88-495: Rossall School is a private day and boarding school in the United Kingdom for 0–18 year olds, between Cleveleys and Fleetwood , Lancashire . Rossall was founded in 1844 by St Vincent Beechey as a sister school to Marlborough College which had been founded the previous year. Its establishment was "to provide, at a moderate cost, for the sons of Clergymen and others, a classical, mathematical and general education of
176-544: A boarding school — is an educational institution where children are given instruction during the day, after which the students return to their homes. A day school has full-day programs when compared to a regular school which may end early and require additional after-school programs for students with working parents . It also generally offers supervised lunches, which is required for working parents in locations where children are expected to return home at noon to eat with their families. This article relating to education
264-574: A strep throat but these are followed by the inclusion of the characteristic widespread rash . The rash usually appears one to two days later but may appear before or up to seven days following feeling ill. It generally hurts to swallow. However, not all cases present with a fever, the degree of tiredness may vary, the sore throat and tongue changes might be slight or absent, and the rash can be patchy rather than diffuse in some. Cough, hoarseness, runny nose, diarrhea, and conjunctivitis are typically absent in scarlet fever; such symptoms indicate what
352-412: A 35% chance of becoming infected. One in ten children who are infected with group A streptococcal pharyngitis will develop scarlet fever. The rash of scarlet fever, which is what differentiates this disease from an isolated group A strep pharyngitis (or strep throat), is caused by specific strains of group A streptococcus that produce a streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin , which is mainly responsible for
440-494: A book by Joannes Coyttarus of Poitiers , De febre purpura epidemiale et contagiosa libri duo , which was published in 1578 in Paris. Daniel Sennert of Wittenberg described the classical 'scarlatinal desquamation' in 1572 and was also the first to describe the early arthritis , scarlatinal dropsy , and ascites associated with the disease. In 1675 the term that has been commonly used to refer to scarlet fever, "scarlatina",
528-436: A characteristic red but not white strawberry tongue, and staphylococcal scarlatina which does not have the strawberry tongue at all. Other conditions that might appear similar include impetigo , erysipelas , measles , chickenpox , and hand-foot-and-mouth disease , and may be distinguished by the pattern of symptoms. One method is long-term use of antibiotics to prevent future group A streptococcal infections. This method
616-461: A decade. About 60% of circulating strains of the group A streptococcus that cause scarlet fever in Hong Kong are resistant to macrolide antibiotics, according to Professor Yuen Kwok-yung , head of Hong Kong University 's microbiology department. Previously, observed resistance rates had been 10–30%; the increase is likely the result of overuse of macrolide antibiotics in recent years. There
704-413: A different subset of those toxins. The disease is caused by secretion of pyrogenic exotoxins by the infecting Streptococcus bacteria. Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A ( speA ) is probably the best studied of these toxins. It is carried by the bacteriophage T12 which integrates into the streptococcal genome from where the toxin is transcribed. The phage itself integrates into a serine tRNA gene on
792-448: A diffuse redness of the skin with small bumps resembling goose bumps. It typically appears as small flat spots on the neck or torso before developing into small bumps that spread to the arms and legs. It tends to feel rough like sandpaper. The cheeks might look flushed with a pale area around the mouth. The scarlet fever rash generally looks red on white and pale skin, and might be difficult to visualise on brown or black skin, in whom
880-590: A few months after Rossall. From 1890 to 1908 the corps was affiliated to the 1st Lancashire Engineer Volunteers . The institution is still present in the school today with around 100 cadets currently enlisted. In recent years the shooting team has excelled with notable victories in the Home Guard Cup and Loyal's Regimental Cup. The CCF at Rossall received the Queens colours on Tuesday 29 June 2010, to celebrate its 150th anniversary and to acknowledge its status as
968-446: A more virulent strain of the bacterium. A vaccine that will protect against the 180 to 200 types of bacteria causing the disease has been worked on for over 20 years, but as of 2020 a safe one had not yet been developed. Scarlet fever occurs equally in both males and females. Children are most commonly infected, typically between 5–15 years old. Although streptococcal infections can happen at any time of year, infection rates peak in
SECTION 10
#17327834768071056-453: A one time intramuscular injection as another alternative if swallowing pills is not possible. If the person is allergic to the family of antibiotics which both penicillin and amoxicillin are a part of ( beta-lactam antibiotics ), a first generation cephalosporin is used. Cephalosporin antibiotics, however, can still cause adverse reactions in people whose allergic reaction to penicillin is a Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction . In those cases it
1144-526: A person touches an object that has the bacteria on it and then touches their mouth or nose. The diagnosis is typically confirmed by culturing swabs of the throat . There is no vaccine for scarlet fever. Prevention is by frequent handwashing , not sharing personal items, and staying away from other people when sick. The disease is treatable with antibiotics , which reduce symptoms and spread, and prevent most complications. Outcomes with scarlet fever are typically good if treated. Long-term complications as
1232-481: A possible increase in the numbers of invasive GAS infections reported in children. In late December 2022, the CDC's Health Alert Network issued an advisory on the reported increases in invasive GAS infections. It is unclear when a description of this disease was first recorded. Hippocrates , writing around 400 BC, described the condition of a person with a reddened skin and fever. The first unambiguous description of
1320-435: A putative 30-amino-acid signal peptide ; removal of the signal sequence gives a predicted molecular weight of 25.787 kDa for the secreted protein. Both a promoter and a ribosome binding site ( Shine-Dalgarno sequence ) are present upstream of the gene. A transcriptional terminator is located 69 bases downstream from the translational termination codon . The carboxy terminal portion of the protein exhibits extensive homology with
1408-406: A result of scarlet fever include kidney disease , rheumatic fever , and arthritis . In the early 20th century , scarlet fever was a leading cause of death in children, but even before World War II and the introduction of antibiotics, its severity was already declining. This decline is suggested to be due to better living conditions, the introduction of better control measures, or a decline in
1496-618: A school from the south-east, as the Westminster School had found an alternative solution. The eventual choice was that of Alleyn's who had to be evacuated from London as a result of the risk of bombing. Another side effect of the war was that there was only one centenary dinner celebrating the 100th year of Rossall. It was conducted by Old Rossallians imprisoned in Changi Prison , a notorious POW camp in Singapore during
1584-576: A separate illness which came to be known as Dukes' disease , Filatov's disease, or fourth disease. However, in 1979, Keith Powell identified it as in fact the same illness as the form of scarlet fever which is caused by staphylococcal exotoxin and is known as staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome . Scarlet fever serum from horses' blood was used in the treatment of children beginning in 1900 and reduced mortality rates significantly. In 1906, Austrian pediatrician Clemens von Pirquet postulated that disease-causing immune complexes were responsible for
1672-418: A sudden onset of sore throat , fever, and malaise . Headache, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain may also be present. Scarlet fever usually follows from a group A streptococcal infection that involves a strep throat such as streptococcal tonsillitis or more usually streptococcal pharyngitis . Often these can present together known as pharyngotonsillitis . The signs and symptoms are therefore those of
1760-449: A throat culture is required to confirm, as the first test could have yielded a false negative result. In the early 21st century, the throat culture is the current "gold standard" for diagnosis. Serologic testing seeks evidence of the antibodies that the body produces against the streptococcal infection, including antistreptolysin-O and antideoxyribonuclease B. It takes the body 2–3 weeks to make these antibodies, so this type of testing
1848-408: A vaccine in the past few decades. These vaccines, which are still in the development phase, expose the person to proteins present on the surface of the group A streptococci to activate an immune response that will prepare the person to fight and prevent future infections. There used to be a diphtheria scarlet fever vaccine. It was, however, found not to be effective. This product was discontinued by
SECTION 20
#17327834768071936-455: A week for the main rash to disappear. This may be followed by several weeks of peeling of the skin of typically fingers and toes. The desquamation process usually begins on the face and progresses downward on the body. Sometimes, this peeling is the only sign that scarlet fever occurred. If the case of scarlet fever is uncomplicated, recovery from the fever and clinical symptoms, other than the process of desquamation, occurs in 5–10 days. After
2024-416: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Scarlet fever Scarlet fever , also known as scarlatina , is an infectious disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes , a Group A streptococcus (GAS). It most commonly affects children between five and 15 years of age. The signs and symptoms include a sore throat , fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes , and a characteristic rash. The face
2112-422: Is a very specific test but not very sensitive. This means that if the result is positive (indicating that the group A strep antigen was detected and therefore confirming that the person has a group A strep pharyngitis), then it is appropriate to treat the people with scarlet fever with antibiotics. But, if the rapid antigen detection test is negative (indicating that they do not have group A strep pharyngitis), then
2200-551: Is appropriate to choose clindamycin or erythromycin instead. Tonsillectomy , although once a reasonable treatment for recurrent streptococcal pharyngitis, is not indicated, as a person can still be infected with group A streptococcus without their tonsils. A drug-resistant strain of scarlet fever, resistant to macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin , but retaining drug-sensitivity to beta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, emerged in Hong Kong in 2011, accounting for at least two deaths in that city—the first such in over
2288-625: Is called the Rossallian Club. The Rossallian Club has gatherings every year all over the UK and, with the advent of a large international boarding contingent in recent years, all over the world – the first ‘OR’ (Old Rossalian) meal in Germany took place in 2006. The school also has its own masonic lodge , founded in 1928, that meets three times a year at Freemasons' Hall in London . It is part of
2376-483: Is flushed and the rash is red and blanching . It typically feels like sandpaper and the tongue may be red and bumpy. The rash occurs as a result of capillary damage by exotoxins produced by S.pyogenes . On darker-pigmented skin the rash may be hard to discern. Scarlet fever develops in a small number of people who have strep throat or streptococcal skin infections . The bacteria are usually spread by people coughing or sneezing. It can also be spread when
2464-402: Is more likely a viral infection. Strep throat is usually associated with fatigue and a fever of over 39 °C (102.2 °F). The tonsils may appear red and enlarged and are typically covered in exudate . The throat may be red with small red spots on the roof of the mouth . The uvula can look red and swollen. 30% to 60% of cases have associated enlarged and tender lymph nodes in
2552-414: Is no longer contagious (able to pass the infection to another child) after 24 hours of antibiotics. The antibiotic of choice is Penicillin V which is taken by mouth. In countries without a liquid Penicillin V product, children unable to take tablets can be given amoxicillin which comes in a liquid form and is equally effective. Duration of treatment is 10 days. Benzathine penicillin G can be given as
2640-508: Is not useful for diagnosing a current infection. But it is useful when assessing a person who may have one of the complications from a previous streptococcal infection. Throat cultures done after antibiotic therapy can show if the infection has been removed. These throat swabs, however, are not indicated, because up to 25% of properly treated individuals can continue to carry the streptococcal infection while being asymptomatic. Scarlet fever might appear similar to Kawasaki disease , which has
2728-455: Is only indicated for people who have had complications like recurrent attacks of acute rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease. Antibiotics are limited in their ability to prevent these infections since there are a variety of subtypes of group A streptococci that can cause the infection. Although there are currently no vaccines available, the vaccine approach has a greater likelihood of effectively preventing group A streptococcal infections in
Rossall School - Misplaced Pages Continue
2816-438: Is responsible for the production of speA. Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin A, speA, is the one most commonly associated with cases of scarlet fever that are complicated by the immune-mediated sequelae of acute rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. These toxins are also known as " superantigens " because they can cause an extensive immune response by activating some of the cells that are mainly responsible for
2904-428: Is very unlikely for the child to develop acute rheumatic fever. Antibiotic therapy has not been shown to prevent the development of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Another important reason for prompt treatment with antibiotics is the ability to prevent transmission of the infection between children. An infected individual is most likely to pass on the infection to another person during the first two weeks. A child
2992-500: The Church of England . This was to be the first major Church of England school in the north of England and a sister school to Marlborough College which had opened the previous year. It was soon established that there was little hope of founding the girls' school and this idea was abandoned, with the boys' school pupil numbers reduced to 200. Consequently, Vantini's involvement with the scheme steadily dissipated, Rev. St. Vincent Beechey ,
3080-545: The Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference and was granted a royal charter on 21 October 1890. It is an 'all-through' school with a nursery , 'pre-prep', preparatory and senior school. Rossall's campus has a large array of facilities for extracurricular activities and the school is home to the Lawrence House Space Science and Astronomy Centre, the only facility of its type in the UK. Over
3168-672: The Japanese occupation . Benjamin Britten gave a concert in Big School in 1954. In the 1970s, in a bid to ensure the highest standards during a period of declining boarding, girls were allowed to enrol. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the school pushed on with a development programme and had royal visits including from the Queen in 1994 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of its foundation. The school went through great financial difficulty at
3256-543: The North Euston Hotel in Fleetwood , Vantini opened his hotel expecting many visitors but few people arrived. To boost the number of visitors to Fleetwood and help his hotel and the local economy, Vantini opened two schools in the vicinity of Fleetwood, one for boys and another for girls, totalling 1,000 students. The early Victorian period was marked by high child mortality rates, and Vantini expected that in
3344-446: The nephritis that followed scarlet fever. Bacteriophages were discovered in 1915 by Frederick Twort . His work was overlooked and bacteriophages were later rediscovered by Felix d'Herelle in 1917. The specific association of scarlet fever with the group A streptococci had to await the development of Rebecca Lancefield 's streptococcal grouping scheme in the 1920s. George and Gladys Dick showed that cell-free filtrates could induce
3432-469: The "Elite Football Programme", a co-corricular program for boys and girls. The program was run in partnership with Fleetwood Town F.C. Following the end of the relationship of the schools partnership with Fleetwood Town in 2024 the School and the new partnership Club, Manchester City F.C. , announced their collaboration going forward in running the "Elite Football Programme". Rossall was the first school in
3520-448: The 1860s a new school chapel was built to cope with the increasing number of students, the old chapel serving, as it does today, as the school library. The new chapel was designed by Edward Graham Paley , extended by Robert Lorimer and includes carvings by Eric Gill . The chapel organ was designed by Harrison & Harrison . Rossall celebrated the chapel's 150th Anniversary on 1 April 2012. The original school dining hall burnt down in
3608-420: The 1920s. The replacement, the current dining hall, was designed by Sir Hubert Worthington . The design was not without fault however – it was constructed from bricks encased in a weatherable coating that would dissolve away to leave it looking in the same condition as the rest of the square. The largest section of wood panelling behind the headmaster's table in the dining hall is made from an oak tree that grew in
Rossall School - Misplaced Pages Continue
3696-611: The 2021–2022 season (September to September) and so far also in the season 2022–2023. The World Health Organization has reported an increase in scarlet fever (and iGAS – invasive GAS cases) in England, and other European countries during this time. Increases have been reported in France and Ireland. In the US, cases of scarlet fever are not reported, but as of December 2022, the CDC was looking at
3784-715: The Anderson Scale of past performances in the competition. Rossall is also home to the Lawrence House Astronomy and Space Science Centre – the only centre dedicated solely to the teaching of astronomy . The project consists of the telescope in Rossall's Assheton Observatory as well as a building of its own containing a lecture theatre, classrooms and a portable planetarium. The telescope is of particular note – being 12 feet (3.7 m) long, 18 inches wide and dating from 1870. The objective diameter of
3872-848: The Beechey Family for the founder of the school, St. Vincent Beechey . During the summer of 2020 the Dining Hall was undergoing major renovations, for the first time after Queen Elizabeth II visited the school in 1994. The project was funded through the Rossall School Foundation. Renovations included a new colour scheme, which is now light blue and white. Stone from Rossall can be found in the cloisters of Canberra Grammar School along with stones from Eton, Westminster, St Paul's, Charterhouse, Uppingham, Clifton, Tonbridge, Shrewsbury, Sherborne, Wellington, Cheltenham, Repton and Radley. The school offers both A-levels and
3960-918: The International Baccalaureate IB Diploma Programme for Sixth form students. Senior School students follow the British curriculum, whilst the Junior School has its own curriculum. There are 64 clubs and societies in operation at Rossall including the traditional rugby union , football , fives and hockey . There is a Croquet Club . As well as competing in sporting competitions around the country, Rossall plays host to inter-school tournaments. These have included hockey, preparatory school rugby union and basketball. The fives competition in 2005 included Lancing College , Malvern College , Uppingham School and Shrewsbury School . Since 2016, Rossall School offers
4048-493: The Public School Lodges Council and is open to any Old Rossallian who wishes to join. Rossall alumni are among just nine schools to have won The Halford Hewitt golf tournament more than twice. These schools are (in order of victories): Charterhouse (16), Harrow (11), Eton (10), Tonbridge (6), Rugby (5), Watson's (4), Rossall (3), Shrewsbury (3), Merchiston (3). Rossall is also positioned 8th overall in
4136-401: The UK the opportunity to develop their English speaking skills as well as being a chance for those thinking of going to a boarding school to consider whether they are suited to the lifestyle. On 23 March 2022, a plane was forced to make an emergency landing on the school's field as a shortage of fuel meant the pilot was unable to complete the flight. Nobody was injured, and no students were at
4224-496: The UK to do so, and there is now an international boarding contingent. Rossall promotes relatively affordable private education in relation to the rest of the UK – 80% of those who attend the school are the first in their family to attend an independent school and a large number of scholarships and bursaries are available. 2007 saw the return of the Rossall Summer School – developed to give children from outside
4312-487: The United Kingdom to form a Cadet Corps. It was founded in February 1860 when the threat of a French/Irish Catholic invasion was at its height. Although Rugby School claims to have raised a company of Volunteer Riflemen in 1804 Rossall's is the oldest contingent continuously in existence and the one from which many other schools drew the inspiration of founding theirs. Other schools such as Eton College formed their corps
4400-477: The back garden of George Mallory . It was claimed in 1944 that it was the largest school dining hall in the country, and was described by F. A. M. Webster in his book Our Great Public Schools as, "one of the most splendid in the country." There are four coats of arms attached to the exterior of the dining hall to commemorate the various families associated with Rossall over the years: the Allen Family for
4488-751: The best in the country with record numbers achieving scholarships to Oxbridge and attaining distinctions in the Higher Certificate examinations. During the world wars large numbers of Old Rossallians lost their lives in combat, 297 in World War I alone – the majority of whom are now commemorated in the extension memorial chapel. Rossall has a memorial plaque at St Georges Chapel by the Menin Gate in honour of its fallen, alongside schools such as Rugby , Eton and Harrow . 1,617 ORs fought in World War I, 300 of whom received war honours. Before
SECTION 50
#17327834768074576-416: The body further away from the pharynx. A few examples of the many complications that can arise from those methods of spread include endocarditis , pneumonia , or meningitis . Nonsuppurative complications: These complications arise from certain subtypes of group A streptococci that cause an autoimmune response in the body through what has been termed molecular mimicry . In these cases, the antibodies which
4664-436: The bumps are typically larger, the skin less like sandpaper, and the perioral pallor less obvious. The palms and soles are spared. The reddened skin blanches when pressure is applied to it. The skin may feel itchy, but is not painful. A more intense redness on the inside of skin folds and creases might be noticed. These are lines of petechiae , appearing as pink/red areas located in arm pits and elbow pits. It takes around
4752-543: The carboxy terminus of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins B and C1. Streptococcal phages other than T12 may also carry the speA gene. Although the presentation of scarlet fever can be clinically diagnosed, further testing may be required to distinguish it from other illnesses. Also, history of a recent exposure to someone with strep throat can be useful in diagnosis. There are two methods used to confirm suspicion of scarlet fever; rapid antigen detection test and throat culture . The rapid antigen detection test
4840-533: The chromosome. The T12 virus itself has not been placed into a taxon by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses . It has a double-stranded DNA genome and on morphological grounds appears to be a member of the Siphoviridae . The speA gene was cloned and sequenced in 1986. It is 753 base pairs in length and encodes a 29.244 kilodalton (kDa) protein . The protein contains
4928-619: The desquamation, the skin will be left with a sunburned appearance. Children younger than five years old may have atypical presentations. Children younger than 3 years old can present with nasal congestion and a lower grade fever. Infants may present with symptoms of increased irritability and decreased appetite. The complications, which can arise from scarlet fever when left untreated or inadequately treated, can be divided into two categories: suppurative and nonsuppurative. Suppurative complications: These are rare complications that arise either from direct spread to structures that are close to
5016-489: The development of Fleetwood, he agreed to lease his ancestral home of Rossall Hall to the school for 21 years, with the option of buying it for £7,000 after ten years. The Northern Church of England Boarding School, renamed Rossall College under the reign of William Osborne, opened on 22 August 1844, Initial problems were not unusual for boarding schools of the time, though Rossall nearly shut down in its infancy because of huge outbreaks of scarlet fever . The foundation stone to
5104-569: The disease in the medical literature appeared in the 1553 book De Tumoribus praeter Naturam by the Sicilian anatomist and physician Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia , where he referred to it as rossalia . He also made a point to distinguish that this presentation had different characteristics from measles . It was redescribed by Johann Weyer during an epidemic in lower Germany between 1564 and 1565; he referred to it as scarlatina anginosa . The first unequivocal description of scarlet fever appeared in
5192-507: The end of World War II. Antibiotics to combat the streptococcal infection are the mainstay of treatment for scarlet fever. Prompt administration of appropriate antibiotics decreases the length of illness. Peeling of the outer layer of skin, however, will happen despite treatment. One of the main goals of treatment is to prevent the child from developing one of the suppurative or nonsuppurative complications, especially acute rheumatic fever. As long as antibiotics are started within nine days, it
5280-490: The erythematous reaction characteristic of scarlet fever, proving that this reaction was due to a toxin. Karelitz and Stempien discovered that extracts from human serum globulin and placental globulin can be used as lightening agents for scarlet fever and this was used later as the basis for the Dick test. The association of scarlet fever and bacteriophages was described in 1926 by Cantacuzène ( Ioan Cantacuzino ) and Bonciu. There
5368-511: The future because vaccine formulations can target multiple subtypes of the bacteria. A vaccine developed by George and Gladys Dick in 1924 was discontinued due to poor efficacy and the introduction of antibiotics. Difficulties in vaccine development include the considerable strain variety of group A streptococci present in the environment and the amount of time and number of people needed for appropriate trials for safety and efficacy of any potential vaccine. There have been several attempts to create
SECTION 60
#17327834768075456-611: The gym which still stands. In 1874 Rossall became the first Church of England school to play a Catholic school in an inter-school sports fixture, at cricket, leading Protestant newspapers to warn against such activities and advise Rossall parents to be wary of encroaching papism (the school in question was Stonyhurst College ). Two decades later, roughly one hundred O.R.s served in the Boer War, nearly half of them winning distinctions or mentions in despatches . Seventeen old boys died in active service, all of whom are now commemorated in
5544-400: The highest class, and to do all things necessary, incidental, or conducive to the attainment of the above objects." Along with Cheltenham , Lancing and Marlborough , Rossall was part of a flurry of expansion in public school education during the early Victorian period . Set in a 161-acre (0.65 km) estate next to Rossall Beach, and now with about 900 students, Rossall is a member of
5632-481: The long term, the schools could be funded by a form of tontine insurance scheme, whereby the cost to educate children who reached their teenage years was offset by those who had died in infancy. Vantini called a meeting at the North Euston Hotel to discuss the foundation of the schools with local businessmen and clergy. It was decided that any school that was to be founded would be directly affiliated to
5720-814: The medieval and Renaissance owners of the site; the Hesketh Family for the Anglican family who acquired the sequestered property of the Roman Catholic Allens during the English Reformation ; the Fleetwood family who intermarried with the Heskeths and became the most recent owners of the site prior to the original loan of Rossall Hall for the opening of the school by their last representative, Sir Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood ; and
5808-618: The name to its current one, Streptococcus pyogenes, after further looking at the bacteria in the skin lesions. The organism was first cultured in 1883 by the German surgeon Friedrich Fehleisen from erysipelas lesions. Also in 1884, the German physician Friedrich Loeffler was the first to show the presence of streptococci in the throats of people with scarlet fever. Because not all people with pharyngeal streptococci developed scarlet fever, these findings remained controversial for some time. The association between streptococci and scarlet fever
5896-463: The neck. During the first two days of illness the tongue may have a whitish coating from which red swollen papillae protrude, giving the appearance of a "white strawberry tongue". After four to five days when the white coating sheds it becomes a "red strawberry tongue". The symptomatic appearance of the tongue is part of the rash that is characteristic of scarlet fever. The characteristic rash has been denoted as "scarlatiniform", and it appears as
5984-658: The oldest cadet corps in the UK. Through the Cadet Vocational Qualifications Organisation ( CVQO ) the School CCF offers cadets (aged 16–19) and above the opportunity to gain internationally recognised BTEC First Diploma qualifications in Public Services and Music. Each BTEC First Diploma is the equivalent of 4 GCSEs, grade C – A*. Many notable people have studied at Rossall over the years. The school alumni society
6072-437: The organisation. When initial assessments were being made for the feasibility of restoring the observatory, both the telescope and observatory were in a poor condition as a result of years of neglect and an arson attempt by some local children. The telescope is made predominantly from brass and thus suffered minimal corrosion and damage. Most importantly the lens of the telescope survived unscathed allowing for restoration. This
6160-731: The outbreak of the Second World War Rossall had made plans to accommodate Westminster School however these plans were scrapped when the government requisitioned the campus for several departments of the Office of Works , the Board of Education and the Ministry of Pensions . As a result, the school moved to Naworth Castle . The government departments put up prefabricated buildings and found other premises close by as soon as possible, and left in 1940. The school returned and took in
6248-486: The parish priest of Fleetwood, took over. Beechey set about finding the funds required to set up such a school. Beechey got the financial support of Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood , The Earl of Derby as patron, the Duke of Devonshire as vice-president and John Bird Sumner , then Bishop of Chester and later Archbishop of Canterbury , as visitor. As a result of Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood's financial problems from over-investing in
6336-452: The past century. There have been several reported outbreaks of the disease in various countries in the past decade. The reason for these increases remains unclear in the medical community. Between 2013 and 2016 population rates of scarlet fever in England increased from 8.2 to 33.2 per 100,000 and hospital admissions for scarlet fever increased by 97%. Further increases in the reporting of scarlet fever cases have been noted in England during
6424-460: The person's immune system developed to attack the group A streptococci are also able to attack the person's own tissues. The following complications result, depending on which tissues in the person's body are targeted by those antibodies. Strep throat spreads by close contact among people, via respiratory droplets (for example, saliva or nasal discharge). A person in close contact with another person infected with group A streptococcal pharyngitis has
6512-404: The person's immune system. Although the body responds to the toxins it encounters by making antibodies, those antibodies will only protect against that particular subset of toxins. They will not necessarily completely protect a person from future group A streptococcal infections, because there are 12 different pyrogenic exotoxins that may be produced by the disease, and future infections may produce
6600-401: The primary site of infection, or spread through the lymphatic system or blood. In the first case, scarlet fever may spread to the pharynx. Possible problems from this method of spread include peritonsillar or retropharyngeal abscesses, cellulitis , mastoiditis , or sinusitis . In the second case, the streptococcal infection may spread through the lymphatic system or the blood to areas of
6688-491: The school at the time. This was erected in 1867, under the reign of William Osborne, with the foundation stone being laid by William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire . It is believed to have been designed by Edward Graham Paley . It is clearly modelled on the entrance gates of the Oxbridge colleges and originally had large wooden doors which were locked at night; these have since been removed for improvements in access. In
6776-550: The school chapel, now the Sumner Library, was laid in 1848 by the first ever Bishop of Manchester , James Prince Lee – the diocese having only been created that same year. Rossall's swift and successful development can be seen by its inclusion in the book The Great Schools of England (1865). The current chapel was constructed in the 1860s and the school underwent further development from the 1880s to 1900 to accommodate more students and to create further facilities such as
6864-508: The skin manifestation of the infection. These toxin-producing strains cause scarlet fever in people who do not already have antitoxin antibodies . Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins – SPEs A, B, C. and F have been identified. The pyrogenic exotoxins, also called erythrogenic toxins , cause the erythematous rash of scarlet fever. The strains of group A streptococcus that cause scarlet fever need specific bacteriophages for there to be pyrogenic exotoxin production. Specifically, bacteriophage T12
6952-621: The stalls of the school chapel. Rossall was widely considered to be in top 30 public schools in the UK by the end of Queen Victoria 's reign also earning itself a place in the Public Schools Yearbook and the Public School News section of the Cambridge Review . Despite some financial difficulties as a result of fund embezzling by a bursar, by the end of the 1920s Rossall's academic results were amongst
7040-721: The telescope is 6.5 inches and it has a focal length of f/13.5. The project has been funded by the Lawrence House Trust and predominantly run by Nick Lister, originally the head of design and technology at the school and now Astronomer in Residence. Lister is a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society and was appointed as vice-president of the Association for Astronomy Education , where he succeeded Dr Robert Massey, who became president of
7128-450: The turn of the millennium. Rossall has since had more investment than previously, with the boarding houses including Maltese Cross having undergone varying degrees of refurbishment. The middle school now runs from years 7 to 9, one year longer than traditionally. As a part of the modernising of the school the IB was introduced as an alternative to A-Levels in 1998, being only the 3rd school in
7216-480: The virulence of the bacteria. In recent years, there have been signs of antibiotic resistance ; there was an outbreak in Hong Kong in 2011 and in the UK in 2014, and occurrence of the disease rose by 68% in the UK between 2014 and 2018. Research published in October 2020 showed that infection of the bacterium by three viruses has led to more virulent strains of the bacterium. Scarlet fever typically presents with
7304-435: The winter and spring months, typically in colder climates. The morbidity and mortality of scarlet fever has declined since the 18th and 19th centuries when there were epidemics of this disease. Around 1900 the mortality rate in multiple places reached 25%. The improvement in prognosis can be attributed to the use of penicillin in the treatment of this disease. The frequency of scarlet fever cases has also been declining over
7392-531: The years, Rossall has adapted itself to changing attitudes in education, and was the first school in the UK to have a Combined Cadet Force and one of the first to introduce the International Baccalaureate and host a dedicated international study centre on campus. The idea of founding a boarding school on the Fylde coast originates with a Corsican man named Zenon Vantini. As the owner of
7480-693: Was also an outbreak in the UK in 2014, and the National Health Service reported a 68% increase in the number of S. pyogenes identified in laboratory reports between 2014 and 2018. New research published in October 2020 indicates that the bacterium appears to be getting more robust after being infected with viruses, specifically the North-East Asian serotype M12 (emm12) (group A Streptococcus, GAS). They found three new genes, acquired from viruses, which cause development of " superantigens " targeting white blood cells , resulting in
7568-788: Was carried out at first by several dedicated parents and governors of the school, amongst them Syd Little . Soon after the basic restoration ideas were raised for a larger project allowing the teaching of astronomy on a larger scale. After getting clearance from the original owners of the telescope to go ahead with the project, Rossall was given funds from the Lawrence House Trust, an educational charity, to go forward with their plans. The centre had an official opening on 26 September 2006 with Old Rossallian and former Astronomer Royal Sir Francis Graham Smith in attendance. [REDACTED] Media related to Rossall School at Wikimedia Commons Day school A day school — as opposed to
7656-403: Was confirmed by Alphonse Dochez and George and Gladys Dick in the early 1900s. Also in 1884, the world's first convalescent home for people with scarlet fever was opened at Brockley Hill, Stanmore, founded by Mary Wardell . Nil Filatov (in 1895) and Clement Dukes (in 1894) described an exanthematous disease which they thought was a form of rubella , but in 1900, Dukes described it as
7744-406: Was written by Thomas Sydenham , an English physician. In 1827, Richard Bright was the first to recognize the involvement of the renal system in scarlet fever. The association between streptococci and disease was first described in 1874 by Theodor Billroth , discussing people with skin infections. Billroth also coined the genus name Streptococcus . In 1884 Friedrich Julius Rosenbach edited
#806193