The Pennsylvania Railroad GG1 is a class of streamlined electric locomotives built for the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR), in the northeastern United States. The class was known for its striking art deco shell, its ability to pull trains at up to 100 mph, and its long operating career of almost 50 years.
116-410: Raymond Loewy ( / ˈ l oʊ i / LOH -ee , French: [ʁɛmɔ̃ levi] ; November 5, 1893 – July 14, 1986) was a French-born American industrial designer who achieved fame for the magnitude of his design efforts across a variety of industries. He was recognized for this by Time magazine and featured on its cover on October 31, 1949. He spent most of his professional career in
232-426: A quill drive . The power required was such that double traction motors were used, with two motors driving each axle. The traction motors were six-pole field, 400 volts, 25 Hz rated each at 385 hp (287 kW). The motors were frame-mounted using quill drives to the sprung driving wheels, providing a flexible suspension system across a relatively-long locomotive frame, which allowed full wheel weight to rest on
348-476: A Habitability Consultant for design of the Skylab space station, launched in 1973. One of NASA's goals in hiring him was to improve the psychology, safety, and comfort of manned spacecraft. Due to long duration confinement in limited interior space in micro-g with almost non-existing variability in environment, the comfort and well-being of the crew through the use of aesthetics played high importance. Loewy suggested
464-571: A London office in the mid-1930s that continues to operate. in the early 1930s, Loewy did comprehensive design work for the Pennsylvania Railroad in providing a deeply modern Art Moderne design for the railroad's flagship electric locomotive, the GG1 . The engines would operate into the 1980s under a variety of paint schemes, some of them reflecting ownership changes, and one of them - 4935 - would be restored to its original appearance all
580-485: A child of a French-Canadian father and an Irish mother, and counter-culture author Jack Kerouac (1922–1969) who grew up in Lowell, Massachusetts . Kerouac was the child of two French-Canadian immigrants and wrote in both English and French. Franco-American political figures from New England include U.S. Senator Kelly Ayotte ( R , New Hampshire ), Governor Paul LePage of Maine, and Presidential adviser Jon Favreau , who
696-606: A course at Harvard University. Francophonie Month (March) and St. John the Baptist Day (June 24) also provide an opportunity for celebration and increased visibility. At the same time, some members of the community are inviting reconsideration of Franco-Americans’ place in conversations about race and class. Noted American popular culture figures who maintained a close connection to their French roots include musician Rudy Vallée (1901–1986) who grew up in Westbrook, Maine ,
812-639: A fashion illustrator for Vogue and Harper's Bazaar . In 1929, he received his first industrial-design commission to contemporize the appearance of a duplicating machine by Gestetner . Further commissions followed, including work for Westinghouse , the Hupp Motor Company (the Hupmobile styling), and styling the Coldspot refrigerator for Sears -Roebuck. It was this product that established his reputation as an industrial designer. He opened
928-464: A new generation, through design exhibitions, publications, and documentaries. In October 2017, the documentary, "Raymond Loewy: designer of American dreams", originally conceived by Laurence Loewy, premiered to Paris audiences. The film has aired on the French Arte channel. On November 5, 2013, Loewy was honored with a Google Doodle depicting a streamlined locomotive bearing a resemblance to
1044-401: A number of improvements to the layout, such as the implementation of a wardroom, where the crew could eat and work together, the wardroom window, the dining table and the color design, among others. A key feature of Raymond Loewy's design for the sleep compartments was that the floor plan for each of the three was different to create a sense of individual identity for each compartment. Elements of
1160-908: A number of villages along the waterways, including Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin ; La Baye, Wisconsin ; Cahokia, Illinois ; Kaskaskia, Illinois ; Detroit , Michigan ; Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan ; Saint Ignace, Michigan ; Vincennes, Indiana ; St. Paul, Minnesota ; St. Louis , Missouri ; and Sainte Genevieve, Missouri . They also built a series of forts in the area, such as Fort de Chartres , Fort Crevecoeur , Fort Saint Louis , Fort Ouiatenon , Fort Miami (Michigan) , Fort Miami (Indiana) , Fort Saint Joseph , Fort La Baye , Fort de Buade , Fort Saint Antoine , Fort Crevecoeur , Fort Trempealeau , Fort Beauharnois , Fort Orleans , Fort St. Charles , Fort Kaministiquia , Fort Michilimackinac , Fort Rouillé , Fort Niagara , Fort Le Boeuf , Fort Venango and Fort Duquesne . The forts were serviced by soldiers and fur trappers who had long networks reaching through
1276-683: A position under the pantographs. In 1968, the PRR, with its 119 surviving GG1s, merged with the New York Central Railroad to form Penn Central. Penn Central went bankrupt in 1970 and its freight operations were later assumed by government-controlled Conrail, which used 68 GG1s in freight service until the end of electric freight traction in 1980. After its creation in 1971, Amtrak purchased 30 GG1s for $ 50,000 each and leased another 21, of which 11 were for use on New York and Long Branch commuter trains. Amtrak initially renumbered
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#17327763516461392-735: A test track in Claymont , Delaware. PRR chose the GG1 because the R1's rigid wheelbase prevented it from negotiating sharp curves and some railroad switches . On November 10, 1934, the railroad ordered 57 locomotives: 14 assembled by General Electric in Erie , 18 by the PRR's own Altoona Works , and 20 more in Altoona with electrical components from Westinghouse in East Pittsburgh and chassis from
1508-556: A unique heritage, generally seeing themselves as distinct from Louisiana Creoles despite a number of historical documents also classifying the Acadians' descendants as Créoles . Their ancestors settled Acadia , in what is now the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island and part of Maine in the 17th and early 18th centuries. In 1755, after capturing Fort Beauséjour and several other French forts in
1624-668: A young student from the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena. The team worked in a house leased for the purpose in Palm Springs, California . (Loewy also had a home in Palm Springs that he designed himself.) Each team member had a role. Andrews and Kellogg handled sketching, Ebstein oversaw the project, and Loewy was the creative director and offered advice. Raymond Loewy worked for NASA from 1967 to 1973 as
1740-550: Is California. Many U.S. cities have large French American populations . The city with the largest concentration of people of French extraction is Madawaska, Maine , while the largest French-speaking population by percentage of speakers in the U.S. is found in St. Martin Parish, Louisiana . Country-wide, as of 2020, there are about 9.4 million U.S. residents who declare French ancestry or French Canadian descent, and about 1.32 million per
1856-570: Is a corruption of the word Acadian . Many still live in what is known as the Cajun Country , where much of their colonial culture survives. French Louisiana , when it was sold by Napoleon in 1803, covered all or part of fifteen current U.S. states and contained French and Canadian colonists dispersed across it, though they were most numerous in its southernmost portion. During the War of 1812 , Louisiana residents of French origin took part on
1972-615: Is partly due to the tendency of Franco-American groups to identify more closely with North American regional identities such as French Canadian , Acadian , Brayon , Louisiana French ( Cajun , Creole ) than as a coherent group, but also because emigration from France during the 19th century was low compared to the rest of Europe. Consequently, there is less of a unified French American identity as with other European American ethnic groups, and Americans of French descent are highly concentrated in New England and Louisiana . Nevertheless,
2088-533: The Zephyr , the PRR had the GG1. The GG1 has "shown up over the years in more advertisements and movie clips than any other locomotive." It was also featured in art calendars provided by PRR, which were used to "promote its reputation in the public eye." PRR-painted GG1s appear in the films Broadway Limited in 1941, The Clock in 1945, Blast of Silence in 1961, the 1962 version of The Manchurian Candidate , and Avalon in 1990. Two GG1s appear in
2204-399: The 2010 census , spoke French at home . An additional 750,000 U.S. residents speak a French-based creole language , according to the 2011 American Community Survey . Franco-Americans are less visible than other similarly sized ethnic groups and are relatively uncommon when compared to the size of France's population, or to the numbers of German, Italian, Irish or English Americans. This
2320-522: The Adirondack Mountains and their foothills. They amounted to an ever-growing share of the region's population; by the mid-twentieth century, Franco-Americans comprised 30 percent of Maine's population. Factories could provide employment to entire nuclear families, including children. Some French-Canadian women saw New England as a place of opportunity and possibility where they could create economic alternatives for themselves distinct from
2436-564: The Baldwin Locomotive Works in Eddystone . An additional 81 locomotives were built at Altoona between 1937 and 1943. On January 28 1935, to mark the completion of electrification of the line from Washington, D.C. , to New York City , PRR ran a special train hauled by Pennsylvania Railroad 4800 before it opened the line for revenue service on February 10. It made a round-trip from D.C. to Philadelphia ; it completed
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#17327763516462552-755: The Boudin Bakery and French Hospital. Since the US was in high demand for labor between 1921 and 1931, it resulted in an estimated 2 million French immigrants coming to America for jobs. This not only portrayed a strong impact on the American economy, but also the French economy as well. The latter half of the 19th century progressed, French immigrants continued to arrive in San Francisco in large numbers and French entrepreneurs played significant roles in shaping
2668-730: The Kingdom of France , including Huguenots , also settled alongside French-speaking Flemish Walloons in the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam , the capital of New Netherland , which later became New York City . While found throughout the country, today Franco-Americans are most numerous in New England , northern New York , the Midwest, Louisiana, and northern California . Often, Franco-Americans are identified more specifically as being of French Canadians , Cajuns or Louisiana Creole descent. A vital segment of Franco-American history involves
2784-733: The New Deal Coalition . Unlike the Irish and German Catholics, very few Franco-Americans deserted the Democratic ranks because of the foreign policy and war issues of the 1940 and 1944 campaigns. In 1952 many Franco-Americans broke from the Democrats but returned heavily in 1960. Additional work has expanded Walker's findings. Ronald Petrin has explored the rise of the Republican ascendency among Massachusetts Franco-Americans in
2900-577: The Pennsylvania Railroad GG1 , S-1 , and T1 locomotives, the color scheme and Eagle motif for the first streamliners of the Missouri Pacific Railroad , and a number of lesser known color scheme and car interior designs for other railroads. His career spanned seven decades. The press referred to Loewy as The Man Who Shaped America , The Father of Streamlining and The Father of Industrial Design . Loewy
3016-770: The Quebec diaspora of the 1840s–1930s, in which nearly one million French Canadians moved to the United States, mainly relocating to New England mill towns, fleeing economic downturn in Québec and seeking manufacturing jobs in the United States. Historically, French Canadians had among the highest birth rates in world history, explaining their relatively large population despite low immigration rates from France. These immigrants mainly settled in Québec and Acadia , although some eventually inhabited Ontario and Manitoba . Many of
3132-539: The Union forces were one of the most important Catholic groups present during the American Civil War . The exact number is unclear, but thousands of Franco-Americans appear to have served in this conflict. Union forces did not keep reliable statistics concerning foreign enlistments. However, historians have estimated anywhere from 20,000 to 40,000 Franco-Americans serving in this war. In addition to those born in
3248-678: The shroud design of K4s Pacific #3768 , using the wheels of the train to form the word Google . Work in years or models unknown 1900s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s Notes Further reading French Americans 8,053,902 (2.4%) alone or in combination 2,211,954 (0.7%) French or French-Canadian alone Excluding French-Canadian: 6,464,646 (1.9%) alone or in combination 1,505,143 (0.5%) French alone Asia Middle East Europe North America South America Oceania French Americans or Franco-Americans ( French : Franco-américains ) are citizens or nationals of
3364-447: The 17th and early 18th centuries, there was an influx of a few thousand Huguenots , who were Calvinist refugees fleeing religious persecution following the issuance of the 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau by Louis XIV of the Kingdom of France . Some of these refugees settled in the Dutch colony of New Netherland and its capital city, New Netherland , including being among the first Europeans to settle on Staten Island . In 1674, with
3480-782: The 1890s and in Maine in the subsequent decades. A breaking point was reached during the Sentinelle affair of the 1920s, in which Franco-American Catholics of Woonsocket, Rhode Island, challenged their bishop over control of parish funds in an unsuccessful bid to wrest power from the Irish American episcopate. In a 1957 treatise on urban history, American historian Constance Green would attribute some disputes between French and Irish Catholics in Massachusetts, Holyoke in particular, as fomented by Yankee English Protestants, in
3596-472: The 1890s; the lengthy economic depression that coincided with President Grover Cleveland 's administration and Franco-Irish religious controversies were likely factors in growing support for the GOP. Petrin recognizes different political behaviors in large cities and in smaller centers. Madeleine Giguère has confirmed the later shift to the Democratic column through her research on Lewiston's presidential vote during
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3712-576: The 1948–60 elections. According to Walker, from 1896 to 1924, Franco-Americans typically supported the Republican Party because of its conservatism, emphasis on order, and advocacy of the tariff to protect the textile workers from foreign competition. In 1928, with Catholic Al Smith as the Democratic candidate, the Franco-Americans moved over to the Democratic column and stayed there for six presidential elections. They formed part of
3828-478: The 1970s. For some, a “renaissance” or “revival” is under way. The New Hampshire PoutineFest, founded by Timothy Beaulieu, uses an iconic Quebec dish to broaden interest in the culture. The French-Canadian Legacy podcast offers contemporary perspectives on French-Canadian experiences on both sides of the border. Through a collaboration with the Quebec Government Office and local institutions,
3944-468: The 1973 film The Seven-Ups —a black Penn Central locomotive and a silver, red and blue Amtrak locomotive. A Penn Central GG1 also appears in another 1973 film The Last Detail . PRR GG1 4821 appears briefly in the 1952 film The Greatest Show on Earth , hauling the Ringling Bros. Barnum & Bailey Circus into Philadelphia's Greenwich Yard, as the movie's director Cecil B. DeMille narrates
4060-665: The ASEA design, initially nicknamed the "Swedish swifty" or the "Mighty Mouse" and later often referred to as the "Swedish Meatball". Electro-Motive Diesel , then a part of General Motors , was licensed to build a derivative called the AEM-7 . As AEM-7s arrived, Amtrak finally ended GG1 service on April 26, 1980. The last GG1s in use were some of the 13 assigned to New Jersey Transit (#4872–4884) for its North Jersey Coast Line between New York and South Amboy (the former New York and Long Branch) that ran until October 29, 1983, thus retiring
4176-503: The American side in the Battle of New Orleans (December 23, 1814, through January 8, 1815). Jean Lafitte and his Baratarians later were honored by US General Andrew Jackson for their contribution to the defense of New Orleans. In Louisiana today, more than 15 percent of the population of the Cajun Country reported in the 2000 United States Census that French was spoken at home. Another significant source of immigrants to Louisiana
4292-559: The Canadian Cockshutt Plow Company 's new line of agricultural tractors in the squared-off style that was becoming popular.The Cockshutt 540 , 550 , 560 and 570 models were all styled by Loewy. Raymond Loewy's designers influenced the design of Allis-Chalmers crawler tractors. The tractors were described as having stylish panelwork with curvaceous lines. Loewy's first marriage was to Jean Thomson, which ended in divorce. Jean Thomson remained employed by
4408-782: The Franco-American experience as members of religious orders. The first hospital in Lewiston, Maine, became a reality in 1889 when the Sisters of Charity of Montreal, the 'Grey Nuns,' opened the Asylum of Our Lady of Lourdes. This hospital was central to the Grey Nuns' mission of providing social services for Lewiston's predominately French-Canadian mill workers. The Grey Nuns struggled to establish their institution despite meager financial resources, language barriers, and opposition from
4524-769: The French presence has had an outsized impact on American toponyms . Some Franco-Americans arrived prior to the founding of the United States , settling in places like the Midwest , Louisiana or Northern New England . In these same areas, many cities and geographic features retain their names given by the first Franco-American inhabitants, and in sum, 23 of the Contiguous United States were colonized in part by French pioneers or French Canadians, including settlements such as Iowa ( Des Moines ), Missouri ( St. Louis ), Kentucky ( Louisville ) and Michigan ( Detroit ), among others. Settlers and political refugees from
4640-781: The French-Canadian immigrants, who wanted their language taught in the parochial schools. The Irish controlled all the Catholic colleges in New England, except for Assumption College in Massachusetts, controlled by the French and one school in New Hampshire controlled by Germans. Tensions between these two groups bubbled up in Fall River in 1884–1886, in Danielson, Connecticut and North Brookfield, Massachusetts in
4756-413: The GG1 project was industrial designer Donald Roscoe Dohner, who produced initial scale-styling models, although the completed prototype looked somewhat different. At some point, PRR hired famed industrial designer Raymond Loewy to "enhance the GG1's aesthetics." The final design is retrospectively 'Art Deco' as we know it today. Although it was thought until 2009 that Loewy was solely responsible for
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4872-463: The GG1 was caused by a February 1958 blizzard that swept across the northeastern United States and put nearly half of the GG1s out of commission. Exceptionally fine snow, caused by the extreme low temperatures, passed through the traction motors' air filters and into the electrical components. When the snow melted, it short-circuited the components. On about 40 units, the air intakes were later moved to
4988-412: The GG1's styling, Dohner is now understood to have contributed as well. (Dohner's GG1 designs influenced the modified P5as, which debuted before the GG1 — not, as was thought, the other way around. ) Loewy did claim that he recommended the use of a smooth, welded body instead of the riveted one used in the prototype. Loewy also added five gold pinstripes and a Brunswick green paint scheme. In 1952,
5104-788: The Great Lakes back to Montreal. Sizable agricultural settlements were established in the Pays des Illinois . The region was relinquished by France to the British in 1763 as a result of the Treaty of Paris . Three years of war by the Natives, called Pontiac's War , ensued. It became part of the Province of Quebec in 1774, and was seized by the United States during the Revolution. In
5220-628: The Loewy firm after the marriage ended. In 1980, Loewy retired at the age of 87 and returned to his native France. He died in his Monte Carlo residence on July 14, 1986. He was raised a Roman Catholic and was buried in the cemetery of a Catholic church in Rochefort-en-Yvelines , a village located 40 km south-west of Paris, where he owned a rural home named La Cense. He was survived by his wife Viola (née Erickson), and their daughter Laurence. In 1992, Viola and Laurence Loewy, with
5336-732: The Massachusetts Bay Colony and the Provinces of Pennsylvania and Carolina due in large part to colonial anti-Catholic sentiment, during the period of the Edict of Fontainebleau . The 19th century would see the arrival of others from Switzerland. From the 1870s to the 1920s in particular, there was tension between the English-speaking Irish Catholics , who dominated the Church in New England, and
5452-587: The P5a, a top speed of at least 100 miles per hour (160 km/h), a streamlined body design, and a single (central) control cab. Both companies delivered their prototypes to PRR in August 1934. Westinghouse's R1 was essentially "little more than an elongated and more powerful version of the P5a" with an AAR wheel arrangement of 2-D-2. General Electric delivered its GG1. Both locomotives were tested for ten weeks in regular service between New York and Philadelphia and on
5568-411: The PRR in 1935 and later ran on successor railroads Penn Central , Conrail , and Amtrak . The last GG1 was retired by New Jersey Transit in 1983. Most have been scrapped, but sixteen are preserved in museums. The GG1 was 79 feet 6 inches (24.23 m) long and weighed 475,000 pounds (215,000 kg). The frame of the locomotive was in two halves joined with a ball joint , allowing
5684-528: The Pennsylvania Railroad, including stations, passenger-car interiors, and advertising materials. By 1949, Loewy employed 143 designers, architects, and draftsmen. His business partners were A. Baker Barnhart, William Snaith, and John Breen. Loewy had a long and fruitful relationship with American car maker Studebaker . Studebaker first retained Loewy and Associates and Helen Dryden as design consultants in 1936 and in 1939 Loewy began work with
5800-508: The United States Most Franco Americans have a Roman Catholic heritage (which includes most French Canadians and Cajuns). Protestants would arrive in two smaller waves, with the earliest arrivals being the Huguenots who fled from France in the colonial era, many of whom would settle in Boston, Charleston, New York and Philadelphia. Huguenots and their descendants would immigrate to
5916-428: The United States who identify themselves with having full or partial French or French-Canadian heritage, ethnicity and/or ancestral ties . They include French-Canadian Americans , whose experience and identity differ from the broader community. The state with the largest proportion of people identifying as having French ancestry is Maine , while the state with the largest number of people with French ancestry
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#17327763516466032-573: The United States, becoming a naturalized citizen in 1938. Among his designs were the Shell , Exxon , TWA and the former BP logos, the Greyhound Scenicruiser bus interior, Coca-Cola vending machines and bottle redesign, the Lucky Strike package, Coldspot refrigerators, the Studebaker Avanti and Champion , and the Air Force One livery . He was engaged by equipment manufacturer International Harvester to overhaul its entire product line, and his team also assisted competitor Allis-Chalmers . He undertook numerous railroad designs, including
6148-577: The United States, many who served in the Union forces came from Canada or had resided there for several years. Canada's national anthem was written by such a soldier named Calixa Lavallée , who wrote this anthem while he served for the Union, attaining the rank of Lieutenant. Leading Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard was a notably francophone Louisiana Creole. Walker (1962) examines the voting behavior in U.S. presidential elections from 1880 to 1960, using election returns from 30 Franco-American communities in New England, along with sample survey data for
6264-516: The United States. In 2006, the Loewy Gallery opened in Roanoke, Virginia through the supportive efforts of the O. Winston Link Museum , the local business community, and art patrons Laurence Loewy, David Hagerman, and Ross Stansfield. Laurence died of natural causes October 15, 2008, and is survived by her husband David Hagerman. Hagerman is the representative for the Estate of Raymond Loewy, which remains dedicated to reintroducing Loewy's design philosophy of MAYA, or "most advanced, yet acceptable", to
6380-594: The annual Army–Navy football game in Philadelphia. Timetable speed limit for the GG1 was 75-80 mph until October 1967, when some were allowed 100 mph for a couple of years. When Metroliner cars were being overhauled in the late 1970s, GG1s were again allowed 100 mph for a short time when hauling Amfleet cars on trains scheduled to run 226.6 miles from New York to Washington in 3 hours and 20 to 25 minutes. On June 8, 1968, two Penn Central GG1s hauled Robert F. Kennedy 's funeral train from New York Penn Station to Washington, D.C. The first designer for
6496-406: The ball and socket to another frame of the same design (the +). The unpowered "2" axles are at either end of the locomotive. The GG1 was equipped with a Leslie A200 horn. A pantograph on each end of the locomotive body was used to collect the 11,000 V , 25 Hz alternating current (AC) from the overhead catenary wires . In operation, the leading pantograph was usually kept lowered and
6612-407: The city's culinary, fashion, and financial sectors. This led to the city earning the nickname "Paris of the Pacific". French immigrants and their descendants also began settling in what is now the North Bay , becoming instrumental in the development of Wine Country and the modern California wine industry. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake , French architecture (especially Beaux-Arts )
6728-433: The colonial American population with roots in France , in collaboration with the American Council of Learned Societies , by scholarly classification of the names of all White heads of families recorded in the first U.S. census of 1790 . The government required accurate counts of the origins of colonial stock as basis for computing National Origins Formula immigration quotas in the 1920s; for this task scholars estimated
6844-486: The crew quarters included sleep restraints, storage lockers, privacy partitions, lighting, a light baffle, privacy curtains, mirrors, towel holders and a communication box. The table was designed by Loewy in order to avoid creating hierarchical positions for crew members during long missions. Food was eaten using forks, knives and spoons, which were held in place on the table by magnets. Liquids were drunk from squeezable plastic containers. The International Harvester company
6960-408: The engineer decreased the throttle and started applying the brakes. When the engineer realized that the train was not slowing down, and applying the emergency brake had no effect, he sounded the engine's horn. A signalman , hearing the horn and noting the speed of the 4876, phoned ahead to the station master's office. 4876 negotiated several switches at speeds well over the safe limits and entered
7076-485: The established medical community. The French-Canadian community in the Northeast tried to preserve its inherited cultural norms. This happened within the institutions of the Catholic Church, though it involved struggling with little success against Irish clerics. According to Raymond Potvin, the predominantly Irish hierarchy was slow to recognize the need for French-language parishes; several bishops even called for assimilation and English language-only parochial schools. By
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#17327763516467192-847: The expectations of their farm families in Canada. By the early twentieth century, some saw temporary migration to the United States as a rite of passage and a time of self-discovery and self-reliance. Most moved permanently to the United States, using the inexpensive railroad system to visit Quebec from time to time. When these women did marry, they had fewer children with longer intervals between children than their Canadian counterparts. Some women never married and oral accounts suggest that self-reliance and economic independence were important reasons for choosing work over marriage and motherhood. These women conformed to traditional gender ideals in order to retain their 'Canadienne' cultural identity, but they also redefined these roles in ways that provided them increased independence as wives and mothers. Women also shaped
7308-523: The experimental duplex engine Q1 which was his last work of streamlining PRR's steam engine. In 1946, at the Pennsylvania Railroad's request, he restyled Baldwin 's diesels with a distinctive " sharknose " reminiscent of the T1. While he did not design the famous GG1 electric locomotive , he improved its appearance with welded rather than riveted construction, and he added a pinstripe paint scheme to highlight its smooth contours. In addition to locomotive design, Loewy's studios provided many designs for
7424-641: The first French-Canadian migrants to the U.S. worked in the New England lumber industry, and, to a lesser degree, in the burgeoning mining industry in the upper Great Lakes . This initial wave of seasonal migration was then followed by more permanent relocation in the United States by French-Canadian millworkers. Louisiana Creole people refers to those who are descended from the colonial settlers in Louisiana, especially those of French and Spanish descent but also including individuals of mixed-race heritage (cf. Creoles of Color ). Louisiana Creoles of any race have common European heritage and share cultural ties, such as
7540-399: The front of the seventh of the train's 16 cars. The journal box seized and an axle snapped, catching the underside of the truck and catapulting the car upwards. It struck a signal gantry , which peeled off its roof along the line of windows "like a can of sardines". Car #8 wrapped itself around the gantry upright in a figure U. The next six cars were scattered at odd angles over the tracks, and
7656-402: The halls of power and more easily turned towards the Democrats. During the 1920s, the regional disparity disappeared. Due to the nativist and anti-labor policies of Republican state governments, an increasingly unionized Franco-American working class lent its support to the Democrats across the region. Elite "Francos" continued to prefer the GOP. As the ancestors of most Franco-Americans had for
7772-463: The hopes that a split would diminish Catholic influence. Marie Rose Ferron was a mystic stigmatic ; she was born in Quebec and lived in Woonsocket, Rhode Island. Between about 1925 and 1936, she was a popular "victim soul" who suffered physically to redeem the sins of her community. Father Onésime Boyer promoted her cult. GG1 Between 1934 and 1943, General Electric and the PRR's Altoona Works built 139 GG1s. The GG1 entered service with
7888-505: The ideology of survivance —the effort to preserve the traditional culture through faith and language. A product of the commercial and industrial economy of these areas, by 1913, the French and French-Canadian populations of New York City, Fall River (Massachusetts), and Manchester (New Hampshire) were the largest in the country. Out of the 20 largest Franco-American populations in the United States, only four cities were outside of New York and New England, with New Orleans ranking 18th largest in
8004-404: The inauguration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower . 4876 was eventually dismantled, removed from the basement and reassembled with a new frame and superstructure in Altoona. The reconstructed 4876 survives at the B&O Railroad Museum in Baltimore. The accident was determined to have been caused by a closed "angle cock", a valve on the front and rear of all locomotives and rail cars used in
8120-399: The last two cars remained undamaged. In total, 79 passengers died, all from cars #7 and #8, and 117 were injured, some seriously. On January 15, 1953, train 173, the overnight Federal from Boston, was approaching Washington behind GG1 4876 . The train passed a signal 2.1 miles (3.4 km) north of Washington Union Station between 60 and 70 miles per hour (97 and 113 km/h), and
8236-445: The locomotive after 49 years of service. Fifteen production locomotives and the prototype were preserved in museums. None are operational; their main transformers were removed because of the PCBs in the insulating oil. During the mid-1930s, many railroads streamlined locomotives and passenger cars to convey a fashionable sense of speed. While the Union Pacific had the M-10000 and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad
8352-408: The locomotive to negotiate sharper curves. The body rested on the frame and was clad in welded steel plates. The control cabs were near the center of the locomotive on each side of the main oil-cooled transformer and oil-fired train-heating boiler. This arrangement, first used on the PRR's Modified P5 class, provided for greater crew safety in a collision and provided for bi-directional operation of
8468-516: The locomotive. In the 1930s, railroad passenger cars were heated with steam from the locomotive. The GG1 had an oil-fired steam generator to feed its train's "steam line." Beginning in the late 1910s, the PRR received the FF1 , but decided that it was too slow for passenger trains; it was relegated to heavy freight service. In the mid-1920s, it received the L5 electric, which had a third-rail power supply at
8584-406: The locomotive. Using Whyte notation for steam locomotives , each frame is a 4-6-0 locomotive, which in the Pennsylvania Railroad classification system is a "G". The GG1 has two such frames back to back, 4-6-0+0-6-4. The related AAR wheel arrangement classification is 2-C+C-2. This means one frame mounted upon a set of two axles unpowered (the "2") and three axles powered (the "C") hinged with
8700-567: The main theaters of the Revolutionary War. At the end of the war, New York State formed the Canadian and Nova Scotia Refugee Tract stretching westward from Lake Champlain. Though many of the veterans sold their claim in this vast region, some remained and the settlement held. From early colonizing efforts in the 1780s to the era of Quebec's "great hemorrhage," the French-Canadian presence in Clinton County in northeastern New York
8816-531: The most beautiful cars ever made", was radical in appearance, as radical in its way as the 1934 Airflow . However, it was beset by production problems. To brand the new line, Loewy also contemporized Studebaker's logo again by applying the "Lazy S" element. His final commission of the 1950s for Studebaker was the transformation of the Starlight and Starliner coupes into the Hawk series for the 1956 model year. In
8932-499: The most part left France before the French Revolution , they usually prefer the fleur-de-lis to the modern French tricolor . In 2008, the state of Connecticut made June 24 Franco-American Day, recognizing French Canadians for their culture and influence on Connecticut. The states of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, have now also held Franco-American Day festivals on June 24. The Census Bureau produced estimates of
9048-643: The most significant French minorities could be found in the Middle Colonies of New York and New Jersey , and the Southern Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia . [REDACTED] Estimated French American population in the Continental United States as of the 1790 Census [REDACTED] According to the U.S. Census Bureau of 2000, 5.3 percent of Americans are of French or French Canadian ancestry. In 2013
9164-577: The nation. Because of this, a number of French institutions were established in New England, including the Société Historique Franco-américaine in Boston and the Union Saint-Jean-Baptiste d’Amérique of Woonsocket , the largest French-Catholic cultural and mutual benefit society in the United States in the early twentieth century. Immigration from Quebec dwindled in the 1920s. Amid the decline of
9280-403: The nineteenth century, many people of French heritage arrived from Quebec and New Brunswick to work in manufacturing cities, especially textile centers, in New England and New York State. They came together in enclaves known as " Little Canadas ". In the same period, Francophones from Quebec became a majority of workers in other regions and sectors, for instance the saw mill and logging camps in
9396-469: The number of people living in the U.S. who were born in France was estimated at 129,520. Franco-Americans made up close to, or more than, 10 percent of the population of seven states, six in New England and Louisiana. Population wise, California has the greatest Franco population followed by Louisiana, while Maine has the highest by percentage (25 percent). Between 1820 and 1920, 530,000 French people came to
9512-530: The paint scheme was changed to Tuscan red ; three years later, the pinstripes were simplified to a single stripe and large red keystones were added. On September 6, 1943 , the Congressional Limited crashed at Frankford Junction , in the Kensington section of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania. The train was pulled by GG1 4930. The accident was caused by a journal box fire (a hot box ) on
9628-524: The podcast’s team established a GeoTour dedicated to Franco-American life in major New England cities. Acts of commemoration have lately extended to pioneer suffragist Camille-Lessard Bissonnette. Abby Paige has, for her part, brought the community’s history and its complicated legacies to the stage. The culture and its manifestations in Louisiana, the Midwest, and the Northeast have become the focus of
9744-480: The principal designer Virgil Exner . Their designs first began appearing with the late-1930s Studebakers. Loewy also designed a new logo to replace the "turning wheel" that had been the Studebaker trademark since 1912. During World War II, American government restrictions on in-house design departments at Ford , General Motors , and Chrysler prevented official work on civilian automobiles. Because Loewy's firm
9860-472: The proportion of names in each state determined to be of French derivation. The report concluded that, in 1790, French Americans made up roughly 2.3% of the population inhabiting the Continental United States ; the highest concentrations of French Americans resided in the territories that had historically formed colonial New France to the west of British America . Within the Thirteen Colonies ,
9976-544: The purchased GG1s as Nos. 900 to 929; later the railroad added a prefixed "4". This replicated some of the numbers of the leased units, which were renumbered 4930 to 4939, except 4935, which kept its old PRR/PC number. Amtrak unsuccessfully attempted to replace the GG1s in 1975 with the General Electric E60 . An E60 derailed during testing at 102-mile-per-hour (164 km/h), forcing an investigation (the E60 used
10092-452: The rail for good traction regardless of track condition. A series-wound commutator motor's speed is increased by increasing the applied voltage to the motor, thus increasing the current through the motor's armature, which is necessary for increasing its torque and thus increasing motor speed. The engineer's cab had a 21-position controller for applying voltage to the motors. Four unpowered leading / trailing wheels were mounted on each end of
10208-539: The rear seat. In addition to the iconic bullet-nosed Studebakers of 1950 and 1951, the team created the 1953 Studebaker line, highlighted by the Starliner and Starlight coupes. (Publicly credited to Loewy, they were actually the work of Robert Bourke.) The Starlight has consistently ranked as one of the best-designed cars of the 1950s in lists compiled since by Collectible Automobile , Car and Driver , and Motor Trend . The '53 Starliner, recognized today as "one of
10324-525: The region, British authorities demanded the Acadians swear an oath of loyalty to the British Crown , which the majority refused to do. In response, the British deported them to the Thirteen Colonies in the south in what has become known as the expulsion of the Acadians . Over the next generation, some four thousand Acadians made the long trek to Louisiana, where they began a new life. The name Cajun
10440-580: The return leg in a record 1 hour and 50 minutes. In 1945, a Pennsylvania GG1 hauled the funeral train of President Franklin D. Roosevelt from Washington Union Station to New York Pennsylvania Station . In the mid-1950s, with declining demand for passenger train service, GG1s 4801–4857 were re-geared for a maximum speed of 90 miles per hour (140 km/h) and placed in freight service. They initially retained their train-heating steam generator, and were recalled to passenger service for holiday-season mail trains and 'Passenger Extras' such as those run for
10556-474: The same trucks as the P30CH diesel then in service with Amtrak) that delayed acceptance. The hoped-for 120 miles per hour (193 km/h) service speed was never achieved (timetable limit was 90 mph, then 80, then 90). A replacement was finally found after Amtrak imported and tested two lightweight European locomotives: X995, an Rc4a built by ASEA of Sweden , and X996, a French design. The railroad picked
10672-705: The scene of its arrival. Near the end of the 1951 film Bright Victory , GG1 #4849 is shown pulling into the station. A GG1 and the Congressional were featured on a postage stamp as part of the United States Postal Service 's All Aboard! 20th Century American Trains set in 1999. The PC games Railroad Tycoon II , Railroad Tycoon 3 , Train Fever , Transport Fever and Transport Fever 2 allow players to purchase and operate GG1 locomotive engines on their train routes. The GG1
10788-582: The signing of the Treaty of Westminster to end the Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672-1674), the Netherlands ceded the colony to Great Britain , who renamed the colony New York , and its capital to New York City , after Prince James, Duke of York , the brother of King Charles II of England . For nearly a century, French settlers fostered a distinctive French Protestant identity that enabled them to remain aloof from American society, but by
10904-533: The spring of 1961, Studebaker's new president, Sherwood Egbert , recalled Loewy to design the Avanti . Egbert hired him to help energize Studebaker's soon-to-be-released line of 1963 passenger cars to attract younger buyers. Despite the short 40-day schedule allowed to produce a finished design and scale model, Loewy agreed to take the job. He recruited a team consisting of experienced designers, including former Loewy employees John Ebstein; Bob Andrews; and Tom Kellogg,
11020-416: The station at around 35 to 40 miles per hour (56 to 64 km/h). The train demolished the bumping post, continued through the station master's office and into the concourse , where it fell through the floor into the station's basement. Thanks to the evacuation of the concourse, no one died, either in the station or aboard the train. A temporary floor was erected over the engine, and the hole it created, for
11136-735: The support of British American Tobacco , established the Raymond Loewy Foundation in Hamburg , Germany. The foundation was established to preserve the memory of Raymond Loewy and promote the discipline of industrial design. An annual award of €50,000 is granted to outstanding designers, in recognition of their lifetime achievements. Notable grantees include Karl Lagerfeld , Philippe Starck and Dieter Rams . In 1998, Loewy's daughter, Laurence, established Loewy Design in Atlanta , Georgia, to manage her father's continued interests in
11252-462: The textile industry from the 1920s to the 1950s, the French element experienced a period of upward mobility and assimilation. This pattern of assimilation increased during the 1970s and 1980s as many Catholic organizations switched to English and parish children entered public schools; some parochial schools closed in the 1970s. In recent decades, self-identification has moved away from the French language. Franco-American culture continues to evolve in
11368-536: The time of the American Revolution , they had generally intermarried and merged into the larger Presbyterian community. In 1700, they constituted 13% of the white population of the Province of Carolina , and 5% of the white population of the Province of New York . The largest number settling in South Carolina , where the French comprised 4% of the white population in 1790. With the help of
11484-557: The time. When the Pennsylvania built the O1 and the P5, it chose the P5 over the O1 for its ability and power on the rails. After a grade-crossing accident with the P5a, the cab was moved to the center and was designated P5a (Modified). The P5a’s rigid frame did not track well at high speeds, and began developing cracks. PRR still searched for the ultimate electric. Soon enough, the Pennsylvania
11600-774: The traditional use of the French language and the continuing practice of Catholicism ; in most cases, the people are related to each other. Those of mixed race also sometimes have African and Native American ancestry. As a group, the mixed-race Creoles rapidly began to acquire education, skills (many in New Orleans worked as craftsmen and artisans), businesses and property. They were overwhelmingly Catholic, spoke Colonial French (although some also spoke Louisiana Creole ) and kept up many French social customs, modified by other parts of their ancestry and Louisiana culture. The free people of color married among themselves to maintain their class and social culture. The Cajuns of Louisiana have
11716-459: The trailing one raised to collect current, since if the rear pantograph failed it would not strike the forward pantograph. A transformer between the two cabs stepped-down the 11,000 V to the voltages needed for the traction motors and other equipment. Twelve 385-horsepower (287 kW) GEA-627-A1 traction motors (AC commutator motors, not AC induction motors ) drove the GG1's 57-inch (1,448 mm) diameter driving wheels on six axles using
11832-452: The train's airbrake system, on the rear of the third car in the train. The handle of the angle cock had been improperly placed and had contacted the bottom of the car. Once it was closed, the air brake pipe on all the cars behind the closed valve remained at full pressure, keeping the brakes released on those cars while the brakes on the locomotive and first three cars were applied in emergency. The only major electro-mechanical breakdown of
11948-471: The twentieth century, a number of parochial schools for Francophone students opened, though they gradually closed later in the century and a large share of the French-speaking population left the Church. At the same time, the number of priests available to staff these parishes diminished. Like Church institutions, such Franco-American newspapers as Le Messager and La Justice served as pillars of
12064-502: The twentieth century. In the most in-depth study of Franco-American political choices, Patrick Lacroix finds different patterns of partisan engagement across New England and New York State. In southern New England, Republicans actively courted the "Franco" vote and offered nominations. The party nominated Aram J. Pothier , a native of Quebec, who won his bid for the governorship of Rhode Island and served seven terms in that office. In northern New England, Franco-Americans faced exclusion from
12180-467: The twenty-first century. Well-established genealogical societies and public history venues still seek to share the Franco-American story. Their work is occasionally supported by the commercial and cultural interests of Quebec and state governments in the Northeast. New groups and events have contributed to the effort. Some observers have drawn a comparison between recent developments and the appropriation and modernization of “Franco” culture by young people in
12296-614: The war in 1918. Loewy served in the French army during World War I (1914–1918), attaining the rank of captain. He was wounded in combat and received the Croix de guerre . After the war he moved to New York, where he arrived in September 1919. In Loewy's early years in the United States, he lived in New York and found work as a window designer for department stores , including Macy's , Wanamaker's and Saks in addition to working as
12412-465: The way down to paint colors. He designed other passenger locomotives for the firm, including a streamlined shroud for K4s Pacific #3768 to haul the newly redesigned 1938 Broadway Limited . He followed by styling the experimental S1 locomotive, as well as the T1 class. In 1940, he designed a simplified version of the streamlined shroud for another four K4s . In 1942, he designed the streamlined shroud for
12528-534: The well-organized international Huguenot community, many also moved to Virginia. In the north, Paul Revere of Boston was a prominent figure. A new influx of French-heritage people occurred at the very end of the colonial era. Following the failed invasion of Quebec in 1775-1776 , hundreds of French-Canadian men who had enlisted in the Continental Army remained in the ranks. Under colonels James Livingston and Moses Hazen, they saw military action across
12644-668: Was Saint-Domingue (today Haiti ); many Saint Dominicans fled during this time, and half of the diaspora eventually settled in New Orleans. Biloxi in Mississippi , and Mobile in Alabama , still contain French American heritage since they were founded by the Canadian Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville . The Houma Tribe in Louisiana still speak the same French they had been taught 300 years ago. In
12760-474: Was a manufacturer of agricultural machinery, light and heavy duty trucks, construction equipment and appliances. In 1935 it engaged Loewy to overhaul the product line, from the company's logo to operator ergonomics. The first new machine to reflect Loewy's design aesthetic, a crawler tractor known as the International TD-18, was launched in 1938. For the 1958 model year, Loewy was engaged to style
12876-598: Was born and raised in Massachusetts. During the early years of the California Gold Rush , over 20,000 migrants from France arrived in the state. By the mid-1850s, San Francisco had emerged as the center of the French population on the West Coast, with over 30,000 people of French descent, more than any other ethnic group except Germans. During this period, the city's French Quarter was established, along with important businesses and institutions such as
12992-867: Was born in Paris in 1893, the son of Maximilian Loewy, a Jewish journalist from Austria, and a French mother, Marie Labalme. Loewy distinguished himself early with the design of a successful model aircraft , which won the Gordon Bennett Cup for model airplanes in 1908. By the following year, he had commercial sales of the plane, named the Ayrel . He graduated in 1910 from the University of Paris . He continued his studies in advanced engineering at Ecole Duvignau de Lanneau in Paris, but stopped his studies early to serve in World War I, eventually graduating after
13108-571: Was heavily used in the rebuilding of the city, as evidenced in its City Hall , Legion of Honor Museum , and downtown news kiosks. As a result of historic connections and cultural exchanges between France and the region, the majority of French multinational businesses have established their U.S. headquarters or subsidiaries in the San Francisco Bay Area since the rise of Silicon Valley and the Dot-com bubble . Franco-Americans in
13224-509: Was in luck and found two contacts as early as 1932. The mechanical design of the GG1 was based largely on the EP3, which the PRR had borrowed from the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad to compare it to the P5a. In 1933, the PRR decided to replace its P5a locomotives; it asked General Electric and Westinghouse to design prototype locomotives with a lighter axle load and more power than
13340-552: Was independent of the fourth-largest automobile producer in America, no such restrictions applied. This permitted Studebaker to launch the first all-new postwar automobile in 1947, two years ahead of the "Big Three." His team developed an advanced design featuring flush-front fenders and clean rearward lines. The Loewy staff, headed by Exner, also created the Starlight body, which featured a rear-window system that wrapped 180° around
13456-548: Was inescapable. From the beginning of the 17th century, French Canadians explored and traveled to the region with their coureur de bois and explorers, such as Jean Nicolet , Robert de LaSalle , Jacques Marquette , Nicholas Perrot , Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac , Pierre Dugué de Boisbriant , Lucien Galtier , Pierre Laclède , René Auguste Chouteau , Julien Dubuque , Pierre de La Vérendrye and Pierre Parrant . The French Canadians set up
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