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46-481: The rating percentage index , commonly known as the RPI, is a quantity used to rank sports teams based upon a team's wins and losses and its strength of schedule . It is one of the sports rating systems by which NCAA basketball , baseball , softball , hockey , soccer , lacrosse , and volleyball teams are ranked. This system was in use from 1981 through 2018 to aid in the selecting and seeding of teams appearing in

92-561: A bottom-25 opponent. Strength of schedule The strength of schedule can be calculated in many ways. Such calculations are the basis of many of the various tie-breaking systems used in Swiss-system tournaments in chess and other tabletop games. In the National Football League (NFL), the strength of schedule (SOS) is the combined record of all teams in a schedule, and the strength of victory (SOV)

138-460: A conference tournament championship game. The formula used in NCAA baseball is the same as that used in basketball except for the adjustment of home and road records. Starting in 2013, college baseball RPI formula values each road victory as 1.3 instead of 1.0. Each home win is valued at 0.7 instead of 1.0. Conversely, each home loss counts 1.3 against a team’s RPI and each road loss counts 0.7 against

184-550: A predetermined site, while MLB awarded home-field advantage in the World Series to the team representing the league that won the All-Star Game from 2003 to 2016. The concept of "strength of schedule" is alien to European domestic leagues since each league is not divided into divisions or conferences (the meaning of "conference" is different here, since even though several leagues may be in one conference, teams from

230-487: A statistical standpoint. Other ranking systems which include the margin of victory of games played or other statistics in addition to the win/loss results have been shown to be a better predictor of the outcomes of future games. However, because the margin of victory has been manipulated in the past by teams or individuals in the context of gambling, the RPI can be used to mitigate motivation for such manipulation. Some feel that

276-476: A team with a bad RPI may actually hurt your RPI. In addition, losing to a good RPI team can help your RPI. Since 2018 , one criterion for determining selection to the NCAA Tournament has been performance against certain RPI quadrants. Typically, a quadrant 1 win is considered a "good win", while a quadrant 4 loss is considered a "bad loss". The quadrants are defined as follows: The quadrant system

322-526: A team's winning percentage (25%), its opponents' winning percentage (50%), and the winning percentage of those opponents' opponents (25%). The opponents' winning percentage and the winning percentage of those opponents' opponents both comprise the strength of schedule (SOS). Thus, the SOS accounts for 75% of the RPI calculation and is 2/3 its opponents' winning percentage and 1/3 its opponents' opponents' winning percentages. The RPI lacks theoretical justification from

368-592: A team’s RPI. Neutral-site games have a value of 1.0, but the committee is studying how to determine if a game should be considered a neutral-site contest. The adjustment is based on data showing that home teams win about 62 percent of the time in Division I baseball." The change was made because of the discrepancy in the number of home games teams play. Some schools are able to play 35–40 of their 56 allowable games at home, while other teams, due to factors such as weather, may play only 20 home games. This adjustment replaces

414-625: A tie. Major League Baseball (MLB) has a more extreme way of scheduling since interleague games are done rarely , and were only introduced in 1997 , plus the fact that interleague games do not exactly have concrete rules, save for the number of rest days and doubleheaders. In the National Basketball Association (NBA), the 30 teams are all guaranteed to face each other at least twice in an 82-game regular season, although intra-division games are more frequent (as much as four times) than inter-conference games (twice). In

460-540: Is (0/1 + 0/1) / 2 = 0.0000. Cincinnati has played the team in question (excluding Cincinnati, they went 1–1 vs. Syracuse) and won versus two other opponents each of which have no WP when games versus Cincinnati are excluded. Cincinnati's OWP is (1/2) / 1 = 0.5000. For the team in question, the OOWP is thus (0.0000 + 0.0000 + 0.5000) / 3 = 0.1667 For the team in question, the RPI can now be calculated: RPI = (WP * 0.25) + (OWP * 0.50) + (OOWP * 0.25) Plugging in numbers from

506-462: Is calculated by taking the average of the WP's for each of the team's opponents with the requirement that all games against the team in question are removed from the equation. Continuing from the example above, assume Syracuse has played one other game and lost, while Cincinnati has played two other teams and won. The team in question has played Syracuse twice and therefore Syracuse must be counted twice. Thus

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552-479: Is still in use under the new NET system, with RPI ranking replaced by NET ranking. The NCAA announced on August 22, 2018, that the RPI would no longer be used in the Division I men's basketball selection process and would be replaced by the aforementioned NET. This new metric takes the following into account: Game date and order are not included in the NET—all games are treated equally, whether an early-season matchup or

598-560: Is the combined record of all teams that were beaten in that schedule. For example, opponents of the 2016 New England Patriots had a combined record of 111–142–3 (a win percentage of 0.439, the SOS), and Patriots' wins came against teams with a combined record of 93–129–2 (a win percentage of 0.420, the SOV). Before the 2004 season, in the American college football Bowl Championship Series (BCS)

644-551: The NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament as well as in the women's tournament from its inception in 1982 through 2020. During the 2018 offseason, the NCAA announced that the RPI would no longer be used in the selection process for the Division I men's basketball tournament. Effective immediately, it was replaced with the NCAA Evaluation Tool (NET) . In its current formulation, the index comprises

690-533: The National Hockey League , prior to 2008, some teams did not meet each other in a given year, and intra-division games are more frequent (six times) when compared to the NBA. A strong team in a weak division or conference is capable of bloating their record in order to have a better seeding in the playoffs . In order to resolve differing strengths of schedule among teams, the playoffs are held after

736-652: The tournament began on March 13, 2018, and concluded with the championship game on April 2, at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas . During the first round, UMBC became the first 16-seed to defeat a 1-seed in the men's tournament by defeating Virginia 74–54. For the first time in tournament history, all four top-seeded teams in a single region (the South) failed to make the Sweet 16. The tournament also featured

782-452: The 2010 tournament). The winners of these games advanced to the main draw of the tournament. The Selection Committee seeded the entire field from 1 to 68. The following sites were selected to host each round of the 2018 tournament: First Four First and second rounds Regional semifinals and finals (Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight) National semifinals and championship (Final Four and championship) The state of North Carolina

828-549: The 2018 tournament. 32 automatic bids were awarded, one to each program that won their conference tournament. The remaining 36 bids were "at-large", with selections extended by the NCAA Selection Committee. Eight teams (the four lowest-seeded automatic qualifiers and the four lowest-seeded at-large teams) played in the First Four (the successor to what had been popularly known as " play-in games " through

874-643: The Final Four, after VCU in 2011 ), all reached the Final Four. Villanova defeated Michigan in the championship game, 79–62. The 2018 tournament was the first time since 1978 that none of the six Division I college basketball-playing schools based in the Washington, DC metropolitan area – American , Georgetown , George Mason , George Washington , Howard , and Maryland – made the NCAA tournament. Atlantic Sun Conference champion Lipscomb made its NCAA tournament debut. A total of 68 teams entered

920-596: The OWP of the team is (0/1 + 0/1 + 2/2) / 3 (number of opponents – Syracuse, Syracuse, Cincinnati). OWP = 0.3333 The OOWP is calculated by taking the average of each Opponent's OWP. Note that the team in question is part of the team's OOWP. In fact, the most re-occurring opponent of your opponents is the team in question. Continuing the example above, a team has played Syracuse twice and Cincinnati once. Syracuse has played one other game and lost, while Cincinnati has played two other games and won. Next, for simplicity, assume none of

966-402: The RPI of a college basketball team at any given time is as follows. RPI = (WP * 0.25) + (OWP * 0.50) + (OOWP * 0.25) where WP is Winning Percentage, OWP is Opponents' Winning Percentage and OOWP is Opponents' Opponents' Winning Percentage. The WP is calculated by taking a team's wins divided by the number of games it has played (i.e. wins plus losses). For Division 1 NCAA Men's basketball,

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1012-701: The SEC would likely increase a team's SOS as compared to playing a team in the MAC-EAST. The NFL uses strength of schedule as a secondary tie-breaker for divisional rankings and playoff qualification, and as a primary tie-breaker for the NFL Draft . While the NFL has 32 teams, each team plays only 17 games against 14 other teams. This limited scheduling makes strength of schedule a relevant metric for breaking ties, if primary tiebreakers such as head-to-head records do not break

1058-410: The SOS was calculated as shown at right, where OR is the opponents' record, while OOR is the opponents' opponents record. Other calculations include adding the opponent's power ratings and multiplying them by the number of games, or a modification by assigning weights (higher weights for "stronger" teams). Furthermore, several more factors may be added, such as the position of the team in the league,

1104-429: The WP factor of the RPI was updated in 2004 to account for differences in home, away, and neutral games. A home win now counts as 0.6 win, while a road win counts as 1.4 wins. Inversely, a home loss equals 1.4 losses, while a road loss counts as 0.6 loss. A neutral game counts as 1 win or 1 loss. This change was based on statistical data that consistently showed home teams in Division I basketball winning about two-thirds of

1150-462: The above example gives you RPI = (0.4117 * 0.25) + (0.3333 * 0.50) + (0.1667 * 0.25) = 0.3113 Assume the following game results: Here is the calculation of the WPs, OWPs, and OOWPs for each team: WP OWP OOWP These are then combined via the formula resulting in the following ratings: The RPI formula also has many flaws. Due to the heavy weighting of opponents winning percentage, beating

1196-431: The champion of the third-ranked top seed's region (Kansas' Midwest Region). # — Kansas vacated 15 wins, including all NCAA tournament wins from the 2017–18 season after an investigation into the eligibility of Silvio De Sousa . Unlike forfeiture, a vacated game does not result in the other school being credited with a win, only with Kansas removing the wins from its own record. Per the NCAA, "Upsets are defined as when

1242-403: The first regional final matchup of a 9-seed ( Kansas State ) and an 11-seed ( Loyola–Chicago ). Villanova (returning after their 2016 national championship ), Michigan (making their first appearance since their runner-up finish in 2013 ), Kansas (returning after their runner-up finish in 2012 ), and Loyola–Chicago (the " Cinderella team " of the tournament, and the fourth 11-seed to reach

1288-506: The first time, TBS held the rights to the Selection Show, which expanded into a two-hour format, was presented in front of a studio audience, and promoted that the entire field of the tournament would be unveiled within the first ten minutes of the broadcast. However, this entailed the 68-team field (beginning with automatic qualifiers, followed by at-large teams) being revealed in alphabetical order, and not by bracket matchups (which

1334-426: The four overall lowest-ranked teams, and the four lowest-ranked at-large teams. During the Final Four round, regardless of the seeds of the participating teams, the champion of the top overall top seed's region (Virginia's South Region) plays against the champion of the fourth-ranked top seed's region (Xavier's West Region), and the champion of the second overall top seed's region (Villanova's East Region) plays against

1380-415: The heavy emphasis upon strength of schedule gives an unfair advantage to teams from major conferences. Teams from "majors" are allowed to pick many of their non-conference opponents (often blatantly weaker teams). Teams from minor conferences, however, may only get one or two such opponents in their schedules. Also, some mid-major conferences regularly compel their member teams to schedule opponents ranked in

1426-408: The previous system of bonuses or penalties that teams received. Bonus points were awarded for beating top-75 non-conference opponents on the road and penalty points were given for losing to bottom-75 non-conference opponents at home. Bonuses and penalties were on a sliding scale, separated into groups of 25, with the top bonus for a road win against a top-25 team and the worst penalty for a home loss to

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1472-535: The same conference do not play teams from other leagues of the same conference. See Football Conference for an example.), and every team plays every opponent twice (home and away) and as such, no playoffs are usually done to determine the winner; the team with the best record wins the championship outright, with several tiebreaking criteria to determine a team's overall standing. In inter-European competition, no permanent divisions or groups are instituted although qualifying teams are drawn into different groups, where

1518-413: The season to determine which team will win the championship. The best teams from each conference qualify and are done at a variety of formats . The playoffs conclude with a championship game or series with the two teams representing their own conferences. The playoffs may also award a home advantage to a team with a superior record, regardless of their SOS, although the NFL holds its championship game at

1564-643: The six major conferences—defined as the ACC, Big Ten, Big 12, Pac-12, SEC, and both versions of the Big East—failed to have a team advance to the tournament's round of 32. CBS Sports and Turner Sports had U.S. television rights to the Tournament under the NCAA March Madness brand. As part of a cycle beginning in 2016, TBS held the rights to the Final Four and to the championship game. For

1610-717: The strength of the team's division or conference , which games count in the formula and which do not (vital in the Bowl Championship Series ), the locations of the games (see home team and home advantage ) and others. The BCS previously used the SOS in its formula to determine which teams will play in BCS Bowls, and more importantly, to the BCS National Championship Game . On the contrary, several leagues do not incorporate SOS directly into team standings. For most leagues, however,

1656-399: The team standings are typically affected by the overall strength of the conference the team plays in. The strength of the conference largely depends on the number of NFL players the conference produces. For instance, from 1992 to 2011, of 1,874 college athletes who entered the NFL, roughly 31% came from the SEC compared to only 0.64% from the MAC-EAST conference. Therefore, playing a team in

1702-423: The time. Note that this location adjustment applies only to the WP factor and not the OWP and OOWP factors. Only games against Division 1 teams are included for all RPI factors. As an example, if a team loses to Syracuse at home, beats them away, and then loses to Cincinnati away, their record would be 1–2. Considering the weighted aspect of the WP, their winning percentage is 1.4 / (1.4 + 1.4 + 0.6) = 0.4118 The OWP

1748-716: The top half of the RPI, which could boost the strength of that conference and/or its tougher-scheduling teams. In basketball, the Missouri Valley Conference has successfully done this: It has become one of the top-rated RPI conferences, despite having very few of its teams ranked in the two national Top 25 polls. In 2006, the NCAA began to release its RPI calculations weekly starting in January. Independent sources, such as ESPN or CNN/SI , also publish their own RPI calculations, which are updated more frequently. The current and commonly used formula for determining

1794-503: The top teams per group advance into the "knockout stage" which is almost similar to the concept of "playoffs" in North American sports. In association football, UEFA coefficients are used to determine seedings in tournaments organized by UEFA . Countries that had teams progress deeper into UEFA competitions have a higher coefficient. A higher coefficient means that teams do not have to meet teams that are as strong as them early in

1840-506: The tournament, but the team failed to qualify. The following 32 teams were automatic qualifiers for the 2018 NCAA field by virtue of winning their conference's automatic bid. The tournament seeds were determined through the NCAA basketball tournament selection process . The seeds and regions were determined as follows: *See First Four All times are listed as Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC−4 ) The First Four games involved eight teams:

1886-431: The tournament, while weaker teams have to face stronger teams in the early stages. 2018 NCAA Division I men%27s basketball tournament The 2018 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament was a single-elimination tournament of 68 teams to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2017–18 season . The 80th annual edition of

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1932-414: The unnamed teams has played any other games. The OOWP is calculated as (Syracuse's OWP + Syracuse's OWP + Cincinnati's OWP ) / 3. Syracuse has played and beat the team in question (which, excluding the games against Syracuse, only lost to Cincinnati), lost to the team in question (excluding Syracuse, only lost to Cincinnati), and lost one other game (excluding Syracuse, this team has no WP). Syracuse's OWP

1978-513: The winner of the game was seeded five or more places lower than the team it defeated." The 2018 tournament saw a total of 11 upsets; 5 of them were in the first round, 5 of them were in the second round, and one of them was in the Sweet Sixteen. The Pac-12 lost all of its teams after the first day of the main tournament draw, marking the first time since the Big 12 began play in 1996 that one of

2024-424: Was done later in the show). The new format was criticized for lacking suspense, and the show also faced criticism for technical issues, as well as a segment containing product placement for Pizza Hut . Westwood One had exclusive radio rights to the entire tournament. Live video of games was available for streaming through the following means: Live audio of games was available for streaming through

2070-485: Was eligible and served as a first weekend venue for the 2018 tournament. Four teams, out of 351 in Division I, were ineligible to participate in the 2018 tournament due to failing to meet APR requirements: Alabama A&M , Grambling State , Savannah State , and Southeast Missouri State . However, the NCAA granted the Savannah State Tigers a waiver which would have allowed the team to participate in

2116-583: Was threatened with a 2018-2022 championship venue boycott by the NCAA, due to the HB2 law passed in 2016. However, the law was repealed (but with provisos) days before the NCAA met to make decisions on venues in April 2017. At that time, the NCAA board of governors "reluctantly voted to allow consideration of championship bids in North Carolina by our committees that are presently meeting". Therefore, Charlotte

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