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54-525: The town is 204 km south of the capital Nouakchott . Rosso was once the capital of the Emirate of Trarza , a Precolonial Sahrawi State. Under French colonial rule Senegal and Mauritania were administered as a single entity. When Independence came, the new frontier was drawn along the Senegal River, splitting the small town of Rosso in two. This article refers to Mauritanian Rosso, on

108-470: A 450% projected increase in electricity demand between 2010 and 2030, Nouakchott's Sheikh Zayed solar power plant was completed in 2012 and is considered the largest solar power plant in Africa. The desert climate causes dust accumulation, which negatively impacts the performance of photovoltaic solar panels. Nouakchott is divided into three administrative regions ( wilayat ) led by governors appointed by

162-569: A decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi-national standardization effort. This alphabet has been used since pre-colonial times, as the first writing system to be adopted for Wolof, and is still used by many people, mainly Imams and their students in Quranic and Islamic schools. Additionally, another script exists: Garay , an alphabetic script invented by Assane Faye 1961, which has been adopted by

216-652: A faint epenthetic schwa vowel. Of the consonants in the chart above, p d c k do not occur in the intermediate or final position, being replaced by f r s and zero, though geminate pp dd cc kk are common. Phonetic p c k do occur finally, but only as allophones of b j g due to final devoicing . Minimal pairs : Unlike most sub-Saharan African languages, Wolof has no tones . Other non-tonal languages of sub-Saharan Africa include Amharic , Swahili and Fula . In Wolof, verbs are unchangeable stems that cannot be conjugated. To express different tenses or aspects of an action, personal pronouns are conjugated – not

270-473: A large tree-lined street, Avenue Gamal Abdel Nasser, which runs northeast through the city centre from the airport. It divides the city into two, with the residential areas in the north and the medina quarter , along with the kebbe , a shanty town formed due to the displacement of people from other areas by the desert. Other major streets are named (in French ) for notable Mauritanian or international figures of

324-418: A small fishing town, fortified fishing village ( ksar ) in pre-colonial times and under French rule . As Mauritania prepared for independence, it lacked a capital city. The area of present-day Nouakchott was chosen by Moktar Ould Daddah , the first President of Mauritania, and his advisors. Ould Daddah desired the new capital to symbolize modernity and national unity, which ruled out existing cities or towns in

378-561: A small number of Wolof speakers. The first syllable of words is stressed ; long vowels are pronounced with more time but are not automatically stressed, as they are in English. The vowels are as follows: There may be an additional low vowel, or this may be confused with orthographic à . All vowels may be long (written double) or short. /aː/ is written ⟨à⟩ before a long (prenasalized or geminate) consonant (example làmbi "arena"). When é and ó are written double,

432-703: A −ATR root, any further suffixes harmonize with the root. That is, the +ATR suffix/clitic is "transparent" to vowel harmony. An example is the negative -u- in, Door-u-ma-leen-fa /dɔːrumalɛːnfa/ begin- NEG - 1SG - 3PL - LOC Door-u-ma-leen-fa /dɔːrumalɛːnfa/ begin-NEG-1SG-3PL-LOC 'I did not begin them there.' where harmony would predict *door-u-më-léén-fë . That is, I or U behave as if they are their own −ATR analogs. Authors differ in whether they indicate vowel harmony in writing, as well as whether they write clitics as separate words. Consonants in word-initial position are as follows: All simple nasals, oral stops apart from q and glottal, and

486-628: Is a Niger–Congo language spoken by the Wolof people in much of the West African subregion of Senegambia that is split between the countries of Senegal , The Gambia and Mauritania . Like the neighbouring languages Serer and Fula , it belongs to the Senegambian branch of the Niger–Congo language family. Unlike most other languages of its family, Wolof is not a tonal language . Wolof

540-436: Is broken into nine arrondissements , sub-divided into alphabetized Îlots . These are Teyarett, Ksar, Tevragh-Zeïna, Toujounine, Sebkha, El Mina, Dar-Naïm, Arafat and Riad. The Sebkha (Cinquième) Arrondissement is home to a large shopping area. Nouakchott features a hot desert climate ( Köppen : BWh) with hot temperatures throughout the year but cool winter night temperatures. Due to the city's oceanside location, Nouakchott

594-419: Is generally not quite as hot as other cities with this climate. Still, the city can experience sweltering days. While average high temperatures are relatively constant at around 33 °C (91 °F), average low temperatures can range from 25 °C (77 °F) during the fall months (in this city fall is hotter than summer, with September and October being the hottest months) to 13 °C (55 °F) during

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648-425: Is historically a predominantly Wolof -speaking area, but many members of Mauritania's other ethnic groups have moved to the town to escape the severe problems of desertification further north. Rosso occupies a strategic position at the international ferry-crossing on the main road between Nouakchott and the Senegalese capital of Dakar . Economically the town has benefited, but its fortunes are very dependent on

702-674: Is home to the University of Nouakchott Al Aasriya , the main university in Mauritania , opened in 1981. As of 1995, it had 70 professors and 2,800 students. There are also many international schools more specifically the american school tlc international school. Other higher education facilities include the Lebanese International University of Mauritania , the National School of Administration,

756-488: Is most often written in this orthography, in which phonemes have a clear one-to-one correspondence to graphemes . Table below is the Wolof Latin alphabet and the corresponding phoneme. Highlighted letters are only used for loanwords and are not included in native Wolof words. The Arabic -based script of Wolof, referred to as Wolofal , was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by

810-590: Is now estimated to consist of at least one third of the country's population of 3.3 million, and the 2013 census showed a population of 958,399. Located on the Atlantic coast of the Sahara Desert, it lies on the west coast of Africa. With the exception of Friendship Port and a small fishing port , the coastal strip is mostly left empty and allowed to flood. The coastline includes shifting sandbanks and sandy beaches. There are areas of quicksand close to

864-657: Is one of the Senegambian languages , which are characterized by consonant mutation . It is often said to be closely related to the Fula language because of a misreading by Wilson (1989) of the data in Sapir (1971) that have long been used to classify the Atlantic languages. Senegalese/Mauritanian Wolof and Gambian Wolof are distinct national standards: they use different orthographies and use different languages (French vs. English) as their source for technical loanwords. However, both

918-461: Is spoken by more than 10 million people and about 40 percent (approximately 5 million people) of Senegal's population speak Wolof as their native language. Increased mobility, and especially the growth of the capital Dakar, created the need for a common language: today, an additional 40 percent of the population speak Wolof as a second or acquired language . In the whole region from Dakar to Saint-Louis , and also west and southwest of Kaolack , Wolof

972-568: Is spoken by the vast majority of people. Typically when various ethnic groups in Senegal come together in cities and towns, they speak Wolof. It is therefore spoken in almost every regional and departmental capital in Senegal. Nevertheless, the official language of Senegal is French . In The Gambia , although about 20–25 percent of the population speak Wolof as a first language, it has a disproportionate influence because of its prevalence in Banjul ,

1026-495: Is the most widely spoken language in Senegal, spoken natively by the Wolof people (40% of the population) but also by most other Senegalese as a second language. Wolof dialects vary geographically and between rural and urban areas. The principal dialect of Dakar , for instance, is an urban mixture of Wolof, French , and Arabic . Wolof is the standard spelling and may also refer to the Wolof ethnicity or culture. Variants include

1080-1075: The College of Science and Technology and the Higher Scientific Institute. There are many primary and secondary schools, among the most prominent are the American International School of Nouakchott, the Lycée Français Théodore Monod , and TLC International School. Attractions in Nouakchott include the National Museum of Mauritania , the National Library , the Port de Péche , and the National Archives . The city hosts several markets , including

1134-763: The Marocaine market and the beaches . One beach is devoted to fishing boats where fish can be bought fresh at the Fish market . Nouakchott is a principal selling place of native Saharan meteorites . Among the places of worship , they are predominantly Muslim mosques like the Saudi Mosque and the Sudanese Embassy Mosque . There are also Christian churches and temples: Roman Catholic Diocese of Nouakchott ( Catholic Church ), Protestant churches , Evangelical Churches . Nouakchott hosts ten of

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1188-422: The 1960s: Avenue Gamal Abdel Nasser, Avenue Charles de Gaulle, Avenue Kennedy, and Avenue Lumumba, for example. The kebbe consists of cement buildings that are built overnight and made to look permanent to avoid destruction by the authorities. In 1999, it was estimated that more than half of the city's inhabitants lived in tents and shacks, which were used for residential as well as business purposes. The city

1242-559: The Gambian capital, where 75 percent of the population use it as a first language. Furthermore, in Serekunda , The Gambia's largest town, although only a tiny minority are ethnic Wolofs, approximately 70 percent of the population speaks or understands Wolof. In Mauritania , about seven percent of the population (approximately 185,000 people) speak Wolof. Most live near or along the Senegal River that Mauritania shares with Senegal. Wolof

1296-522: The accent mark is often only on the first letter. Vowels fall into two harmonizing sets according to ATR : i u é ó ë are +ATR, e o a are the −ATR analogues of é ó ë . For example, Lekk-oon-ngeen /lɛkːɔːnŋɡɛːn/ eat- PAST - FIN . 2PL Lekk-oon-ngeen /lɛkːɔːnŋɡɛːn/ eat-PAST-FIN.2PL 'You (plural) ate.' Dóor-óon-ngéen /doːroːnŋɡeːn/ hit- PAST - FIN . 2PL Dóor-óon-ngéen /doːroːnŋɡeːn/ hit-PAST-FIN.2PL 'You (plural) hit.' There are no −ATR analogs of

1350-592: The central government, each of which contains three departments ( moughataa ): Separate from the wilayat , a directly elected regional council was established in Nouakchott in 2018, which took over the roles of promoting social and economic development from the Urban Community that it replaced. Fatimatou Abdel Malick was elected Council president in September 2018, and re-elected in May 2023. Nouakchott

1404-491: The city as of 1999 with 90% of the city's economic activity consisting of informal transactions. Some inhabitants have multiple addresses and maintain strong ties with their regions of origin, at times returning for labor. Nouakchott has a Chinese-built deepwater port that opened in 1986. It was designed for a capacity of 500,000 tons deadweight (DWT) of cargo a year, but has been handling 1,500,000 tons (DWT) by 2009. China agreed in 2009 to invest US$ 282 million in

1458-460: The city had a population of nearly 1.5 million people and serves as the hub of the Mauritanian economy. It is home to a deepwater port and Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport , one of the country's two international airports. It also hosts the University of Nouakchott and several other more specialized institutions of higher learning. Not too long ago, Nouakchott was known for being

1512-468: The city. The process was scheduled to begin with the relocation of 9,000 families from the outskirts into the poor Arafat department neighborhood of "Kosovo", popularly named for its high crime rate and poor services. The government planned to begin moving families in June 2009, despite concerns from aid agencies that needed infrastructure could not be put in place in the receiving neighborhood. In 2013, it

1566-504: The climate of Nouakchott in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of Khartoum . The annual temperature would increase by 2.3 °C (4.1 °F), and the temperature of the warmest month by 2.8 °C (5.0 °F), while the temperature of the coldest month would decrease by 0.3 °C (0.54 °F). According to Climate Action Tracker , the current warming trajectory appears consistent with 2.7 °C (4.9 °F), which closely matches RCP 4.5. Responding to

1620-481: The difficulty in estimating the city's population is that part of it is nomadic , setting up tents in suitable locations, then packing up when the need strikes. Some estimates put the 2008 population at over 2 million. The 2013 census gave the city's population as 958,399. In 2009, the government of Mauritania announced that it would begin a process of clearing the slum on the outskirts of Nouakchott, as 24,000 families would eventually be relocated to planned housing in

1674-576: The fourteen teams of the Mauritanian Super D1 as of the 2023-2024 season, including ACS Ksar , AS Douanes , AS Garde Nationale , ASAC Concorde , ASC Police , ASC Tidjikja , FC Gourel Sangue , FC Tevragh-Zeina , Kaedi FC , and Nouakchott Kings . There is also the stadium olympique next to bon prix which is a place with a lot of sport activities Nouakchott is twinned with: Wolof language Wolof ( / ˈ w oʊ l ɒ f / WOH -lof ; Wolof làkk , وࣷلࣷفْ لࣵکّ )

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1728-720: The governmental buildings and state enterprises. The city was attacked twice in 1976 by the Polisario Front during the Western Sahara conflict , but the guerrillas caused little damage. The city has had massive and unconstrained growth, driven by the North African drought , since the beginning of the 1970s; hundreds of thousands moved there in search of a better life. The official censuses showed 134,000 residents in 1977 and 393,325 in 1988, although both figures were probably smaller than reality. The population

1782-409: The harbor. Nouakchott is largely flat, and some of the city lies below sea level. It is threatened by the sand dunes advancing from its eastern side which pose a daily problem. There have been efforts to save particular areas, including work by Jean Meunier. Owing to the rapid build-up, the city is quite spread out, with few tall buildings. Most buildings are one-story. Nouakchott is built around

1836-426: The high vowels i u . They trigger +ATR harmony in suffixes when they occur in the root, but in a suffix, they may be transparent to vowel harmony. The vowels of some suffixes or enclitics do not harmonize with preceding vowels. In most cases following vowels harmonize with them. That is, they reset the harmony, as if they were a separate word. However, when a suffix/clitic contains a high vowel (+ATR) that occurs after

1890-598: The infestation of locusts which affected the whole of the western Sahel . This was followed by a severe drought. It was a bitter irony then that in August 2005, some 10,000 people were displaced by flooding. The city is near the Diawling National Park . Rosso is also known for the internationally renowned Satara Zone Housing project . A small library, set up by the local Catholic priest, has been functioning since 2005. A technology institute - ISET -

1944-520: The interior. The village was selected as the capital city for its central location between Saint-Louis, Senegal , the city from which the colony of Mauritania was governed, and Nouadhibou . Its location also meant that it avoided the sensitive issue of whether the capital was built in an area dominated by the Arabs , Amazigh (Berbers) or Sub-Saharan Africans . Construction began in March 1958 to enlarge

1998-526: The narrow strip of agricultural land stretching along the southern frontier of Mauritania. But even here the Sahara is encroaching. Major irrigation projects have been carried out on the northern bank of the Senegal River, financed by the United Arab Emirates , allowing an expansion in the production of cash crops such as mint . In 2004 however up to 80% of crops were lost as a result of

2052-437: The northern bank of the river. Originally a staging-post for the gum arabic trade, Rosso has grown rapidly since independence. In 1986, the town was elevated to the status of urban commune. The commune's population was 50 560 in 2013, with 33 518 living in the city of Rosso itself. Having grown from a mere 2 300 in 1960, it has now overtaken Kaédi to become the 3rd largest city in the country. Southwestern Mauritania

2106-666: The older French Ouolof , Jollof , or Jolof , which now typically refers either to the Jolof Empire or to jollof rice , a common West African rice dish. Now-archaic forms include Volof and Olof . English is believed to have adopted some Wolof loanwords , such as banana , via Spanish or Portuguese , and nyam , used also in Spanish: 'ñam' as an onomatopoeia for eating or chewing, in several Caribbean English Creoles meaning "to eat" (compare Seychellois Creole nyanmnyanm , also meaning "to eat"). Wolof

2160-457: The port, aiming to extend the main quay by over 900 m (3,000 ft). As of 2011, the World Bank was investigating funding a new shipping container facility at the port. Air service is provided by Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport , which replaced the previous Nouakchott International Airport in June 2016. The Cairo–Dakar Highway leg from Nouakchott to Nouadhibou

2214-779: The region. He was succeeded by Brandon Forester, the final Regional Coordinator for the United States Peace Corps Program until the total closure of the program in 2010. 16°30′46″N 15°48′18″W  /  16.51278°N 15.80500°W  / 16.51278; -15.80500 Nouakchott Nouakchott ( / n w æ k ˈ ʃ ɒ t , n w ɑː -/ nwa(h)k- SHOT ; French: [nwakʃɔt] ; Arabic : نواكشوط , romanized :  Nwākshūṭ , Hassaniyya: [nwakʃuːtˤ] ; Wolof : Nuwaaksoot ; Pulaar : Nuwaasoot ; Soninke : Nuwasooto ; Berber : Nwakcoṭ , originally derived from Berber : Nawākšūṭ , 'place of

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2268-414: The sonorants l r y w may be geminated (doubled), though geminate r only occurs in ideophones . (Geminate consonants are written double.) Q is inherently geminate and may occur in an initial position; otherwise, geminate consonants and consonant clusters, including nt, nc, nk, nq ( [ɴq] ), are restricted to word-medial and -final position. In the final place, geminate consonants may be followed by

2322-569: The spoken and written languages are mutually intelligible. Lebu Wolof , on the other hand, is incomprehensible to standard Wolof speakers, a distinction that has been obscured because all Lebu speakers are bilingual in standard Wolof. Note: Phonetic transcriptions are printed between square brackets [] following the rules of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The Latin orthography of Wolof in Senegal

2376-495: The state of relations between the two countries. From 1990 to 1992 the border crossing was closed, due to the Mauritania–Senegal Border War , and there have been repeated movements of refugees in both directions through the town. Rosso has a hot desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWh ). Rosso has the highest annual rainfall in the country, at 300mm/yr, and is one of the market towns which serve

2430-456: The village to house a population of 15,000, in 1959 Nouakchott started with its founding by indigenous people from the surrounding region, and the basics were completed by the time that the French granted independence on 28 November 1960. Nouakchott was planned with the expectation that commerce and other economic activities would not take place in the city. Nouakchott's central business district

2484-455: The winds' or alternatively Zenaga : in wakchodh , 'having no ears') is the capital and largest city of Mauritania . Located in the southwestern part of the country, it is one of the largest cities in the Sahara . The city also serves as the administrative and economic center of Mauritania. Once a mid-sized coastal village, Nouakchott was selected as the capital for the nascent nation of Mauritania, with construction beginning in 1958. It

2538-454: The winter months. Minimum temperatures can be as low as 10 °C (50 °F) during winter nights in Nouakchott. Average rainfall in the city is 95 mm (3.7 in) a year. A 2019 paper published in PLOS One estimated that under Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 , a "moderate" scenario of climate change where global warming reaches ~2.5–3 °C (4.5–5.4 °F) by 2100,

2592-417: Was initially divided into four departments in 1973. In 1986 the current nine departments were created. Formerly a district, in 1990 Nouakchott became a region of Mauritania. On 25 November 2014, it was split into the three current regions, with the previous governor of Nouakchott Mahi Ould Hamed becoming the first governor of Nouakchott-Nord. For comparison, its population was only 20,000 in 1969. Part of

2646-572: Was opened in 2009, offering courses in agriculture. The former mayor, Professor Yerim Fassa, a doctor, was elected in 2007. The current mayor is named Bamba Sidi Daramane. Rosso has been twinned with Moissy-Cramayel since 1986. From August 2007 through May 2009, Michael Auerbach - Regional Coordinator for the United States Peace Corps - resided in Rosso as he evaluated the efficacy of existing gender equality movements in

2700-439: Was originally designed to accommodate a population of 15,000, but experienced significant population growth in the 1970s when many Mauritanians fled their home villages due to drought and increasing desertification . Many of the newcomers settled in slum areas of the city that were poorly maintained and extremely overcrowded. By the mid-1980s, Nouakchott's population was estimated to be between 400,000 to 500,000. As of 2023 ,

2754-490: Was paved in 2004, although the Nouakchott- Rosso leg was paved before independence. A 1,100-kilometre (680 mi) road ( Route de l'Espoir (Road of Hope)) connects the city with Néma via Boutilimit and Kiffa . In the city, there is a public transport and commuter system, with vehicles serving major boulevards. In July 2022 a tramway project was presented, without a scheduled opening date. The city

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2808-414: Was planned with broad streets and a grid-like structure; the new Cinquième Quartier (Fifth District) was located close to this area and became the location of a large open-air market and residential area within a few years. During the 1960s, the city obtained its own local government. By the 1970s, these new areas had grown so much that they replaced the old ksar in terms of importance, as they also hosted

2862-413: Was reported that "slums have been replaced by social dwellings for the poorest", with the World Bank reporting that the plan met with substantial success, resulting in access to improved services for 181,035 people in the slum areas. Now in 2023 the population is approximately 1.5M people. Nouakchott is the center of the Mauritanian economy, with three-quarters of service sector enterprises located in

2916-434: Was set by government decrees between 1971 and 1985. The language institute " Centre de linguistique appliquée de Dakar " (CLAD) is widely acknowledged as an authority when it comes to spelling rules for Wolof. The complete alphabet is A, À, B, C, D, E, É, Ë, F, G, I, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, Ŋ, O, Ó, P, Q, R, S, T, U, W, X, Y. The letters H, V, and Z are not included in native Wolof words. They are only used in foreign words. Wolof

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