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145-519: Rathfarnham ( Irish : Ráth Fearnáin , meaning 'Fearnán's ringfort ') is a southside suburb of Dublin , Ireland in County Dublin . It is south of Terenure , east of Templeogue , and is in the postal districts of Dublin 14 and 16 . It is between the local government areas of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown and South Dublin . Located within the historical baronies of Rathdown and Uppercross, Rathfarnham village originally developed around

290-547: A unique dialect of Irish developed before falling out of use in the early 20th century. With a writing system , Ogham , dating back to at least the 4th century AD, which was gradually replaced by Latin script since the 5th century AD, Irish has one of the oldest vernacular literatures in Western Europe . On the island, the language has three major dialects: Connacht , Munster and Ulster Irish . All three have distinctions in their speech and orthography . There

435-749: A Catholic loyalist, repeatedly imprisoned, but finally released and knighted, by Elizabeth I and created baronet by James I of England . Sir John Travers of Monkstown (Carrickbrennan), County Dublin, was a connection of the Earl of Kildare . He was Master of the Ordnance and a Groom of the Chambers. He married Genet Preston, and during the period 1545 to 1551 received many grants of land, including Rathmore and part of Haynestown (east of Naas ), Tomogue, and estates in County Carlow . In 1589 Mary petitioned for

580-717: A bargaining chip during government formation in Northern Ireland, prompting protests from organisations and groups such as An Dream Dearg . Irish became an official language of the EU on 1 January 2007, meaning that MEPs with Irish fluency can now speak the language in the European Parliament and at committees, although in the case of the latter they have to give prior notice to a simultaneous interpreter in order to ensure that what they say can be interpreted into other languages. While an official language of

725-575: A better future for Ireland and all her citizens." The Strategy was produced on 21 December 2010 and will stay in action until 2030; it aims to target language vitality and revitalization of the Irish language. The 30-page document published by the Government of Ireland details the objectives it plans to work towards in an attempt to preserve and promote both the Irish language and the Gaeltacht. It

870-478: A cultural and social force. Irish speakers often insisted on using the language in law courts (even when they knew English), and Irish was also common in commercial transactions. The language was heavily implicated in the "devotional revolution" which marked the standardisation of Catholic religious practice and was also widely used in a political context. Down to the time of the Great Famine and even afterwards,

1015-553: A degree course in the NUI federal system to pass the subject of Irish in the Leaving Certificate or GCE / GCSE examinations. Exemptions are made from this requirement for students who were born or completed primary education outside of Ireland, and students diagnosed with dyslexia . NUI Galway is required to appoint people who are competent in the Irish language, as long as they are also competent in all other aspects of

1160-404: A dormitory and the stables opening off an enclosed square became classrooms. In "The Story of a Success" Pearse tells of the realisation of one of his life's ambitions and it was from here that he set off for the city on his bicycle for the last time on Easter Sunday 1916. After the rising, the college continued to function under the care of Margaret Pearse until it finally closed down in 1935. After

1305-553: A few years. When Grierson moved to his new abode in Woodtown in 1800 the house remained unoccupied until 1821 , when it was purchased by the Most Rev. Dr Murray for the newly founded Loreto Order. The foundress Rev. Mother Mary Teresa Ball made a number of improvements to the place. She is said to have added a storey to the old house although there is no evidence from the exterior to support this. Many additions have been made over

1450-560: A first language in Ireland's Gaeltacht regions, in which 2% of Ireland's population lived in 2022. The total number of people (aged 3 and over) in Ireland who declared they could speak Irish in April 2022 was 1,873,997, representing 40% of respondents, but of these, 472,887 said they never spoke it and a further 551,993 said they only spoke it within the education system. Linguistic analyses of Irish speakers are therefore based primarily on

1595-737: A ford over the River Dodder . In the 13th century, no events of great importance are recorded as Rathfarnham, perhaps as it was protected on its south side by the Royal Forest of Glencree . Rathfarnham became more exposed to an attack when this deer park was overrun by the Clan O'Toole from the Wicklow Mountains in the 14th century. Located on the perimeter of the Pale (the area around Dublin under greater English control), when

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1740-465: A fortification overlooking a ford on the River Dodder. From the medieval period, Rathfarnham was on the perimeter of the Pale (the area of Anglo-Norman influence in Ireland , centred on Dublin), and a number of defensive structures were built in the area. Rathfarnham Castle , a fortified house , was built in the late 16th century. Developed around these structures, by the 19th century there were

1885-460: A fully recognised EU language for the first time in the state's history. Before Irish became an official language it was afforded the status of treaty language and only the highest-level documents of the EU were made available in Irish. The Irish language was carried abroad in the modern period by a vast diaspora , chiefly to Great Britain and North America, but also to Australia , New Zealand and Argentina . The first large movements began in

2030-450: A grotto surmounted by a tall stone pillar, a Brehon's Chair and a fanciful construction consisting of two great boulders, one balanced on top of the other, which has since been demolished. Just inside the boundary wall, he cut an inscription in Ogham on the two faces of a large rock. Translated they read: RIDENT VICINI GLEBASETS A KH A MOVENTEM EDUARDUM HUDSON . In the pretty glen adjoining

2175-399: A grove of trees, which can be seen in J. J. Reynold's photograph of 1903 but these were cut down about 1928. Sometime later the stumps were dug out and the stone slab broken up and thrown on the adjoining bank. The metal plate had already been taken by souvenir hunters. It was Sarah Curran 's desire to be buried here also but to this her father would not agree as he had come in for criticism on

2320-464: A housing development. At the end of the main street, on the right, the road to Lower Rathfarnham passes the site of the earliest Constabulary barracks. This closed down in 1890 when the establishment was transferred to a house named Leighton Lodge near Loreto Abbey. The Catholic Church of the Annunciation was erected in 1878 to replace the old chapel on Willbrook Road. Outside the church door

2465-507: A mill race taken from the stream which rises up at Kilmashogue and flows down through Grange Golf Club and Saint Enda's Park . This served several mills before entering the fish ponds, whence it ran through the golf links while a smaller branch was conducted under the road to the flour mills which stood at the corner of Butterfield Lane, on the site later occupied by Borgward Hansa Motors Ltd. Described in 1836 as Sweetman's Flour Mills, it frequently changed hands before closing down in 1887. It

2610-471: A number of gentlemen's residences were developed, including the remodelling of Rathfarnham Castle and the construction of Ashfield. Rathfarnham Castle itself was re-modelled from a defensively focused fortified house into a more comfortable stately home. Lower Dodder Road is still marked by a triumphal arch , from this era, which originally led to the castle. The erection of this gateway is attributed to Henry Loftus , Earl of Ely from 1769 to 1783 who

2755-694: A number of mills operating in the area, and Rathfarnham was still somewhat rural by the early 20th century. During the 20th century, with the expansion of metropolitan Dublin, Rathfarnham became a largely residential suburban area. The population of all electoral divisions labelled as Rathfarnham was 23,276 as of the 2022 census. Rathfarnham is a civil parish in the historical baronies of Rathdown and Uppercross. The civil parish contains 11 townlands . Historical sites in Rathfarnham's townlands include: Kilmashogue , Mount Venus , Tibradden and Taylors Grange . A broad definition of Rathfarnham also includes

2900-403: A paper mill here is 1719 when William Lake of Rathfarnham presented a petition for financial aid but we hear of one at Milltown as far back as 1694 . In 1751 William and Thomas Slater whose works were destroyed by fire in 1775 made paper here. Archer's survey of 1801 mentions two paper mills here, Freemans and Teelings, and both Dalton in 1836 and Lewis in 1837 state that one paper mill

3045-585: A paper suggested that within a generation, non-Gaeltacht habitual users of Irish might typically be members of an urban, middle class, and highly educated minority. Parliamentary legislation is supposed to be available in both Irish and English but is frequently only available in English. This is notwithstanding that Article 25.4 of the Constitution of Ireland requires that an "official translation" of any law in one official language be provided immediately in

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3190-487: A party from Clondalkin , and a further engagement took place at the turnpike on the Rathcoole road where the enemy was successfully repulsed. The road to Harold's Grange continues southward from Loreto Abbey . The first site is Snugborough , which has its gable end to the road. The next is Washington Lodge, its 18th-century facade hidden by shrubbery. In later years new avenues have been laid out here on both sides of

3335-575: A pass in Leaving Certificate Irish or English, and receive lessons in Irish during their two years of training. Official documents of the Irish government must be published in both Irish and English or Irish alone (in accordance with the Official Languages Act 2003, enforced by An Coimisinéir Teanga , the Irish language ombudsman). The National University of Ireland requires all students wishing to embark on

3480-407: A relic of Lord Ely 's occupation of Rathfarnham Castle. The entrance to this curious structure is by a low door on a level with the ground and the inside is lined from floor to roof with holes for the pigeons. A later floor was inserted halfway up, so as to make two rooms, and a second door was broken through the wall at that level. In the castle grounds were several fish ponds which were supplied by

3625-625: A religious context. An Irish translation of the Old Testament by Leinsterman Muircheartach Ó Cíonga , commissioned by Bishop Bedell , was published after 1685 along with a translation of the New Testament. Otherwise, Anglicisation was seen as synonymous with 'civilising' the native Irish. Currently, modern day Irish speakers in the church are pushing for language revival. It has been estimated that there were around 800,000 monoglot Irish speakers in 1800, which dropped to 320,000 by

3770-572: A very high academic profile but it also focuses considerable attention on music, drama and art. The college caters for a wide range of academic abilities and provides an excellent special-needs service for children with mild learning deficits. The geographical layout of the college does not accommodate or facilitate wheelchairs. Rathfarnham is home to several notable historic buildings, including Rathfarnham Castle and Loreto Abbey , four parks: Marlay Park , Dodder Park , St Enda's and Bushy Park , and several pubs including The Eden, Buglers, Revels and

3915-545: A wider meaning, including the Gaelic of Scotland and the Isle of Man , as well as of Ireland. When required by the context, these are distinguished as Gaeilge na hAlban , Gaeilge Mhanann and Gaeilge na hÉireann respectively. In English (including Hiberno-English ), the language is usually referred to as Irish , as well as Gaelic and Irish Gaelic . The term Irish Gaelic may be seen when English speakers discuss

4060-414: Is a primitive type of font on a pedestal bearing the inscription FONT USED IN MASS HOUSE OF PENAL TIMES IN PARISH OF RATHFARNHAM FROM 1732 . The appearance of this font would suggest that it was originally a stone bullaun dating back to a period much earlier than the penal times. On the opposite corner is the well-known Yellow House, a licensed premises built near the site of an inn of the same name which

4205-452: Is also An Caighdeán Oifigiúil , a standardised written form devised by a parliamentary commission in the 1950s. The traditional Irish alphabet , a variant of the Latin alphabet with 18 letters , has been succeeded by the standard Latin alphabet (albeit with 7–8 letters used primarily in loanwords ). Irish has constitutional status as the national and first official language of

4350-511: Is divided into four separate phases with the intention of improving 9 main areas of action including: The general goal for this strategy was to increase the number of daily speakers from 83,000 to 250,000 by the end of its run. By 2022, the number of such speakers had fallen to 71,968. Before the partition of Ireland in 1921, Irish was recognised as a school subject and as "Celtic" in some third level institutions. Between 1921 and 1972, Northern Ireland had devolved government. During those years

4495-726: Is gone and all that remains of the south wall is an arched opening. Near the entrance to the burial ground is the grave of Captain James Kelly, an old Fenian who was associated with the Fenian Rising of 1867 . He was the organiser for the Rathfarnham district and was known in the area as 'The Knight of Glendoo'. On one occasion when he was on the run he was hiding in the cellar of his business premises in Wicklow Street when police raided it. An employee named James Fitzpatrick who strongly resembled Capt. Kelly in appearance

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4640-576: Is home to red fox , rabbits and grey squirrels . Ashfield, the next house on the same side, was occupied during the 18th century by Protestant clergy. In the early part of the 19th century, it became the home of Sir William Cusac Smith , Baron of the Exchequer and from 1841 of the Tottenham family who continued in residence until 1913. After this the Brooks of Brooks Thomas Ltd. occupied it until

4785-618: Is marked on Taylor 's map of 1816. (The Catholic Church of the Annunciation (see above) is on the site of the original Yellow House). A tradition has been recorded by Mr Hammond that in 1798 a Michael Eades, who sheltered wanted men in his house, owned it. It was also frequented by the soldiers of the Rathfarnham Guard whose careless talk was carefully noted by the United Irishmen hiding on the premises. In 1804, when

4930-515: Is named the "Ely Cloth Factory". A Mr Murray then owned it but in 1850, it passed into the hands of Mr Nickson who converted it into a flour mill. His family continued in occupation until 1875 when John Lennox took over. In 1880 this mill closed down, the buildings were demolished and not a trace now remains. Rathfarnham contains the start of the R115 road . The road, constructed through the Wicklow Mountains and still in use primarily for tourist traffic

5075-587: Is only in Gaeltacht areas that Irish continues to be spoken as a community vernacular to some extent. According to data compiled by the Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht , Sport and Media , only 1/4 of households in Gaeltacht areas are fluent in Irish. The author of a detailed analysis of the survey, Donncha Ó hÉallaithe of the Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology , described

5220-412: Is still spoken daily to some extent as a first language . These regions are known individually and collectively as the Gaeltacht (plural Gaeltachtaí ). While the fluent Irish speakers of these areas, whose numbers have been estimated at 20–30,000, are a minority of the total number of fluent Irish speakers, they represent a higher concentration of Irish speakers than other parts of the country and it

5365-666: The Fíor-Ghaeltacht (true Gaeltacht ), a term originally officially applied to areas where over 50% of the population spoke Irish. There are Gaeltacht regions in the following counties: Gweedore ( Gaoth Dobhair ), County Donegal, is the largest Gaeltacht parish in Ireland. Irish language summer colleges in the Gaeltacht are attended by tens of thousands of teenagers annually. Students live with Gaeltacht families, attend classes, participate in sports, go to céilithe and are obliged to speak Irish. All aspects of Irish culture and tradition are encouraged. The Act

5510-579: The Battle of Rathmines . However, they were granted it back by the English parliamentarians after their victory in that battle. Reputedly, Oliver Cromwell stayed in Rathfarnham Castle on his way south to the Siege of Wexford . Economic activity in Rathfarnham was stepped up in the 17th century, and the village was granted a patent in 1618 to hold horse and cattle fairs. From the early 18th century

5655-610: The Dodder at the Big Bridge, now Pearse Bridge, and re-crossed it again near Oldbawn , an unnecessarily inconvenient route, considering that a road through Templeogue to Oldbawn would not necessitate any crossing. The first record of a bridge being built here was in 1381 and in 1652 it was described by Gerard Boate in his A Natural History of Ireland as a wooden bridge which 'though it be high and strong nevertheless hath several times been quite broke and carried away through

5800-530: The Gaelic nobility of Ireland and rebellious Anglo-Irish magnates, the government levied a military tax, known as the cess, upon the Pale. Troops were also billeted upon the Palesmen. This drew increasingly vociferous complaints from both the Pale's gentry, merchants, and commons. Before Baltinglass's rebellion, their discontent was rife. This Pale community opposed government demands on their assets to maintain its military policy. Viscount Roland, James's father,

5945-536: The Goidelic language group of the Insular Celtic sub branch of the family and is indigenous to the island of Ireland . It was the majority of the population's first language until the 19th century, when English gradually became dominant, particularly in the last decades of the century, in what is sometimes characterised as a result of linguistic imperialism . Today, Irish is still commonly spoken as

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6090-571: The Irish-speaking Clans of the Wicklow Mountains and an English-speaking army from the Pale was a new development in the long history of uprisings against both the House of Plantagenet and the House of Tudor in Ireland. What this alliance symbolized terrified the government and was to be repeated many times in uprisings to come. News of this soon reached the ears of Ormonde, James Eustace's brother-in-law , (Edmund Butler, brother of

6235-631: The Republic of Ireland , and is also an official language of Northern Ireland and among the official languages of the European Union . The public body Foras na Gaeilge is responsible for the promotion of the language throughout the island. Irish has no regulatory body but An Caighdeán Oifigiúil , the standard written form, is guided by a parliamentary service and new vocabulary by a voluntary committee with university input. In An Caighdeán Oifigiúil ("The Official [Written] Standard ")

6380-726: The Second Desmond Rebellion of 1579–1583. The Eustace lands at Rathfarnham were then granted to the Loftus family, who built a fortified house on the site of an earlier structure. In the 1640s, the Loftus family was at the centre of the Irish Confederate Wars arising out of the Irish Rebellion of 1641 . In 1649 , the castle was seized by the Earl of Ormonde's Catholic and Royalist forces before

6525-668: The Whitechurch road he erected a sort of temple with several small chambers and flights of steps. The estate was at that time known as the "Fields of Oden" and is so-called on maps of the period. Within the grounds also, at the corner nearest to Whitechurch is an obelisk , stated to have been erected by a former owner, Major Doyne , over the grave of a horse that carried him through the Battle of Waterloo . The date however of Major Doyne's occupation does not support this. Meanwhile, Pádraig Pearse wrote in An Macaomh that "a monument in

6670-574: The religious persecution of the Catholic Church in Ireland upon their return. In 1579, Gerald FitzGerald , 15th Earl of Desmond , took up arms in Munster for a second time against the Queen, in the so-called Second Desmond Rebellion . Elizabeth I appointed Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond to deal with the rebellion. This he eventually did, but with ruthless and terrible severity. During

6815-634: The 17th century, largely as a result of the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland , which saw many Irish sent to the West Indies . Irish emigration to the United States was well established by the 18th century, and was reinforced in the 1840s by thousands fleeing from the Famine . This flight also affected Britain. Up until that time most emigrants spoke Irish as their first language, though English

6960-405: The 1960s to link up with Churchtown . The old quiet tree-shaded avenue has been completely swept away, along with the narrow lanes, a cramped passage bounded on both sides by towering walls and full of right-angled bends, which wended its crooked course between Loreto Convent cemetery and the garden of Nutgrove House. A massive gateway stood at the entrance to this avenue until about 1911, which bore

7105-555: The 1990s when the estate was divided up and houses built along the main road. A new road was later built along the side of the house and named Brookvale after the last occupants. New industries, especially the production of paper, developed on the Owendoher and Dodder rivers, and many mills were erected during the 18th and 19th centuries. During the 19th century, a number of them switched to cotton and wool and later were converted to flour mills. The introduction of steam engines marked

7250-789: The 1998 Good Friday Agreement , the language gradually received a degree of formal recognition in Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom, and then, in 2003, by the British government's ratification in respect of the language of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . In the 2006 St Andrews Agreement the British government promised to enact legislation to promote the language and in 2022 it approved legislation to recognise Irish as an official language alongside English. The bill received royal assent on 6 December 2022. The Irish language has often been used as

7395-403: The 6th century, used the Latin alphabet and is attested primarily in marginalia to Latin manuscripts. During this time, the Irish language absorbed some Latin words, some via Old Welsh , including ecclesiastical terms : examples are easpag (bishop) from episcopus , and Domhnach (Sunday, from dominica ). By the 10th century, Old Irish had evolved into Middle Irish , which

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7540-571: The Act all detailing different aspects of the use of Irish in official documentation and communication. Included in these sections are subjects such as Irish language use in official courts, official publications, and placenames. The Act was recently amended in December 2019 in order to strengthen the already preexisting legislation. All changes made took into account data collected from online surveys and written submissions. The Official Languages Scheme

7685-521: The Catholic cause, but when they had completed the long march of 150 miles to Naas were taken prisoner and massacred. The scene of this massacre, on the southern edge of the town, is still called Spaniards Cross or Foad Spaniagh . Baltinglass and his followers were outlawed and forty-five of them were hanged in Dublin. James Eustace escaped to Munster, where Desmond was still in revolt, and thence, with

7830-575: The Earl of Ormonde, had married Eleanor Eustace, Baltinglass's sister) who sent him a severe warning, for which we have Baltinglass's defiant reply, later produced in evidence against him. At first, the revolt was successful, and on 25 August 1580, a severe defeat was inflicted upon the troops of the Lord Deputy in the Wicklow Mountains at the Battle of Glenmalure . The Annals of the Four Masters states that "the entire extent of country from

7975-514: The English presence began to shrink after the 14th century, Rathfarnham "came to be on the front lines" and a number of defensive structures were built to protect the area from incursions by Gaelic Irish families. The site of Rathfarnham Castle , and much of the land around Rathfarnham, belonged to the Eustace family, Viscounts of Baltinglass . However, their property was confiscated, from James Eustace, 3rd Viscount Baltinglass , for his support of

8120-471: The European Union , only co-decision regulations were available until 2022, due to a five-year derogation, requested by the Irish Government when negotiating the language's new official status. The Irish government had committed itself to train the necessary number of translators and interpreters and to bear the related costs. This derogation ultimately came to an end on 1 January 2022, making Irish

8265-463: The Eustace family of Baltinglass. However, this estate was also confiscated for their part in the Second Desmond Rebellion of 1579–83. Rathfarnham castle and its lands were instead granted to the Viscount 's mortal enemy, Archbishop Adam Loftus . The title was revived in 1685, when Colonel Richard Talbot, of Carton , was created Viscount Baltinglass, but he died without an heir six years later. It

8410-613: The FitzEustaces later became disillusioned. Baltinglass's circle included the Pale families of Plunkett, Dillon, Aylmer, Fitzsimon, Sedgrave and Nugent. Within this circle, discontent increased and the Baltinglass revolt was first conceived. Previously for airing his views James had earned a night in jail, a sermon, a fine and the lasting enmity of Adam Loftus , the Protestant Archbishop of Dublin. James Eustace

8555-549: The Irish language policy followed by Irish governments as a "complete and absolute disaster". The Irish Times , referring to his analysis published in the Irish language newspaper Foinse , quoted him as follows: "It is an absolute indictment of successive Irish Governments that at the foundation of the Irish State there were 250,000 fluent Irish speakers living in Irish-speaking or semi Irish-speaking areas, but

8700-581: The Pale withdrew from English universities and pursued their education in Catholic Europe. Within the walls of these continental colleges the Classics , Medieval Scholasticism , Renaissance humanism , Counter-Reformation theology, Baroque art , and Baroque literature dominated. Catholic Palesmen were profoundly affected by their exposure to the intellectual and cultural flowering. Their education made them more determined to both defy and to resist

8845-620: The Republic of Ireland ), new appointees to the Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland , including postal workers , tax collectors , agricultural inspectors, Garda Síochána (police), etc., were required to have some proficiency in Irish. By law, a Garda who was addressed in Irish had to respond in Irish as well. In 1974, in part through the actions of protest organisations like the Language Freedom Movement ,

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8990-533: The Slaney to the Shannon and from the Boyne to the meeting of the Three Waters became one scene of strife and dissension". But Baltinglass and O'Byrne never coordinated their efforts with those of Earl Desmond, and in any case, had started too late. There was desultory fighting for nearly a year, but with no large engagement, and the Baltinglass troops overran a large area doing great damage, but were then hopelessly overpowered. A force of Spaniards and Italians had landed at Smerwick , County Kerry, in order to assist

9135-413: The Viscounts (later Earls) of Aldborough. Harristown, Rochestown and Calverstown were granted in about 1590 to John Eustace of Castlemartin. The Baltinglass, house in Dublin and a lease of New Abbey, Kilcullen, were granted to Edmund Spenser , the poet, who was Secretary to the Lord Deputy, Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton . Rathfarnham Castle and much of the land around Rathfarnham also belonged to

9280-427: The Yellow House, passes the head of Glencree , with a spur down that valley to Enniskerry , rises to the Sally Gap and then dips down to Laragh , over the hills into Glenmalure , and finishes at Aghavannagh . Well-known sections also include the Featherbed Mountain , the section below Kippure Mountain . The total distance was 34 Irish miles, of which the spur to Enniskerry was 5 Irish miles. The engineer in charge

9425-423: The accounts of the burial state that it was made in a vault and it is therefore surprising and disappointing that no evidence whatever was found and there does not seem to be any obvious explanation for it. The builders, Messrs Gallaghers Ltd. were commended for their interest in this aspect of the site and their painstaking excavation work under the supervision of Mr Leslie Black was expertly carried out. The priory

9570-513: The aid of the Wexford Martyrs , to Spain. He was well received, and only just failed to persuade King Philip II of Spain to provide sufficient troops and ships to invade Ireland. He died there childless in 1585. The fates of his five brothers were as follows: Among the other Eustaces from County Kildare who took part were Maurice of Castlemartin and Thomas of Kerdiffstown (near Sallins ), who were both executed, and John of Newland and Oliver of Blackhall, Clane , who were eventually pardoned, as

9715-577: The beginning of the following academic year. For a number of years there has been vigorous debate in political, academic and other circles about the failure of most students in English-medium schools to achieve competence in Irish, even after fourteen years of teaching as one of the three main subjects. The concomitant decline in the number of traditional native speakers has also been a cause of great concern. In 2007, filmmaker Manchán Magan found few Irish speakers in Dublin , and faced incredulity when trying to get by speaking only Irish in Dublin. He

9860-400: The death of Margaret Pearse in 1968 St Enda's passed into the hands of the state and has since been opened as a public park and home of the Pearse Museum . Directly opposite St Enda's was Priory, the home of John Philpot Curran , at the time of Emmet's rising. The house was formerly named Holly Park but when Curran bought it in 1790 he changed the name to Priory. He lived here for 27 years at

10005-453: The death of his father, James Eustace lodged complaints against the religious persecution of the Catholic Church in Ireland and the illegal taxation ordered by the Lord Deputy, Sir Henry Sidney . He and other leading Catholics were imprisoned in 1577, and he was released only just in time to assume his title the next year. Much of their resentment was directed against policies pursued by Queen's officials. To finance military campaigns against

10150-414: The end of the famine, and under 17,000 by 1911. Irish is recognised by the Constitution of Ireland as the national and first official language of Republic of Ireland (English being the other official language). Despite this, almost all government business and legislative debate is conducted in English. In 1938, the founder of Conradh na Gaeilge (Gaelic League), Douglas Hyde , was inaugurated as

10295-407: The end of this era and replaced the need for mills. Many of the old buildings fell into disrepair and were demolished, and their millraces filled in. A millpond and extensive mill buildings formerly occupied the low-lying fields on the west side of the main Rathfarnham road, just beside the bridge. On a map by Frizell dated 1779, it is called the "Widow Clifford's mill and mill holding" and in 1843 it

10440-417: The estate. He built a small watchtower inside the boundary wall near the entrance gate and further along, a hermit's cave, a dolmen, a ruined abbey and beside a deep well, a tiny chamber with a stone bench and a narrow fireplace. At the corner of the road to Whitechurch the loopholed and crenulated structure, known as the "Fortification" or "Emmet's Fort" was another of his creations. South of the house, he built

10585-408: The field with the United Irishmen . The insurgents were attacked by the local yeomanry corps but were able to defend themselves and the yeomanry was forced to retreat. A party of regular troops was then sent against them and a stiff encounter took place. A number of the insurgents were killed or wounded and some prisoners were taken including Keogh and Ledwich. The survivors retreated, joining up with

10730-560: The first President of Ireland . The record of his delivering his inaugural Declaration of Office in Roscommon Irish is one of only a few recordings of that dialect. In the 2016 census, 10.5% of respondents stated that they spoke Irish, either daily or weekly, while over 70,000 people (4.2%) speak it as a habitual daily means of communication. From the foundation of the Irish Free State in 1922 (see History of

10875-462: The goldsmith ('Aurifaber') held at Canterbury Cathedral Archives. In 1199 , these lands were granted to Milo le Bret , and he adapted an existing ridge to build a motte and bailey fort at what is now the start of the Braemor Road. Le Bret later established a more permanent fortified settlement on the site of the (later) Rathfarnham Castle and a village grew up around it on a site overlooking

11020-457: The grounds of the Priory and over the grave, he placed a recumbent slab, on which was fixed a metal plate bearing the inscription: The position of the grave was clearly marked on the early editions of the O.S. maps. It was about midway along the northern boundary of the corner field facing the fortification, on the north side of the boundary bank and a few yards from it. It was formerly enclosed by

11165-438: The house, shorn of its ornamental gardens, stood with its front against the footpath. At some time the house had been disfigured with a rather unsightly concrete porch and the old brickwork covered with cement plaster, concealing the fact that this was a very interesting eighteenth-century building containing fine stairs and coved ceilings with good plaster decoration. Unfortunately, the house fell into very bad repair and eventually

11310-423: The inscription Nutgrove School Established 1802 . In 1839 the school was under the supervision of Mr Philip Jones, who continued to hold the post of principal until 1866 when the position was held by Mrs Anne Jones. In 1876 the school closed down and the house was occupied as a private residence by various tenants becoming the parish council headquarters. The new avenue was laid through the former school grounds and

11455-481: The kingdom's government. English-born Protestants increasingly occupied positions of authority. These government officers found the concept of being both Catholic and a loyal subject to be inconceivable. The persecution was further escalated in retaliation for Pope Pius V 's excommunication of Queen Elizabeth in the 1570 Papal bull Regnans in Excelsis . With growing regularity, the sons of Catholic families from

11600-525: The landmark Yellow House. Padraig Pearse established St Enda's School for Boys, which is now a museum in his honour situated in Saint Enda's Park . Irish language Irish ( Standard Irish : Gaeilge ), also known as Irish Gaelic or simply Gaelic ( / ˈ ɡ eɪ l ɪ k / GAY -lik ), is a Celtic language of the Indo-European language family . It is a member of

11745-716: The language family, is derived from the Old Irish term. Endonyms of the language in the various modern Irish dialects include: Gaeilge [ˈɡeːlʲɟə] in Galway, Gaeilg / Gaeilic / Gaeilig [ˈɡeːlʲəc] in Mayo and Ulster , Gaelainn / Gaoluinn [ˈɡeːl̪ˠən̠ʲ] in West/Cork, Kerry Munster , as well as Gaedhealaing in mid and East Kerry/Cork and Waterford Munster to reflect local pronunciation. Gaeilge also has

11890-410: The language was in use by all classes, Irish being an urban as well as a rural language. This linguistic dynamism was reflected in the efforts of certain public intellectuals to counter the decline of the language. At the end of the 19th century, they launched the Gaelic revival in an attempt to encourage the learning and use of Irish, although few adult learners mastered the language. The vehicle of

12035-476: The language. For most of recorded Irish history , Irish was the dominant language of the Irish people , who took it with them to other regions , such as Scotland and the Isle of Man , where Middle Irish gave rise to Scottish Gaelic and Manx . It was also, for a period, spoken widely across Canada , with an estimated 200,000–250,000 daily Canadian speakers of Irish in 1890. On the island of Newfoundland ,

12180-526: The mid-18th century, English was becoming a language of the Catholic middle class, the Catholic Church and public intellectuals, especially in the east of the country. Increasingly, as the value of English became apparent, parents sanctioned the prohibition of Irish in schools. Increasing interest in emigrating to the United States and Canada was also a driver, as fluency in English allowed

12325-804: The name of the language is Gaeilge , from the South Connacht form, spelled Gaedhilge prior the spelling reform of 1948, which was originally the genitive of Gaedhealg , the form used in Classical Gaelic . The modern spelling results from the deletion of the silent ⟨dh⟩ in Gaedhilge . Older spellings include Gaoidhealg [ˈɡeːʝəlˠəɡ] in Classical Gaelic and Goídelc [ˈɡoiðʲelɡ] in Old Irish . Goidelic , used to refer to

12470-427: The need to carry out this work before the site was buried forever under a concrete jungle. With the co-operation of Messrs Gallaghers, the developers, a small group undertook to investigate the site. First, the exact location was checked on the original large-scale manuscript map in the O.S., next the field was carefully chained and the site was marked to within a few feet and then a narrow trench 3 feet (0.91 m) deep

12615-469: The new immigrants to get jobs in areas other than farming. An estimated one quarter to one third of US immigrants during the Great Famine were Irish speakers. Irish was not marginal to Ireland's modernisation in the 19th century, as is often assumed. In the first half of the century there were still around three million people for whom Irish was the primary language, and their numbers alone made them

12760-668: The north side of the Abbey was formerly known as 'The Ponds', a name originating apparently from the large pond which two hundred years ago occupied the low-lying field between Loreto Terrace and Nutgrove Avenue. This area was described in Weston St John Joyce's The Neighbourhood of Dublin in 1912 as "the dilapidated locality known as the Ponds" but it has since been largely rebuilt. An old photograph from Larry O'Connor's collection shows what it looked like at that time. The last of

12905-655: The number now is between 20,000 and 30,000." In the 1920s, when the Irish Free State was founded, Irish was still a vernacular in some western coastal areas. In the 1930s, areas where more than 25% of the population spoke Irish were classified as Gaeltacht . Today, the strongest Gaeltacht areas, numerically and socially, are those of South Connemara , the west of the Dingle Peninsula , and northwest Donegal, where many residents still use Irish as their primary language. These areas are often referred to as

13050-624: The number of daily users in Ireland outside the education system, which in 2022 was 20,261 in the Gaeltacht and 51,707 outside it, totalling 71,968. In response to the 2021 census of Northern Ireland , 43,557 individuals stated they spoke Irish on a daily basis, 26,286 spoke it on a weekly basis, 47,153 spoke it less often than weekly, and 9,758 said they could speak Irish, but never spoke it. From 2006 to 2008, over 22,000 Irish Americans reported speaking Irish as their first language at home, with several times that number claiming "some knowledge" of

13195-422: The old houses were demolished in the mid-1980s. It was a very early 18th-century gabled residence named Grove Cottage. This place was the scene of a skirmish at the outbreak of the rising of 1798 . The insurgents of the south county assembled at the Ponds on 24 May 1798 under the leadership of David Keely, James Byrne, Edward Keogh and Ledwich. The latter two had been members of Lord Ely's yeomanry but had taken to

13340-503: The other official language, if not already passed in both official languages. In November 2016, RTÉ reported that over 2.3 million people worldwide were learning Irish through the Duolingo app. Irish president Michael D. Higgins officially honoured several volunteer translators for developing the Irish edition, and said the push for Irish language rights remains an "unfinished project". There are rural areas of Ireland where Irish

13485-432: The peak of his fame and here he was to endure the tragic events, which cast a shadow on his private life. First, the untimely death of his daughter Gertrude, followed by the loss of his wife, who left him for another man, and lastly the discovery of the association of his daughter Sarah Curran with Robert Emmet . Gertrude Curran died in 1792 at the age of 12 as the result of a fall from a window. Curran had her buried in

13630-557: The political party holding power in the Stormont Parliament , the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), was hostile to the language. The context of this hostility was the use of the language by nationalists. In broadcasting, there was an exclusion on the reporting of minority cultural issues, and Irish was excluded from radio and television for almost the first fifty years of the previous devolved government. After

13775-459: The possession of Major Richard Doyne , stated to be a veteran of the Waterloo . From 1872 to 1885 it was occupied by George Campbell, merchant of 58 Sackville St., and after lying vacant for a few years it was tenanted by Major Philip Doyne of the 4th Dragoon Guards . In 1891 Colonel Frederick le Mesurier , a barrister returned as occupier and in 1899 Mr. William Woodburn . St Enda's School

13920-438: The previous occasion for burying his daughter in unconsecrated ground. In this district nearly every ancient site is associated in tradition with either Sarah Curran or Robert Emmet and it has been suggested as the last resting place of Robert Emmet . In October 1979 The Hermitage estate was being developed and heavy machinery moved in to lay the roads and sewers. A Mrs Bernadette Foley of nearby Barton Drive drew attention to

14065-540: The previous twelve years. The Eustace family of Harristown, Lords of Portlester, Kilcullen and Baltinglass, were virtually obliterated. Lord James and his brothers had fought what they considered a just war , but they had been defeated and, for their failure, both their family and the Catholic Church in Ireland paid dearly. Whether James Eustace and his followers were traitors or national heroes who died fighting to save their country from what would become centuries of religious persecution , they were certainly brave men. At

14210-503: The rebellion's initial success. Fiach provided the military leadership and raised the Irish clans of Leinster , who viewed him as their Chief and their protector. Baltinglass's championing of the Catholic cause gave the revolt the extra dimension which the government so feared. Without Baltinglass's involvement, the uprising would have been looked upon merely as yet another rising of the Irish clans . It would not have received any significant aid from Catholic Palesmen. An alliance between

14355-492: The relationship between the three Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx). Gaelic is a collective term for the Goidelic languages, and when the context is clear it may be used without qualification to refer to each language individually. When the context is specific but unclear, the term may be qualified, as Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic or Manx Gaelic. Historically the name "Erse" ( / ɜːr s / URS )

14500-432: The requirement for entrance to the public service was changed to proficiency in just one official language. Nevertheless, Irish remains a required subject of study in all schools in the Republic of Ireland that receive public money (see Education in the Republic of Ireland ). Teachers in primary schools must also pass a compulsory examination called Scrúdú Cáilíochta sa Ghaeilge . As of 2005, Garda Síochána recruits need

14645-481: The return of part of her lands, which must have been extensive. With the assistance of Sir Gerald Aylmer, whom she later married, she obtained the re-possession of the Preceptory of Killerig, County Carlow. Soon after her death in 1610 this estate was shared between several grantees, but mainly Monkstown and its estates in seven counties were left to Henry Cheevers, her sister Katherine's second son. In 1576, before

14790-647: The revival was the Gaelic League ( Conradh na Gaeilge ), and particular emphasis was placed on the folk tradition, which in Irish is particularly rich. Efforts were also made to develop journalism and a modern literature. Although it has been noted that the Catholic Church played a role in the decline of the Irish language before the Gaelic Revival, the Protestant Church of Ireland also made only minor efforts to encourage use of Irish in

14935-409: The road level. It was 9 ft (2.7 m) wide and built of great blocks crossing the course of the river. Cut into the surface of the stone were a number of deep parallel grooves, as from the action of wheeled traffic over a long period. This was evidence of the existence here of a busy thoroughfare even before the construction of the earliest bridge. Next to Ashfield is the old graveyard containing

15080-579: The road. Barton Drive, on the left, occupies the site of a house named Barton Lodge (occupied by William Conlan, a brewer in Dublin, until his death in 1829 - his daughter married into the local Hodgens family, who in the 1870s donated the lands for the Church of the Annunciation). On the other side is Silveracre , once the home of Dr Henthorn Todd , Professor of Hebrew in Trinity College , who

15225-425: The ruins of a church that was dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul . This was a medieval church used for Protestant worship until 1795 when it was found to be too small for the congregation and a new one was erected a short way off. The end walls of the old church still stand, the west gable containing a bell turret and the east pierced by a chancel arch, however, the chancel itself has disappeared. The north wall

15370-428: The same side is Hermitage or Saint Enda 's, the former home of Patrick Pearse and later of his sister Margaret Mary Pearse . The house, which is entirely faced with cut granite and has an imposing stone portico, was occupied in the eighteenth century by Edward Hudson , an eminent dentist. He had a passion for Irish antiquities, which he demonstrated in an unusual way by the erection of a number of romantic ruins around

15515-565: The site of a Royal Irish Constabulary barracks that was burned down by Anti-Treaty IRA forces in September 1922 during the Irish Civil War . In the lane is an old blocked-up doorway of an early eighteenth-century type. Church Lane leads to Woodview cottages, which are built partly on the site of an old paper mill. The mill race previously mentioned passed under Butterfield Lane to the paper mill and continued on below Ashfield to turn

15660-630: The suburban areas of Nutgrove , Ballyboden , Whitechurch and Ballyroan . The name Rathfarnham ( Fearnán's Ringfort ) suggests an earlier habitation, but no remains of prehistoric fortifications, burial places, early churches or old records have been found. The written history of Rathfarnham begins after the Norman invasion of Ireland . Terenure and Kimmage (Cheming), both described as being in Rathfranham ;[ sic ] parish Dublin, are mentioned in an 1175 grant by Henry II to Walter

15805-584: The summer of 1580, James Eustace, Viscount Baltinglass, apparently prompted almost entirely by religious motives, recruited a Catholic army in County Wicklow , with the goal to assist Desmond. His allies included many influential Catholics, some of them his own relatives. James Eustace knew that he lacked the necessary military muscle, a suitable operational base and martial experience to be successful. He knew that if he acted independently, his revolt would be crushed easily. Baltinglass's partner in rebellion

15950-600: The time of the attainder, the Dowager Viscountess, once a proud Butler, but now the mother of "the six traitorous brethren," petitioned (rather pathetically, and with what result we can well imagine) to be allowed to retain her jointure or alternatively to be granted somewhere else to live. Almost all the forfeited estates were granted to Sir Henry Harrington who had been active in quelling the rebellion. He sold them in 1617 to Sir Charles Wilmot, from whom they passed, via Sir James Carroll and Sir Thomas Roper, to

16095-620: The truth came to be known, the same military wrecked the place. Following Wilbrook road down between the Yellow House and the Annunciation, a large set of wrought iron gates can be observed. These gates, which now act as the pedestrian entrance to the Beaufort Downs housing estate, were originally the entrance to the Beaufort estate of the 18th century. A short distance past the church is Nutgrove Avenue, widened and extended during

16240-726: The vacancy to which they are appointed. This requirement is laid down by the University College Galway Act, 1929 (Section 3). In 2016, the university faced controversy when it announced the planned appointment of a president who did not speak Irish. Misneach staged protests against this decision. The following year the university announced that Ciarán Ó hÓgartaigh , a fluent Irish speaker, would be its 13th president. He assumed office in January 2018; in June 2024, he announced he would be stepping down as president at

16385-440: The violence of sudden floods.' After three bridges had been demolished by the river, between 1728 and 1765 , the present structure of a single stone arch was erected in the latter year. This was widened on the west side in 1953 when it was renamed in commemoration of Patrick and William Pearse . In 1912 during the construction of a main drainage scheme to Rathfarnham, a stone causeway was uncovered 23 ft (7.0 m) below

16530-636: The wheel of the Ely Cloth Factory. It was later turned into the Owen Doher River at Woodview Cottages. Until recently, when the new road was made to Templeogue, the old mill race could still be traced through the grounds of Ashfield where its dry bed was still spanned by several stone bridges. The paper mill, of which some old walls and brick arches still survive, has been described as the oldest in Ireland but there does not appear to be any evidence to support this. The earliest reference to

16675-448: The wood, beyond the little lake, is said to mark the spot where a horse of Sarah Curran's was killed and is buried." Unlike the constructions of Edward Hudson , which were purposely of the roughest material, this monument was of cut stone with small moulded pillars. After having been vandalized and toppled, it has since been re-erected without the pillars which were broken. Edward Hudson was succeeded by his son William Elliot Hudson , who

16820-594: The work of such writers as Geoffrey Keating , is said to date from the 17th century, and was the medium of popular literature from that time on. From the 18th century on, the language lost ground in the east of the country. The reasons behind this shift were complex but came down to a number of factors: The change was characterised by diglossia (two languages being used by the same community in different social and economic situations) and transitional bilingualism (monoglot Irish-speaking grandparents with bilingual children and monoglot English-speaking grandchildren). By

16965-562: The years, the church was built in 1840, the novitiate in 1863 and six years later St Joseph's wing which contains the concert hall and refectory. St Anthony's wing was erected in 1896, St Francis Xavier's in 1903 and the Lisieux building in 1932 for the accommodation of visiting prelates to the Eucharistic Congress . In the 1920s, novice Agnes Bojaxhiu (later to become Mother Teresa ) came to Loreto Abbey to learn English . This

17110-504: Was Fiach MacHugh O'Byrne , the Chief of the Name of Clan O'Byrne , whose father had defeated Baltinglass's father in a battle that is celebrated in Irish bardic poetry . This did not, however, prevent an alliance between their sons against a common enemy. Fiach MacHugh O'Byrne and Lord Baltinglass proved useful partners in rebellion, each bringing different qualities and assets beneficial to

17255-480: Was Alexander Taylor (born in 1746), who was responsible for many other roads in the country, including some " turnpike roads ", which are toll roads . According to many writers, the road to Rathfarnham follows the same route as the Slíghe Chualann , the ancient highway, which in the time of Saint Patrick was used by travellers between Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford . This road is believed to have crossed

17400-552: Was Maurice FitzGerald of Osberstown, Naas , who was the husband of Baltinglass's aunt Janet. In 1585, the Statute of Baltinglass was ultimately passed by the Parliament of Ireland despite considerable opposition. Under this Act, the Eustace family, it's titles and arms were attainted , and all the vast Baltinglass possessions were forfeited, with retrospective clauses voiding all transfers of property that had taken place during

17545-587: Was a prominent leader. With other leaders, he was imprisoned in the closing years of the 1570s by the Elizabethan administration who viewed their opposition as little short of treason. Such action on the government's part only increased its unpopularity. The predominant Pale faith was Catholic. In Catholic eyes there was a growing threat from the Protestant-dominated government, a perception supported by their marked decline in participation within

17690-642: Was again revived in 1763, when John Stratford was created Baron of Baltinglass, but he was advanced in 1776 to Viscount Aldborough and this title became extinct in 1875. The Eustaces of Castlemartin and Harristown were connected with his family twice. His father had married (as his second wife) Penelope née Eustace, one of the three co-heiresses of Sir Maurice Eustace , the Lord Chancellor of Ireland . His great-great-granddaughter, Louisa Saunders of Saunders Grove, married in 1860 Thomas Tickell, descendant and heir of Clotilda , Penelope's sister and another of

17835-570: Was also responsible for the classical work on the castle itself. The arch is named the "new gate" on Richard Frizell 's map of 1779 . After the division of the estate in 1913, the arch became the entrance to the Castle Golf Club but was later abandoned in favour of the more direct Woodside Drive entrance. The area around the arch is a haven for wildlife, with the nearby River Dodder home to brown trout , otter and many birds including kingfisher , dipper and grey heron . Woodside Estate

17980-531: Was also sometimes used in Scots and then in English to refer to Irish; as well as Scottish Gaelic. Written Irish is first attested in Ogham inscriptions from the 4th century AD, a stage of the language known as Primitive Irish . These writings have been found throughout Ireland and the west coast of Great Britain. Primitive Irish underwent a change into Old Irish through the 5th century. Old Irish, dating from

18125-490: Was arrested in error and was tried and sentenced to six months imprisonment, which he served without betraying his identity. Capt. Kelly died on 8 March 1915, aged 70. On the opposite side of the road are Crannagh Park and Road, Rathfarnham Park and Ballytore Road, all built on part of the old Rathfarnham Estate. In the garden of a house formerly named Tower Court in Crannagh Road is an ancient circular pigeon house,

18270-592: Was born here in 1796. A distinguished scholar, he was a friend of Thomas Davis and Charles Gavan Duffy and was a patron of Irish literature and art. Shortly before his death in 1857, he endowed the Royal Irish Academy with a fund for the publication of its Irish Dictionary and he also left the Academy Library a valuable collection of books. From 1840 to 1858 Hermitage was the home of Richard Moore , Attorney-General , and in 1859 it came into

18415-502: Was born in 1530. Baltinglass's family was traditionally associated with the FitzGerald family, the earls of Kildare , but prudently remained loyal to Henry VIII during the " Silken Thomas " Rebellion of 1534–35. For their loyalty, they were granted additional lands. Later in the 1540s Thomas FitzEustace , James's grandfather, was created first Viscount Baltinglass by a grateful king. But like many other old English Pale families,

18560-464: Was connected by marriage to the Hudson family of the adjoining Hermitage estate. He died here in 1869. About the middle of the last century, the name of the house was changed to Silverton but it was later reverted to the original Silveracre. Most of the land is now built on. It was also the home in the early part of the twentieth century of Surgeon Croly, who founded Baggot St Hospital. The next estate on

18705-630: Was constructed from 1800 to 1809 to assist Crown forces in tracking down United Irishmen insurgents who were hiding in the Wicklow Mountains following the Irish Rebellion of 1798 . Rathfarnham itself was the scene of a number skirmishes in the early days of the rebellion between the United Irishmen and government forces. Construction of the road commenced on 12 August 1800 and was completed in October 1809. The road starts outside

18850-434: Was demolished. Weston St John Joyce , in his Neighbourhood of Dublin , states that this house was at one time the dower house of Rathfarnham Castle but in this, he is almost certainly mistaken, as Frizell's map of 1779 shows that it was outside the estate. It is possible that he confused it with the other old house on the opposite side of the avenue which was formerly named Ely Cottage, later altered to Ely Lodge, and which

18995-545: Was dug through where the burial should have been. The result was a complete blank. A second and a third trenches were cut at intervals until a large area had been investigated without finding any burial, timber, brick or stone. The developers then offered to investigate further with the excavator and carefully cleared an area of 20 yd (18 m) long and 10 yd (9.1 m) wide to a depth of 4 feet (1.2 m) without finding any sign of disturbance. They then deepened this area by another two feet with no better result. All

19140-908: Was educated at Gray's Inn , the most prestigious of the Inns of Court in London, and lived in Rome during the 1570s. James had as his tutor an influential priest, Sir Norman Eustace and became a fervent Catholic who regarded Queen Elizabeth I as illegitimate , a usurper , a tyrant , and a heretic . Generally, the government viewed James as misguided, but not a threat. They were even dismissive of him, which echoed ironically after his revolt broke. He married Mary Travers, daughter and co-heiress of Sir Henry Travers of Monkstown Castle, only child of Sir John Travers, by Genet Preston, but they had no children. Henry predeceased his father. Mary died in 1610, having married secondly, in 1587, Sir Gerald Aylmer, Bart., of Donadea,

19285-668: Was enacted 1 July 2019 and is an 18-page document that adheres to the guidelines of the Official Languages Act 2003 . The purpose of the Scheme is to provide services through the mediums of Irish and/or English. According to the Department of the Taoiseach, it is meant to "develop a sustainable economy and a successful society, to pursue Ireland's interests abroad, to implement the Government's Programme and to build

19430-516: Was establishing itself as the primary language. Irish speakers had first arrived in Australia in the late 18th century as convicts and soldiers, and many Irish-speaking settlers followed, particularly in the 1860s. New Zealand also received some of this influx. Argentina was the only non-English-speaking country to receive large numbers of Irish emigrants, and there were few Irish speakers among them. James Eustace, 3rd Viscount Baltinglass He

19575-482: Was founded by Padraig Pearse in 1909 and was at first housed in Cullenswood House, Ranelagh . Pearse felt that the confined surroundings of this house gave no scope for the outdoor life that should play so large a part in the education of youth, so in 1910 he leased Hermitage from Mr Woodburn and moved his college here. A long billiard room was converted into a study hall and chapel, the drawing room became

19720-743: Was founded in 1843 by the then Primate of Ireland, Rev. William Sewell. In 1849 the college moved from Stackallan House in County Meath to its present site in Whitechurch, Rathfarnham. The headmaster of the college is addressed as 'warden' and the vice-principal as 'sub-warden'. The college school day is split up during the winter - school classes end at 13:00 and there are games and other outdoor activities after lunch from 14:00 to 15:30. Classes recommence at 16:15 and continue until 18:00. The school week consists of five days from Monday to Saturday with Wednesday and Saturday being half-days. The college has

19865-471: Was later operated as a sawmill. The dry mill race can still be seen here on the north side of Butterfield Avenue. Rathfarnham's Protestant parish church , on the Main Street, was built in 1795 to replace the church in the old graveyard. Beside the church is the old schoolhouse that dates from early in the nineteenth century. Immediately adjoining is Church Lane at the corner of which is a bank built on

20010-538: Was occupied by the Curran family until 1875 and subsequently by the Taylors until 1923. At the beginning of the century, the house and gardens were still in good repair but after Taylor's time, the place was neglected. Twenty years ago the walls were still standing but little now remains but some heaps of rubble. St Columba's College is a privately run, Church of Ireland co-educational boarding school with c. 300 pupils. It

20155-474: Was passed 14 July 2003 with the main purpose of improving the number and quality of public services delivered in Irish by the government and other public bodies. Compliance with the Act is monitored by the An Coimisinéir Teanga (Irish Language Commissioner) which was established in 2004 and any complaints or concerns pertaining to the Act are brought to them. There are 35 sections included in

20300-610: Was shown to be within the boundary of the estate. This house was in very bad repair but has recently been restored. Loreto Abbey in Lower Rathfarnham forms a landmark visible for a number of miles south of the city. It served as the headquarters of the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary . The mansion which now forms the centrepiece of the group was built by Mr. William Palliser about 1725 . No expense

20445-510: Was spared in its construction and decoration, and its interior includes polished mahogany and, in one room, embossed leather wallpaper . William Palliser died in 1768 without issue and Rathfarnham House passed to his cousin the Rev. John Palliser, who was rector of the parish. After his death in 1795 the house was purchased by George Grierson , the King's Printer in Ireland, who resided here for

20590-693: Was spoken throughout Ireland, Isle of Man and parts of Scotland . It is the language of a large corpus of literature, including the Ulster Cycle . From the 12th century, Middle Irish began to evolve into modern Irish in Ireland, into Scottish Gaelic in Scotland, and into the Manx language in the Isle of Man . Early Modern Irish , dating from the 13th century, was the basis of the literary language of both Ireland and Gaelic-speaking Scotland. Modern Irish, sometimes called Late Modern Irish, as attested in

20735-489: Was still working and from 1836 to 1839 the name Henry Hayes, Rathfarnham Mill appears in the directories. If this can be identified with the mill at Woodview cottages it must have become idle soon afterwards as it is designated "Old Mill" on the 1843 edition of the O.S. map. In 1854 when this mill had neither a water wheel nor machinery, an attempt was made to re-open it for the manufacture of paper but it came to nothing. The mill race has now been completely removed to make way for

20880-587: Was the language the Sisters of Loreto used to teach school children in India . Directly across the road from the Abbey is Beaufort House, which is now the headquarters of the Loreto Order in Ireland. This house was occupied by Robert Hodgens J.P. (1793–1860) and then by his sons, John Conlan Hodgens and Henry Hodgens. On the grounds is Loreto High School Beaufort which was founded in 1925. Loreto Terrace on

21025-442: Was unable to accomplish some everyday tasks, as portrayed in his documentary No Béarla . There is, however, a growing body of Irish speakers in urban areas, particularly in Dublin. Many have been educated in schools in which Irish is the language of instruction. Such schools are known as Gaelscoileanna at primary level. These Irish-medium schools report some better outcomes for students than English-medium schools. In 2009,

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