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53-626: The Rational Dress Society was an organisation founded in 1881 in London, part of the movement for Victorian dress reform . It described its purpose thus: The Rational Dress Society protests against the introduction of any fashion in dress that either deforms the figure, impedes the movements of the body, or in any way tends to injure the health. It protests against the wearing of tightly-fitting corsets ; of high-heeled shoes ; of heavily-weighted skirts, as rendering healthy exercise almost impossible; and of all tie down cloaks or other garments impeding on

106-463: A dressmaker ; patterns could be ordered through the mail. Physician Alice Bunker Stockham railed against the corset and said of the pregnancy corset, "The Best pregnancy corset is no corset at all." The "emancipation union under flannel" was first sold in America in 1868. It combined a waist (shirt) and drawers (leggings) in the form we now know as the union suit . While first designed for women,

159-428: A women's activist , educator and dress reformer, found traditional kimono to be too restrictive, preventing women and girls from moving and taking part in physical activities, harming their health. While Western dress was being adopted at the time, she also believed corsets to be restrictive and harmful to women's health. Utako Shimoda had worked as lady-in-waiting to Empress Shōken from 1871 to 1879. She adapted

212-581: A central figure of the dress reform movement. Sweden was a leading nation of the dress reform movement, as the movement came first to Sweden of all the Nordic countries and spread from there to Denmark, Finland and Norway. In 1885, professor Curt Wallis brought with him the English language dress reform book Dress and Health from abroad, which was translated to Swedish by Oscara von Sydow as Reformdrägten: En bok för qvinnor skrifven af qvinnor . After

265-419: A change in fashions could change the whole position of women, allowing for greater social mobility, independence from men and marriage, the ability to work for wages, as well as physical movement and comfort. Dress reformers promoted the emancipation waist, or liberty bodice , as a replacement for the corset. The emancipation bodice was a tight sleeveless vest, buttoning up the front, with rows of buttons along

318-818: A commentary of the Swedish dress reform movement in which he himself also participated; the Swedish dress reform society successfully exhibited their reform dress in Oslo, the Norsk Kvinnesaksforening became interested, and the movement thereby started in Norway the same year as in Sweden. Johanne Biörn held lectures in the Oslo schools, and the Norwegian designer Kristine Dahl experienced success not only in her home country of Norway but also in Sweden, becoming

371-693: A member of the Rational Dress Society, Charlotte Carmichael Stopes , stunned the proceedings of a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Newcastle upon Tyne by organizing an impromptu session where she introduced rational dress to a wide audience, her speech being noted in newspapers across Britain. Victorian dress reform Dress reformists were largely middle-class women involved in

424-512: A new fashion for women which could be not only attractive but also comfortable and healthy at the same time. While there were no separate dress reform societies founded in Norway, the women's rights society Norsk Kvinnesaksforening actively addressed the issue under the influence of the Swedish Dress Reform Society from the 1880s; they collaborated with Stockholm and Copenhagen with the design of reform costumes and

477-632: A reform of women's underwear, particularly the corset. The Swedish reform dress movement corresponded with their equivalent in Great Britain as well as the American dress reform movement of Annie Jenness Miller . The dress reform movement did achieve some success in Sweden; by the 1890s, corsets were no longer accepted for the pupils of the Swedish girls' schools, and the leading Swedish fashion designer Augusta Lundin reported that her clients no longer subjected themselves to tight lacing. Although

530-568: A speech by Anne Charlotte Leffler held at the women's club Nya Idun , the Friends of Handicraft gave Hanna Winge the assignment to design a reform costume, which was produced by Augusta Lundin and exhibited in public, which gave further publicity to the issue, and in 1886, the Swedish Dress Reform Society was founded. After an initial attempt to launch a reform costume, the Swedish dress reform movement focused on

583-486: A widely renowned corset maker, enlisting the help of her husband, a physician, to create corsets which she purported to be more respectful of human anatomy. Inès Gaches-Sarraute designed the straight-front corset in response to her patients' gynecological issues which were attributed to wearing corsets. The design was intended to reduce pressure on the abdomen and improve overall health. The new S-curve silhouette created by this design quickly caught on among fashion houses in

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636-417: A women's athletic costume in the 1890s and early 1900s. In the 1870s, a largely English movement led by Mary Eliza Haweis sought dress reform to enhance and celebrate the natural shape of the body, preferring the looser lines of the medieval and renaissance eras. A historic nostalgia for more forgiving fashions, the aesthetic dress movement critiqued fashionable dress for its immovable shapes, and sought

689-510: Is a paraphilic interest in rubbing, usually one's pelvic area or erect penis , against a non-consenting person for sexual pleasure . It may involve touching any part of the body, including the genital area. A person who practices frotteuristic acts is known as a frotteur . Toucherism is sexual arousal based on grabbing or rubbing one's hands against an unexpecting (and non-consenting) person. It usually involves touching breasts, buttocks or genital areas, often while quickly walking across

742-555: Is not clear how many women, in either the Americas or on the Continent , wore these so-called "reform" bodices. However, contemporary portrait photography , fashion literature , and surviving examples of the undergarments themselves, all suggest that the corset was almost universal as daily wear by women and young ladies (and numerous fashionable men ) until the 1920s, when girdles began to take over. The primary result of

795-555: The first wave of feminism in the Western World, from the 1850s through the 1890s. The movement emerged in the Progressive Era along with calls for temperance , women's education, suffrage and moral purity. Dress reform called for emancipation from the "dictates of fashion", expressed a desire to "cover the limbs as well as the torso adequately," and promoted "rational dress". The movement had its greatest success in

848-509: The 'fashioning and adorning of a robe' as tastefully complementary to the natural body. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and other artistic reformers objected to the elaborately trimmed confections of Victorian fashion with their unnatural silhouette based on a rigid corset and hoops as both ugly and dishonest. Some women associated with the movement adopted a revival style based on romanticised medieval influences such as puffed juliette sleeves and trailing skirts. These styles were made in

901-425: The 1920s "women took off their corsets, reduced their clothing to the minimum tolerated by conventions and wore clothes which wrapped round them rather than fitted." Although forms of corsets, girdles and bras were worn well into the 1960s, as Riegel states, "Feminine emancipation had brought greater dress reform than the most visionary of the early feminists had advocated." Frotteurism Frotteurism

954-420: The 19th century, as it was an integrated part of the great health reform movement Lebensreform , which spoke for a health reform in clothing for both women and men supported by medical professionals and scientists such as Gustav Jaeger and Heinrich Lahmann , and freedom from the corset and trousers for women was advocated for already. The women's movement, however, did not engage in the issue until after

1007-489: The French verb frotter , meaning "to rub". Frotteur is a French noun literally meaning "one who rubs". It was popularized by German sexologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing in his book Psychopathia Sexualis , borrowing from Magnan's French terminology. Clifford Allen later coined frotteurism in his 1969 textbook of sexual disorders. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders called this sexual disorder by

1060-774: The International Women's Congress in Berlin in September 1896. Two weeks later the German dress reform association, Allgemeiner Verein zur Verbesserung der Frauenkleidung , was founded. Its first exhibition took place in April 1897 in Berlin. 35 manufacturers had submitted reform proposals. Since 1899 there was even a permanent exhibition in Berlin with examples of "improved women's clothing". Like their equivalents in Austria,

1113-503: The Netherlands and the Nordic countries, the German dress reform association focused on the reform of women's undergarments as the most realistic goal, mainly on corsets. The German movement managed to affect public opinion to such a degree that one of its leading figures, Minna Cauer , was able to report in 1907 that the German corset industry experienced hardships because of a drop in the use of corsets. Utako Shimoda (1854-1936),

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1166-544: The United States and Great Britain to the Nordic countries in the 1880s and from Germany to Austria and the Netherlands. The issue was internationally addressed at the International Congress for Women's Work and Women's Endeavors in Berlin 1896, in which Germany, America, Belgium, Denmark, England, Finland, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, and Hungary participated. In Austria the dress reform movement

1219-488: The Victorian dress reform movement itself failed to enact widespread change in women's fashion , social, political, and cultural shifts into the 1920s brought forth an organic relaxation of dress standards. With new opportunities for women's college , the national suffrage amendment of 1920 and women's increased public career options during and after World War I , fashion and undergarment structures relaxed, along with

1272-472: The body. 3. Not more weight than is necessary for warmth, and both weight and warmth evenly distributed. 4. Grace and beauty combined with comfort and convenience. 5. Not departing too conspicuously from the ordinary dress of the time. Leading members of the Society were Lady Harberton (who created the divided skirt), Mary Eliza Haweis and Constance Wilde (Irish author). Oscar Wilde helped spread

1325-403: The bottom to which could be attached petticoats and a skirt. The entire torso would support the weight of the petticoats and skirt, not just the waist (since the undesirability of hanging the entire weight of full skirts and petticoats from a constricted waist—rather than hanging the garments from the shoulders—was another point often discussed by dress reformers). The bodices had to be fitted by

1378-602: The clothing worn by ladies-in-waiting at the Japanese imperial court to make a uniform for her Jissen Women's University . During the Meiji period (1868–-1912) and Taishō period (1912–-1926), other women's schools also adopted the hakama . It became standard wear for high schools in Japan , though it was later mostly replaced with Western sailor-style uniforms. Inokuchi Akuri also designed sports clothes for children. At

1431-675: The common but unspeakable idea that tightlacing could be used to induce an abortion . American women active in the anti-slavery and temperance movements , having experience in public speaking and political agitation, demanded sensible clothing that would not restrict their movement. While supporters of fashionable dress contended that corsets maintained an upright, 'good figure', as a necessary physical structure for moral and well-ordered society, these dress reformists contested that women's fashions were not only physically detrimental, but "the results of male conspiracy to make women subservient by cultivating them in slave psychology." They believed

1484-480: The corset was prompted by vanity and foolishness, and harmful to health. The reported health risks included damaged and rearranged internal organs, compromised fertility; weakness and general depletion of health. Those who were pro-corset argued that it was required for stylish dress and had its own unique pleasures; dress historian David Kunzle theorized that some enthusiastic fans of tightlacing may have experienced sexual pleasure when tightlacing, or by rubbing against

1537-559: The design of reform costumes and the exposition of them, notably during the Nordic Exhibition of 1888 . While there were no separate dress reform societies founded in Finland, the women's rights society Suomen Naisyhdistys actively addressed the issue under the influence of the Swedish Dress Reform Society in the 1880s; they held lectures in many Finnish cities, managed to have the reform costume accepted as sports wear in

1590-404: The dress reform movement seems to be the evolution, rather than elimination, of the corset. Because of the public health outcry surrounding corsets and tightlacing, many doctors took it upon themselves to become corsetieres . Many doctors helped to fit their patients with corsets to avoid the dangers of ill-fitting corsets, and some doctors even designed corsets themselves. Roxey Ann Caplin became

1643-628: The early 20th century. The most famous product of the dress reform era is the bloomer suit. In 1851, a New England temperance activist named Elizabeth Smith Miller (Libby Miller) adopted what she considered a more rational costume: loose trousers gathered at the ankles, like the trousers worn by Middle Eastern and Central Asian women, topped by a short dress or skirt and vest (waistcoat). She displayed her new clothing to temperance activist and suffragist Elizabeth Cady Stanton , who found it sensible and becoming, and adopted it immediately. In this garb, she visited yet another activist, Amelia Bloomer ,

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1696-508: The editor of the temperance magazine The Lily . Bloomer not only wore the costume, she promoted it enthusiastically in her magazine. More women wore the fashion and were promptly dubbed "Bloomers". A dress reform was supported by a campaign of the National Dress Reform Association , which was founded in 1856. They put up a fight for a few years, but were subjected to ridicule in the press and harassment on

1749-402: The exposition of them, notably during the Nordic Exhibition of 1888 . Norway is in fact described as one of the countries were the interest and success for the issue was greatest. The physician Lorentz Dietrichson , a prominent participant for the abolition of the corset in the corset controversy in both Sweden and Norway, held a lecture in Norway in favor of dress reform already in 1886, as

1802-536: The following diagnostic criteria for frotteuristic disorder . If the individual has not acted on their interest and experiences no distress or impairment, they are considered to have a frotteuristic sexual interest, but not frotteuristic disorder. Some sexologists distinguish between frotteurism (as pelvic rubbing) and toucherism (as groping with hands), but the DSM does not. Sexologist Kurt Freund described frotteurism and toucherism as courtship disorders that occur at

1855-465: The front of the corset, which contributed to the moral outrage against the practice. Doctors such as Alice Bunker Stockham counseled patients against them, particularly during maternity; reformist and activist Catharine Beecher was one of the few to defy propriety norms and discuss the gynecological issues resulting from lifelong corset usage, in particular uterine prolapse . Feminist historian Leigh Summers theorized that some moral panic derived from

1908-613: The girls' schools of the capital by 1887, and was awarded the grand silver medal for their reform costume for school girls in the exhibition of the Russian Hygienic Society in Saint Petersburg in 1893. There were no separate dress reform societies founded in France. While the issue was adopted and discussed by several of the existing French women's rights organisations, the issue was not given priority and it

1961-474: The imperial court, simplified keiko replaced more cumbersome garments. In the Netherlands, interest for the issue was aroused after the foundation of a dress reform society in neighboring Germany, and in 1899 the Dutch dress reform society Veereeniging voor Verbetering van Vrouwenkleeding (V.v.V.v.V.). The dress reform society held lectures, participated in exhibitions and worked with designed to produce

2014-498: The improved social standing of women. Embodying the New Woman idea, women donned masculine-inspired fashions including simple tailored skirt suits, ties, and starched blouses. By the 1920s, male-style garments for casual and sporting activities were less socially condemned. New fashions required lighter undergarments, shorter skirts, looser bodices, trousers, and praised slender 'boyish' figures. As Lady Duff Gordon remarked, in

2067-464: The main proponents were the writer Oscar Wilde and his wife Constance, both of whom gave lectures on the subject. In 1881 The Rational Dress Society was founded in London. The Society advocated divided skirts as a more practical form of clothing, but its president and co-founder, Lady Florence Harberton, went further - when cycling, she wore full 'Rational' dress, which was a shorter skirt worn over voluminous trousers. The dress reform movement spread from

2120-412: The majority of victims are female, although female on male, female on female, and male on male frotteurs exist. This activity is often done in circumstances where the victim cannot easily respond, in a public place such as a crowded train or concert. Marco Vassi 's story "Subway Dick" is an example of such acts in a train. Usually, such nonconsensual sexual contact is viewed as a criminal offense :

2173-409: The movement's proponents established dress reform parlors , or storefronts, where women could buy sewing patterns for the garments, or buy them directly. Fashion in the 1850s through the 1880s accented large crinolines , cumbersome bustles , and padded busts with tiny waists laced into 'steam-moulded corsetry'. ' Tight-lacing ' became part of the corset controversy : dress reformists claimed that

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2226-452: The movements of the arms. It protests against crinolines or crinolettes of any kind as ugly and deforming... [It] requires all to be dressed healthily, comfortably, and beautifully, to seek what conduces to birth, comfort and beauty in our dress as a duty to ourselves and each other. In the catalogue of its inaugural exhibition, it listed the attributes of "perfect" dress as: 1. Freedom of Movement. 2. Absence of pressure over any part of

2279-592: The name frottage until the third edition (DSM III-R), but changed to frotteurism in the fourth edition, and now uses frotteuristic disorder in the fifth edition. Nevertheless, the term frottage still remains in some law codes where it is synonymous with the term frotteurism . The professional handbook of the American Psychiatric Association (APA), the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , fifth edition, lists

2332-413: The reform of women's undergarments , which could be modified without exposing the wearer to social ridicule. Dress reformers were also influential in persuading women to adopt simplified garments for athletic activities such as bicycling or swimming. The movement was much less concerned with men's clothing, although it initiated the widespread adoption of knitted wool union suits or long johns . Some of

2385-417: The soft colors of vegetable dyes , ornamented with hand embroidery in the art needlework style, featured silks, oriental designs, muted colors, natural and frizzed hair, and lacked definitive waist emphasis. The style spread as an "anti-fashion" called Artistic dress in the 1860s in literary and artistic circles, died back in the 1870s , and reemerged as Aesthetic dress in the 1880s , where two of

2438-414: The street. The more conservative of society protested that women had 'lost the mystery and attractiveness as they discarded their flowing robes." Amelia Bloomer herself dropped the fashion in 1859, saying that a new invention, the crinoline , was a sufficient reform and that she could return to conventional dress. The bloomer costume died—temporarily. It was to return much later (in a different form), as

2491-427: The tactile stage of human courtship. The prevalence of frotteurism is unknown. The DSM estimates that 10–14% of men seen in clinical settings for paraphilias or hypersexuality have frotteuristic disorder, indicating that the population prevalence is lower. However, frotteuristic acts, as opposed to frotteuristic disorder, may occur in up to 30% of men in the general population. The majority of frotteurs are male and

2544-497: The union suit was also adopted by men, and is still sold and worn today, by both men and women, as winter underclothing. In 1878, a German professor named Gustav Jaeger published a book claiming that only clothing made of animal hair, such as wool, promoted health. A British accountant named Lewis Tomalin translated the book, then opened a shop selling Dr Jaeger's Sanitary Woollen System, including knitted wool union suits. These were soon called "Jaegers"; they were widely popular. It

2597-537: The victim's path. Some psychologists consider toucherism a manifestation of frotteurism, while others distinguish the two. In clinical medicine, treatment of frotteuristic disorder involves cognitive behavioral therapy coupled with the administration of an SSRI . Frotteuristic acts were probably first interpreted as signs of a psychological disorder by French psychiatrist Valentin Magnan , who described three acts of " frottage " in an 1890 study. "Frottage" derives from

2650-468: The word by publishing the essay " The Philosophy of Dress " in which he stressed the important relationship between clothing and one's soul. Woman cyclists, such as members of the Lady Cyclists' Association , were keen advocates of women's right to dress appropriately for the activity, as part of a belief that cycling offered women an opportunity to escape overly restrictive societal norms. In 1889,

2703-630: Was associated with the Wiener Werkstätte . In Denmark, the bloomer costume was adopted for girls' sports wear during ice skating already in the 1860s. While there were no separate dress reform societies founded in Denmark, the women's rights society Dansk Kvindesamfund actively addressed the issue under the influence of the Swedish Dress Reform Society in the 1880s; they published their own brochure , Om Sundheden og Kyindedraegten by J. Frisch, collaborated with Stockholm and Oslo with

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2756-727: Was connected to the Arts and Crafts movement , when the Wiener Secession was founded in 1897 by progressive artists in opposition to the Künstlerhaus . Josef Hoffman , Koloman Moser , Otto Wagner , Alfred Roller and Hermann Bahr supported dress reform, which they expressed in the Dokumente der Frauen in 1902, and some of them contributed with reform dress designs. Gustav Klimt and Emilie Flöge are said to have cooperated in designing reform fashion, and such clothing

2809-474: Was not until the great enthusiasm for bicycling in France in the 1890s that women in general adopted the bloomer costume with trousers and no corsets as sports wear. In the early 20th century, however, the French fashion industry was finally influenced by the reform dress movement, which abolished the corset by the 1910s. Germany was a leading country of the Reformkleidung , 'dress reform' in

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