarmerie nationale [ʒɑ̃daʁməʁi nɑsjɔnal] ) is one of two national law enforcement forces of France , along with
488-671: Is in charge of policing cities and larger towns. Because of its military status, the Gendarmerie also fulfills a range of military and defence missions. The Gendarmerie has a strength of around 102,269 people (as of 2018). The Gendarmerie is the heir of the Maréchaussée , the oldest police force in France, dating back to the Middle Ages . The Gendarmerie has influenced the culture and traditions of gendarmerie forces around
549-468: Is organized in seven Regions of the Mobile Gendarmerie (one for each of the seven military regions of metropolitan France, called ( Zones de Défense ). It comprises 18 Groupements de Gendarmerie mobile (Groupings) featuring 109 squadrons for a total of approx. 11,300 personnel. Its main responsibilities are: Nearly 20% of the Mobile Gendarmerie squadrons are permanently deployed on
610-691: Is the military police of the French Army deployed outside metropolitan France. The functions of military police for the French Army on French soil are fulfilled by units of the Departmental Gendarmerie. GIGN ( Groupe d'intervention de la Gendarmerie nationale ) is one of the two premier counter-terror formations in France. Its counterpart within the National Police is the RAID . Operatives from both formations make up
671-481: Is to secure the government's control over all the nuclear forces and weapons. The security of the civil nuclear powerplants and research establishments is provided by specialized units of the Departmental Gendarmerie. More specifically, the gendarmes of this unit are responsible for ensuring the protection and the readiness of the different kinds of missiles used by the French Navy and Air Force. In order to do so,
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#1732776304609732-536: The École des officiers de la gendarmerie nationale was established to train its officers. Five battles are remembered on the flag of the Gendarmerie: The National Gendarmerie is still sometimes referred to as the maréchaussée (being the old name for the service). The gendarmes are also occasionally called pandores , which is a slang term derived from an 18th-century Hungarian word for "frontier guards." The symbol of
793-539: The Maréchaussée , with its armed and uniformed patrols, as royal soldiers with an oppressive role and so a symbol of foreign tyranny. On the eve of the 1789 French Revolution , the Maréchaussée numbered 3,660 men divided into small brigades (a "brigade" in this context being a squad of ten to twenty men). Their limited numbers and scattered deployment rendered the Maréchaussée ineffective in controlling
854-477: The gendarmerie nationale . Its personnel remained unchanged, and the functions of the force remained much as before. However, from this point, the gendarmerie, unlike the Maréchaussée , became a fully militarized force. During the revolutionary period, the main force responsible for policing was the National Guard . Although the Maréchaussée had been the main police force of the ancien regime ,
915-655: The rue du Faubourg-Saint-Honoré in Paris. Subsequently, special gendarmerie units were created within the Imperial Guard for combat duties in French occupied Spain. Following the Second Restoration of 1815, the gendarmerie was reduced in numbers to about 18,000 and reorganised into departmental legions. Under King Louis Phillippe a "gendarmerie of Africa" was created for service in Algeria and during
976-577: The Berliet VXB-170 armored personnel carrier , known in the Gendarmerie as the Véhicule Blindé à Roues de la Gendarmerie (VBRG, "Gendarmerie armoured wheeled vehicle"). It is based at Versailles - Satory . The unit also specializes in CBRN defense . The Republican Guard is a ceremonial unit based in Paris. Their missions include: The non-metropolitan branches include units serving in
1037-665: The City of London ), the position was superseded by the introduction of the Metropolitan Police Service in 1829, which created a full-time professional force. Elsewhere, professional county police forces took over, after the County Police Act 1839 was passed. In 1995 the Home Office reintroduced Parish Constables in "The Parish Constable Scheme"(NCJ number 157623). The Parish Constable Scheme
1098-439: The City of London Police . In Guernsey and Jersey , parish constables still exist as elected parish officers . NCJ Number 157623 Author(s) P Southgate; T Bucke; C Byron Date Published 1995 Length 69 pages 95 After exploring various aspects of Great Britain's Parish Constable schemes in rural areas, this report discusses progress during 1994 and recommends how the schemes could be strengthened. Abstract In 1993
1159-760: The Constable of France . The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost , whose force was known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from the Marshal. The Marshalcy dates back to the Hundred Years' War , with some historians tracing it back to the early 12th century. The second organisation, the Constabulary ( Connétablie ),
1220-681: The National Police . The Gendarmerie is a branch of the French Armed Forces placed under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior , with additional duties from the Ministry of Armed Forces . Its responsibilities include policing smaller towns, suburbs and rural areas, crowd and riot control, and criminal investigation, including cybercrime . By contrast, the National Police is a civilian law enforcement agency that
1281-689: The Second Empire the Imperial Guard Gendarmerie Regiment was re-established. The majority of gendarmes continued in what was now the established role of the corps—serving in small, sedentary detachments as armed rural police. Under the Third Republic the ratio of foot to mounted gendarmes increased and the numbers directly incorporated in the French Army with a military police role reduced. In 1901,
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#17327763046091342-445: The departments from which the Departmental Gendarmerie derives its name. The Departmental Gendarmerie carries out the general public order duties in municipalities with a population of up to 20,000 citizens. When that limit is exceeded, the jurisdiction over the municipality is turned over to the National Police. It is divided into 13 metropolitan regions (including Corsica), themselves divided into groupements (one for each of
1403-476: The shire courts . In 1381, magistrates acquired responsibility for the remains of view of frankpledge , thereby gaining oversight of the activity of petty constables . The feudal system had gradually been weakened over the Middle Ages , and by the time of the Reformation , the focus of local administration had shifted away from manors and towards civil parishes . Tithings consequently came to be seen as
1464-557: The " Great Fear " of July through August, 1789. During the revolutionary period , the Maréchaussée commanders generally placed themselves under the local constitutional authorities. Despite their connection with the king, they were therefore perceived as a force favoring the reforms of the French National Assembly . As a result, the Maréchaussée Royale was not disbanded but simply renamed as
1525-542: The 100 département , thus the name), themselves divided into compagnies (one for each of the 342 arrondissements ). It maintains gendarmerie brigades throughout the rural parts of the territory. There are two kind of brigades: In addition, it has specialised units: In addition, the Gendarmerie runs a national criminal police institute ( Institut de recherche criminelle de la gendarmerie nationale ) specializing in supporting local units for difficult investigations. The research units may be called into action by
1586-469: The County Police Act allowed counties to do likewise. Each new force was to be headed by a chief constable (replacing the hundred-constables) who would be appointed by the county magistrates. The wide administrative functions of parish constables were taken over by various recently established local boards (which eventually were re-organised to become local councils). The voluntary nature of
1647-544: The County Police Act meant that the change proceeded in a piecemeal fashion. The first county to establish a professional force was Wiltshire , which appointed its first chief constable on 28 November 1839; Essex followed a few months later, appointing its first Chief Constable on 11 February 1840. The City of London had been exempted from the Metropolitan Police Act, and had to use a private act of parliament to establish its own professional force as
1708-550: The Director General (DGGN) with the exception of the Republican Guard, which reports to the Île-de-France region. The Departmental Gendarmerie ( Gendarmerie Départementale ), also named «La Blanche» (The White) , is the most numerous part of the Gendarmerie, is in charge of policing small towns and rural areas. Its territorial divisions are based on the administrative divisions of France , particularly
1769-428: The French countryside to maintain law and order, while specialist units provided security for royal and strategic sites such as palaces and the mint (e.g., the garde de la prévôté de l'hôtel du roi and the prévôté des monnaies de Paris .) While its existence ensured the relative safety of French rural districts and roads, visitors from England, which had nothing but the not very effective parish constables , saw
1830-537: The French overseas départements and territories (such as the Gendarmerie of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon ), staff at the disposal of independent States for technical co-operation, Germany, security guards in French embassies and consulates abroad. The Air Gendarmerie ( Gendarmerie de l'Air ) is placed under the dual supervision of the Gendarmerie and the Air Force , it fulfills police and security missions in
1891-637: The GSAN is composed of its own units and of units from other branches of the gendarmerie, temporary placed under its command like squadrons of the Mobile Gendarmerie to protect the convoys of nuclear weapons components. For instance, a special security platoon can be deployed on board of the French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle to secure the nuclear weapons carried on the ship. The Provost Gendarmerie ( Gendarmerie prévôtale ), created in 2013,
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1952-686: The Gendarmerie (DGGN) is appointed by the Council of Ministers , with the rank of Général d'Armée . The current Director-General is Général Christian Rodriguez who took office on November 1, 2019. The Director-General organizes the operation of the Gendarmerie at two levels: The Gendarmerie headquarters, called the Directorate-General of the National Gendarmerie ( Direction générale de la Gendarmerie nationale (DGGN)) ), long located in downtown Paris, relocated in 2012 to
2013-609: The Home Secretary announced the widespread establishment of Parish Constable schemes in rural areas. These schemes -- now extended throughout the country and included as part of the Neighbourhood Constable initiative -- involve the allocation of trained special constables to specific local areas. Their primary tasks are to provide a foot patrol presence and to address problems of public order and minor crimes. The overall aims are to increase communication between
2074-476: The Scotch Corner area of Richmond, North Yorkshire, patrolled seven villages and hamlets by using both private and police vehicles as and when available. The historian Stephen Inwood describes the 4,000 parish constables existing in the early 19th century as "of variable quality and commitment"; some London parishes, such as Kensington , Fulham and Deptford (with over 55,000 inhabitants between them at
2135-471: The actions of that person. Since this created an incentive for each tithing to enforce standards of behaviour among its own members, the chief pledge of each tithing was effectively obliged to police behaviour in the tithing. The term constable was originally unconnected with the chief pledge , and referred to officers in charge of the cavalry ; it originates from the Latin comes stabuli , meaning count of
2196-551: The air bases, and goes on the site of an accident involving military aircraft. Placed under the dual supervision of the Gendarmerie and the Navy , its missions include: The Air Transport Gendarmerie ( Gendarmerie des Transports Aériens ) is placed under the dual supervision of the Gendarmerie and the direction of civilian aviation of the transportation ministry , its missions include: The Ordnance Gendarmerie ( Gendarmerie de l'Armement ) fulfills police and security missions in
2257-624: The ancient chief pledge of a tithing and takes its name from the office of constable with which it was originally unconnected. It is distinct from the more senior position of the hundred-constable, also known as the High Constable (e.g. the High Constable of Holborn , who was one of the hundred-constables for Ossulstone ; Ossulstone's hundred court was located at Red Lion Square, in Holborn ). In London (excluding
2318-463: The constable could confine criminals. The constable was responsible not only for confining such people, but also for delivering them to the courts. Similarly, constables were also expected to try to prevent crime within their parish; they were among the people with authority to read the Riot Act , and were expected to do so if a riotous assembly arose in their parish. Vagabonds and beggars could be
2379-540: The country for several years but despite its success, the scheme appears to have been shelved. The office of parish constable originated from the tithing , a small unit of local administration. Each tithing was obliged, by frankpledge , to be responsible for the actions of its members. The heads of each household would often select one of their number to take charge of the tithing – an appointment usually known as "chief pledge", except in Kent, Sussex, and parts of Surrey, where
2440-479: The establishments of the Délégation Générale pour l'Armement (France's defence procurement agency). The Nuclear ordnance security Gendarmerie ( Gendarmerie de la sécurité des armements nucléaires , GSAN) was created in 1964. It is directly subordinated to the Ministry of Armed Forces and plays a major role in the security chain of the nuclear devices. The main mission of this specific branch
2501-404: The factors that contributed to these. The researchers listened to the views and experiences of a wide range of people from the police and local communities. The concluding chapter focuses on the importance of selecting qualified officers for the work, the difficulties that special constables face in defining a role within a community, the perceived policing needs of communities and their reactions to
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2562-593: The gendarmerie is a stylized grenade , which is also worn by the Italian Carabinieri and the Grenadier Guards in Britain. The budget in 2008 was approximately 7.7 billion euros . The equivalent Dutch force, Royal Marechaussee , uses officially the old French term—which King William I , when assuming power after the fall of Napoleon, considered preferable to "gendarmerie". In French,
2623-501: The gendarmerie was initially a full-time auxiliary to the National Guard militia. In 1791 the newly named gendarmerie nationale was grouped into 28 divisions, each commanded by a colonel responsible for three départements . In turn, two companies of gendarmes under the command of captains were based in each department. This territorial basis of organisation continued throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Under Napoléon,
2684-535: The judiciary even within cities (i.e. in the National Police's area of responsibility). As an example, the Paris research section of the Gendarmerie was in charge of the investigations into the vote-rigging allegations in the 5th district of Paris (see corruption scandals in the Paris region ). Gendarmes normally operate in uniform. They may operate in plainclothes only for specific missions and with their supervisors' authorisation. The Mobile Gendarmerie ( Gendarmerie Mobile ), also named La Jaune ("The Yellow"),
2745-463: The line of duty. His remains are now buried under the monument to the gendarmerie in Versailles . Under King Francis I ( r. 1515–1547 ), the Maréchaussée was merged with the Constabulary . The resulting force was also known as the Maréchaussée , or, formally, the Constabulary and Marshalcy of France ( connétablie et maréchaussée de France ). Unlike the former constabulary,
2806-497: The magistrates in each county. It was, however, only in 1842 that the power to appoint constables was formally stripped from manorial courts, and transferred to civil parishes by the Parish Constables Act 1842 ( 5 & 6 Vict. c. 109). Although the constables had had to be sworn into their role by the magistrates, magistrates had never formally had the power to actually choose them. Like many official positions at
2867-507: The military, perform building control , attend inquests , and collect the parish rates . They were also responsible for collecting national taxes, within their area. Parish Constables in 1995 were recruited from the Special Constabulary. Their primary function was foot patrols in their own neighbourhoods, whilst some were given greater range. Their work on the ground included all manner of police work. The Parish Constable in
2928-592: The new Maréchaussée was not a fully militarized force. In 1720, the Maréchaussée was officially attached to the Household of the King ( Maison du Roi ), together with the gendarmerie of the time, which was not a police force at all, but a royal guard. During the eighteenth century, the marshalcy developed in two distinct areas: increasing numbers of Marshalcy Companies ( compagnies de marechaussée ), dispersed into small detachments, were stationed around
2989-424: The numbers and responsibilities of the gendarmerie—renamed gendarmerie impériale —were expanded significantly. In contrast to the mounted Maréchaussée , the gendarmerie were both horse and foot personnel; in 1800, these numbered approximately 10,500 of the former and 4,500 of the later, respectively. In 1804 the first Inspector General of Gendarmerie was appointed and a general staff established—based out of
3050-404: The police and residents of rural communities and to enhance community involvement in law-and-order issues. The Home Office Research and Planning Unit studied four schemes in detail during the first 6 months of their existence and collected information from approximately 12 other schemes around the country. The focus of the evaluations was the organizational strengths and weaknesses of the schemes and
3111-408: The position was called " headborough ". View of frankpledge , a judicial process, obliged each tithing to attend the shire court at regular intervals, and hand over any person in their tithing who the court had summoned; if they did not, and could not swear on oath that they were not involved in helping that person evade justice, the remaining people in the tithing had to pay the damages incurred by
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#17327763046093172-536: The protective detail of the French President (the GSPR ). Its missions include counter-terrorism , hostage rescue , surveillance of national threats, protection of government officials and targeting of organized crime. Parish constable A parish constable , also known as a petty constable , was a law enforcement officer , usually unpaid and part-time, serving a parish . The position evolved from
3233-407: The southern suburb of Issy-les-Moulineaux . The Directorate-General of the national gendarmerie includes: The main components of the organization are Departmental Gendarmerie, Mobile Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, Overseas Gendarmerie, five specialized Gendarmerie branches, Provost Gendarmerie and Intervention Group of the National Gendarmerie. The above-mentioned organizations report directly to
3294-519: The stable . By extension, constable referred to the officer in command of the army – one of the Great Officers of State . In times of relative peace, this officer was sometimes given a role in keeping order, on account of his command of military resources. Additional constables were sometimes appointed, if order needed to be kept in multiple places, or the main constable was busy in his main role. The term constable consequently began to have
3355-557: The term "police" not only refers to the forces, but also to the general concept of "maintenance of law and order" (policing). The Gendarmerie's missions spans three categories: These missions include: The Gendarmerie, while remaining part of the French armed forces , has been attached to the Ministry of the Interior since 2009. Criminal investigations are run under the supervision of prosecutors or investigating magistrates . Gendarmerie members generally operate in uniform, and, only occasionally, in plainclothes. The Director-general of
3416-406: The time of the 1821 census) had no policing at all, and the quality of policing was generally considered inadequate by this period. The Metropolitan Police Act 1829 and County Police Act 1839 gradually led to the end of most unprofessional constabulary. The Metropolitan Police Act established a professional and trained police force, in place of the parish constables, within the bounds of London;
3477-408: The time, the position was obligatory, and unpaid, although the chosen constable had the right to employ someone to perform the role on their behalf. It was often a resented burden, as it involved a wide variety of extremely time consuming tasks. In accordance with the ancient obligation for tithings to present indicted individuals to the courts, each civil parish typically had a small location in which
3538-599: The world, especially in independent countries from the former French colonial empire . The Gendarmerie is the direct descendant of the Maréchaussée ("Marshalcy") of the ancien regime . The Maréchaussée lasted from medieval times until the French Revolution. During the Middle Ages , there were two Grand Officers of the Kingdom of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and
3599-597: Was announced in 1993 by the Home Secretary to establish foot patrols in rural areas. The job fell to the Special Constabulary who were asked to provide (if special constables were willing), officers who would be trained in the work and operate solely in their own parishes. Parish Constables did an amazing job in some areas as being local to their own community, they were more trusted than the regular officers who were seen passing through in cars on occasion. Several Parish Constable schemes were operating in various parts of
3660-559: Was expected to punish poachers, drunks, hedge-damagers, prostitutes, church-avoiders, and fathers of bastards . Just as the tithing was a general administrative unit, and not exclusively limited to policing matters, so the parish constable had functions that would not be recognised as police matters, unlike hundred-constables (which had derived from the military constable ). Parish constables were expected to monitor trading standards and pubs , catch rats , restrain loose animals, light signal beacons, provide local lodging and transport for
3721-597: Was under the command of the Constable of France . The constabulary was regularised as a military body in 1337. In 1415 the Maréchaussée fought in the Battle of Agincourt and their commander, the Prévôt des Maréchaux (Provost of the Marshals), Gallois de Fougières, was killed in battle. This history was rediscovered in 1934, and Gallois de Fougières was then officially recorded as the first known gendarme to have died in
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