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34-538: The Rauher Kulm is a small basalt mountain located in the Upper Palatinate (Oberpfalz) region of the state of Bavaria , Germany . It is located 23 kilometers southeast of Bayreuth and 5 kilometers south of Kemnath . The town of Neustadt am Kulm is situated at the base of the western side of the mountain. The mountain is 682 meters (2,238 ft) tall and has a 25-meter (82 ft) tall observation tower at its peak. The observation tower offers views of

68-476: Is also the town of Neumarkt and the pilgrim church of Maria Hilf in Freystadt nearby. Duke of Bavaria The following is a list of monarchs during the history of Bavaria . Bavaria was ruled by several dukes and kings , partitioned and reunited, under several dynasties . Since 1918, Bavaria has been under a republican form of government, and from 1949, Bavaria has been a democratic state in

102-638: Is today usually known simply as the Palatinate (German: Pfalz ); it is from this territory that the modern German state of Rhineland-Palatinate derives its name. By contrast, the territory to the east centred on Amberg became known as the Upper Palatinate (German: Oberpfalz ), upper and lower in this case referring to the elevation of the territories (compare Low and High German , Upper and Lower Lusatia , Upper and Lower Lorraine , Low Countries , Lower Saxony ). Cadet branches of

136-566: The Luitpolding dynasty, was not a duke of Bavaria but a margrave of Carinthia under the rule of Louis the Child. Frankish power had waned in the region due to Hungarian attacks, allowing the local rulers greater independence. Luitpold's son, Arnulf, claimed the title of duke (implying full autonomy) in 911 and was recognized as such by King Henry the Fowler of Germany in 920. From 947 until

170-644: The Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the Upper Palatinate remained under the Elector of Bavaria, and has remained a part of Bavaria ever since. The smaller territories of Neuburg and Sulzbach came to Bavaria in 1777 when Charles Theodore, Elector Palatine inherited the Bavarian lands of his Wittelsbach cousin Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria . The city of Regensburg , an Imperial Free City ,

204-752: The Wittelsbach dynasty and until 1329 was ruled by the Wittelsbach Elector Palatine as part of the larger County Palatine of the Rhine (German: Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein ). By the 1329 Treaty of Pavia , the Wittelsbach territories were divided between two branches of the dynasty. The territory around the Rhine river in the west became known as the Rhenish Palatinate (German: Rheinpfalz ) or Lower Palatinate, and

238-492: The 11th century, the kings of Germany repeatedly transferred Bavaria into different hands (including their own), never allowing any one family to establish itself. Bavaria was ruled by a series of short-lasting, mostly unrelated dynasties. In 1070, Emperor Henry IV deposed Duke Otto, granting the duchy instead to Welf I , a member of the Italo-Bavarian family of Este . Welf I subsequently quarreled with King Henry and

272-409: The 16th century, the territories were frequently divided between brothers, making the dukes difficult to list. In Lower Bavaria , Henry XIII was succeeded by his three sons, Otto III, Louis III, and Stephen I ruling jointly. Otto III's successor in the joint dukedom was his son Henry XV. Stephen's successors were his sons Otto IV and Henry XIV. Henry XIV's son was John I. In Upper Bavaria , Louis II

306-737: The Bavarian State Geology Office, during the Tertiary , now also called Paleocene-Pliocene period, a number of active volcanoes produced liquid magma in Northern Bavaria, mostly due to the continental collision of Europe and Africa. As a result, not only the Alps but a number of fissure vents and cracks began to form throughout central Europe where magma could rise. Most of the Rauher Kulm's magma cooled below

340-597: The Federal Republic of Germany . Around 548 the kings of the Franks placed the border region of Bavaria under the administration of a duke—possibly Frankish or possibly chosen from amongst the local leading families—who was supposed to act as a regional governor for the Frankish king. The first duke we know of, and likely the first, was Gariwald, or Garibald I , a member of the powerful Agilolfing family. This

374-878: The Holy Roman Empire until 6 August 1806, when the Holy Roman Empire was abolished. In 1805 under the Peace of Pressburg between Napoleonic France and the Holy Roman Empire several duchies were elevated to kingdoms. The Wittelsbach rulers of Bavaria held the title King of Bavaria from 1806 until 1918. The prince-elector of Bavaria, Maximilian IV Joseph formally assumed the title King Maximilian I of Bavaria on 1 January 1806. The well-known so called Märchenkönig (Fairy tale king) Ludwig II constructed Neuschwanstein Castle , Herrenchiemsee , and Linderhof Palace during his reign (1864–1886), threatening not only to go bankrupt in person, but also to bankrupt

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408-545: The Kelheimer (r. 1189–1231), although four Dukes of Bavaria had been called Louis before that. The same applies to Dukes called Otto, who are sometimes renumbered starting with Otto III, the first Wittelsbach Duke of Bavaria. The highest number has been used in this chart to minimise confusion, with one exception: Ludwig is the German for Louis, but Kings Ludwig I, II and III are not numbered XV, XVI and XVII. The colours denote

442-576: The Kings of Bavaria. However, Otto was mentally ill since teenhood and throughout all of his later life, hence the royal functions had to be carried out by the following prince regents : Prince regent from 1912 until 1913. Declared King of Bavaria following a controversial change of the constitution, discharging his cousin Otto from "office". Lost the throne in the German Revolution of 1918–1919 at

476-485: The Lower Palatinate in 1777. From 1349 until 1503 the second partition of Bavaria took place. In 1349, the six sons of Louis IV partitioned Bavaria into Upper and Lower Bavaria again. In 1353, Lower Bavaria was partitioned into Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Straubing . Upper Bavaria was partitioned between Bavaria-Straubing and Bavaria-Landshut in 1363. After the death of Stephan II in 1392, Bavaria-Landshut

510-772: The Wittelsbach dynasty also ruled over smaller territories in Neuburg and Sulzbach . As a result of the Elector Palatine Frederick V 's abortive claim to the Bohemian throne in 1619–1620, the Upper Palatinate, along with the rest of his lands, were declared forfeit to the Emperor and, along with the Electoral title, given to the Duke of Bavaria . Although the Lower Palatinate was restored to Frederick's son by

544-435: The area. This also involved some border changes or territorial swaps. Thus, the district name of Regenkreis was changed to Upper Palatinate. Landkreise (districts): Kreisfreie Städte (district-free towns): Historical Population of Upper Palatinate: The gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was €47.3 billion in 2018, accounting for 1.4% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power

578-661: The country in the process. In 1918 Ludwig III lost his throne in the German Revolution of 1918–1919 . Abdicated in the Revolutions of 1848 . Ludwig II was called the Märchenkönig (Fairy tale king). He grudgingly acceded to Bavaria becoming a component of the German Empire in 1871, was declared insane in 1886. From a mathematical, calendrical point of view, his marked the longest "reign" amongst

612-408: The death of Henry V in 1026. Later Henry was elected as Holy Roman Emperor Henry III, and became King of Germany in 1039. In 1042, Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor , granted the duchy to Henry VII, Count of Luxemburg, nephew of Henry V. After Henry VII's death, the dukedom was vacant for a couple of years. Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor , then gave the duchy to Kuno, Count of Zütphen, in 1049. Kuno

646-524: The duke and gave his territory to Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria of the House of Wittelsbach . From now on, Bavaria remained in the possession of various branches of the family for 738 years until the end of the First World War. In 1253, on Otto II's death, Bavaria was divided between his sons. Henry became Duke of Lower Bavaria and Louis of Upper Bavaria. From this point until the beginning of

680-580: The end of World War I . Marks the end of 738 years of uninterrupted Wittelsbach rule over Bavaria. In 1918, at the end of the First World War in the German Revolution of 1918–1919, Bavaria became a democratic republic within the Weimar Republic ; the name for the period of Germany from 1919 to 1933. Since then, the heads of government of Bavaria have been ministers-president . Note that Dukes called Louis are usually numbered from Louis

714-668: The fashion of the French departments , quite even in size and population, and named after their main rivers. In the following years, due to territorial changes (e.g. the loss of Tyrol , the addition of the Palatinate), the number of Kreise in the kingdom was reduced to 8. One of these was the Regenkreis ( Regen District). In 1837, king Ludwig I of Bavaria renamed the Kreise after historical territorial names and tribes of

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748-661: The north) on Upper Franconia , the Czech Republic , Lower Bavaria , Upper Bavaria and Middle Franconia . Notable regions are: At the beginning of the High Middle Ages the region now known as the Upper Palatinate was part of the Bavarian March of the Nordgau . The region took its current name no earlier than the early 14th century. From the mid-13th century, much of the region was controlled by

782-664: The northern Franconian Switzerland , the southern wall of the Fichtel Mountains , and the Upper Palatinate Forest . Since 1949, the mountain has been protected as a federal monument in the Northern Upper Palatinate Forest Nature Park. There are several well marked hiking paths up the mountain and around the surrounding forests. The mountain is one of the most imposing basalt mountains of Bavaria. According to

816-564: The surface. During the Middle Ages a castle was built on top of the Rauher Kulm. During the Second Margrave War the castle was destroyed after a prolonged siege. Upper Palatinate The Upper Palatinate is a landscape with low mountains and numerous ponds and lakes in its lowland regions. By contrast with other regions of Germany it is more rural in character and more sparsely settled. It borders (clockwise from

850-466: The title to Berthold, a younger son of Luitpold. On Berthold's death, Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor , gave the duchy to his own brother Henry (I), who was also Arnulf the Bad's son-in-law. Henry IV was elected as Holy Roman Emperor Henry II, who gave Bavaria to his brother-in-law Henry V , Count of Luxemburg in 1004. Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor , King of Germany, gave Bavaria to his son Henry VI after

884-591: The two shared Straubing also with Albert I's son, Albert II. Albert VI inherited from his wife the lands of Leuchtenberg, and from 1646 reorganizes them as a new Bavarian duchy, the short-lived Duchy of Bavaria-Leuchtenberg. In the chaos of the wars of the French Revolution , the old order of the Holy Roman Empire collapsed. In the course of these events, Bavaria became once again the ally of France, and Maximilian IV Joseph became King Maximilian I of Bavaria—whilst remaining Prince-Elector and Arch-steward of

918-670: Was broken into three duchies, John II gained Bavaria-Munich , Frederick, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut received a smaller Bavaria-Landshut, and in Bavaria-Ingolstadt ruled Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria . Following the Landshut War (1503–1505), the Duke of Bavaria-Munich Albert IV the Wise became ruler of Bavaria. In 1506 Albert decreed that the duchy should pass according to the rules of primogeniture . In 1623 Maximilian I

952-626: Was deposed in 1053. During his reign in Bavaria Henry VIII was a minor (born 1050). In 1056 he became King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor as Henry IV in 1084. Abdicated. In a power struggle with King Conrad III of Germany , Henry X lost his duchy to the King, who granted it to his follower Leopold Margrave of Austria . In 1180, Henry XII the Lion and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor , fell out. The emperor consequently dispossessed

986-515: Was deprived of his duchy for nineteen years, during which it was directly administered by the German crown. Welf I recovered the duchy in 1096, and was succeeded by his sons Welf II and Henry IX—the latter was succeeded by his son Henry X, who also became Duke of Saxony . Arnulf the Bad claimed the title of duke—implying full autonomy—in 911, and was recognized as such by King Henry the Fowler in 920. The German King Otto I reasserted central authority, banishing Arnulf's son Eberhard and re-granting

1020-479: Was granted the title Prince-elector (German: Kurfürst ) of the Rhenish Palatinate. (Note: Here the numbering of the dukes is the same for all duchies, as all were titled Dukes of Bavaria, despite the different parts of land and its particular numbering of the rulers. The dukes are numbered by the year of their succession.) In Lower Bavaria, the three brothers divided the land again in 1353: Stephen kept Landshut, William and Albert shared Straubing, and from 1389

1054-560: Was not joined with the rest of the region until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the end of the short-lived Principality of Regensburg under Carl von Dalberg , which existed from 1803 to 1810. After the founding of the Kingdom of Bavaria , the state was totally reorganised and, in 1808, divided into 15 administrative districts (German: Regierungsbezirke ; singular Regierungsbezirk ) called Kreise (literally "Circles", singular: Kreis ). They were created in

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1088-500: Was succeeded by his sons Rudolf I and Louis IV. The latter was elected King of Germany in 1314. After John I's death in 1340, Louis IV unified the Bavarian duchy. The dukes of Upper Bavaria served also as Counts Palatinate of the Rhine. In 1329 Louis IV released the Palatinate of the Rhine including the Bavarian Upper Palatinate to the sons of Rudolf I. The Upper Palatinate would be reunited with Bavaria in 1623,

1122-916: Was the beginning of a series of Agilolfing dukes that was to last until 788. The kings (later emperors) of the Franks now assumed complete control, placing Bavaria under the rule of non-hereditary governors and civil servants. They were not dukes but rather kings of Bavaria. Emperor Louis the Pious divided control of the Empire among his sons, and the divisions became permanent in the decades following his death in 840. The Frankish rulers controlled Bavaria as part of their possessions. Carloman 's bastard son, Arnulf of Carinthia , rebelled against Charles and took power in eastern Francia shortly before Charles' death. Ruled by an array of dukes from an array of rivaling houses, individually appointed to office. Luitpold, founder of

1156-688: Was €39,200 or 130% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 103% of the EU average. Major tourist attractions include the former ducal residences Regensburg with the Walhalla nearby and Amberg , the city of Weiden and Waldsassen Abbey including the Kappl Trinity church nearby. Scenic attractions include the river Danube and the Upper Palatine Forest . A sight

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