106-811: Razon is a Spanish surname , meaning "reason". Notable people with the surname include: Alfredo Fernando Razon Gonzalez (born 1978), Filipino footballer Avelino Razon (born 1952), Filipino police officer and politician Daniel Razon (born 1967), the current Overall Servant of the Members Church of God International Delia Razon (born 1931), Filipina actress Enrique K. Razon (born 1960), Filipino billionaire Henedina Razon (1955–2017), Filipina politician Martin Ramon Razon Nievera (born 1962), Filipino singer and television host [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with
212-703: A cultural preference for a male child has resulted in a shortfall of women in the population. The feminist movement in Japan has made many strides which resulted in the Gender Equality Bureau , but Japan still remains low in gender equality compared to other industrialized nations.Developing countries like Kenya, on the other hand, do not have official national statistics and have to rely on some gender-disaggregated statistics, usually funded by international organizations, for their analysis. The notion of gender equality, and of its degree of achievement in
318-431: A Briton with the name "Sarah Jane Smith" could become either "Sarah Jane Smith Smith" or "Sarah Jane Smith Jones" upon acquiring Spanish citizenship. Formally, Spanish naming customs would also mean that the forename "Sarah" and middle name "Jane" would be treated as a compound forename: "Sarah Jane". Historically, flamenco artists seldom used their proper names. According to the flamenco guitarist Juan Serrano , this
424-658: A better maternity leave than the United States, and Latin American countries are quicker to adopt policies addressing violence against women than the Nordic countries, one at least ought to consider the possibility that fresh ways of grouping states would further the study of gender politics. Not all beliefs relating to gender equality have been popularly adopted. For example, topfreedom , the right to be bare breasted in public, frequently applies only to males and has remained
530-408: A certain country, is very complex because there are countries that have a history of a high level of gender equality in certain areas of life but not in other areas. Indeed, there is a need for caution when categorizing countries by the level of gender equality that they have achieved. According to Mala Htun and S. Laurel Weldon "gender policy is not one issue but many" and: When Costa Rica has
636-402: A child's identity as composed of a forename (simple or composite) and the two surnames ; however, a child can be religiously baptized with several forenames, e.g. Felipe Juan Froilán de Todos los Santos . Until the 1960s, it was customary to baptize children with three forenames: the first was the main and the only one used by the child; if parents agreed, one of the other two was the name of
742-622: A low caste or social class . Due to this, in 1921 Spanish law started to allow holders of the surname Expósito to legally change their surname. In the Catalan language , the surname Deulofeu ("made by God") was often given out to these children, which is similar to De Dios ("from God") in Castilian. Furthermore, in Aragón abandoned children would receive the surname Gracia ("grace") or de Gracia, because they were thought to survive by
848-726: A marginal issue. Breastfeeding in public is now more commonly tolerated, especially in semi-private places such as restaurants. It is the vision that men and women should be treated equally in social , economic and all other aspects of society, and to not be discriminated against on the basis of their gender . Gender equality is one of the objectives of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights . World bodies have defined gender equality in terms of human rights , especially women's rights , and economic development . The United Nation's Millennium Development Goals Report states that their goal
954-500: A masculine name is often abbreviated in writing as M. (José M. Aznar), Ma. (José Ma. Aznar), or M.ª ( José M.ª Morelos ). It is unusual for any names other than the religiously significant María and José to be used in this way except for the name Jesús that is also very common and can be used as Jesús or Jesús María for a boy and María Jesús for a girl, and can be abbreviated as Sus , Chus and other nicknames. The Registro Civil (Civil Registry) officially records
1060-470: A mistake to index Rodríguez Zapatero under Z or García Lorca under L. (Picasso, who spent most of his adult life in France, is normally indexed under "P".) In an English-speaking environment, Spanish-named people sometimes hyphenate their surnames to avoid Anglophone confusion or to fill in forms with only one space provided for the last name: for example, U.S. Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez , who
1166-589: A negative effect on health. The World Health Organization cites the example of women not being allowed to travel alone outside the home (to go to the hospital), and women being prevented by cultural norms to ask their husbands to use a condom, in cultures which simultaneously encourage male promiscuity, as social norms that harm women's health . Teenage boys suffering accidents due to social expectations of impressing their peers through risk taking , and men dying at much higher rate from lung cancer due to smoking , in cultures which link smoking to masculinity, are cited by
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#17327838611731272-664: A radical religious sect on the fringes of American society; they put equality of the sexes into practice. It has been argued that they demonstrated that gender equality was achievable and how to achieve it. In wider society, the movement towards gender equality began with the suffrage movement in Western cultures in the late-19th century, which sought to allow women to vote and hold elected office. This period also witnessed significant changes to women's property rights , particularly in relation to their marital status. (See for example, Married Women's Property Act 1882 .) Starting in 1927
1378-480: A record 350 transgender individuals murdered, with means including suffocation and burning alive. In 2009, United States data showed that transgender people are likely to experience a broad range of violence in the entirety of their lifetime. Violence against trans women in Puerto Rico started to make headlines after being treated as "An Invisible Problem" decades before. It was reported at the 58th Convention of
1484-532: A single or composite given name ( nombre in Spanish) and two surnames ( apellidos in Spanish). A composite given name is composed of two (or more) single names; for example, Juan Pablo is considered not to be a first and a second forename, but a single composite forename. The two surnames refer to each of the parental families. Traditionally, a person's first surname is the father's first surname ( apellido paterno ), while their second surname
1590-496: A societal standpoint, a trans person can be victim to the stigma due to lack of family support, issues with health care and social services, police brutality , discrimination in the work place, cultural marginalisation, poverty, sexual assault, assault, bullying, and mental trauma. The Human Rights Campaign tracked over 128 cases that ended in fatality against transgender people in the US from 2013 to 2018, of which eighty percent included
1696-432: A trans woman of color. In the US, high rates of Intimate Partner violence impact trans women differently because they are facing discrimination from police and health providers, and alienation from family. In 2018, it was reported that 77 percent of transgender people who were linked to sex work and 72 percent of transgender people who were homeless, were victims of intimate partner violence. The importance of women having
1802-408: Is at least "somewhat important", and a global median of 65% believe it is "very important" that women have the same rights as men. Most occupations are now equally available to men and women, in many countries. Similarly, men are increasingly working in occupations which in previous generations had been considered women's work , such as nursing , cleaning and child care . In domestic situations,
1908-464: Is common. One of the challenges of dealing with sexual violence is that in many societies women are perceived as being readily available for sex, and men are seen as entitled to their bodies, until and unless women object. Violence against women may be classified according to different approaches. The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a typology of violence against women based on their cultural life cycles. Significant progress towards
2014-431: Is crucial in the fight against HIV/AIDS . Maternal mortality is a major problem in many parts of the world. UNFPA states that countries have an obligation to protect women's right to health , but many countries do not do that. Maternal mortality is considered today not just an issue of development but also an issue of human rights . The right to reproductive and sexual autonomy is denied to women in many parts of
2120-450: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Spanish surname Spanish names are the traditional way of identifying, and the official way of registering, a person in Spain . They are composed of a given name (simple or composite ) and two surnames (the first surname of each parent). Traditionally, the first surname is the father's first surname, and the second is
2226-538: Is gender-based, meaning that the acts of violence are committed against women expressly because they are women, or as a result of patriarchal gender constructs. Violence and mistreatment of women in marriage has come to international attention during the past decades. This includes both violence committed inside marriage ( domestic violence ) as well as violence related to marriage customs and traditions (such as dowry , bride price , forced marriage and child marriage ). According to some theories, violence against women
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#17327838611732332-447: Is his first surname. Furthermore, Mr. Gómez might be informally addressed as Very formally, he could be addressed with an honorific such as don José Antonio or don José . It is not unusual, when the first surname is very common, like García in the example above, for a person to be referred to formally using both family names, or casually by their second surname only. For example, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (elected President of
2438-401: Is in patronymic and toponymic surname formulæ, e.g. Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba , Pedro López de Ayala , and Vasco Núñez de Balboa , as in many conquistador names. In names of persons, the prepositional particle de is written in lower-case when the forename has been included, e.g. José Manuel de la Rúa ("of the street") and Cunegunda de la Torre ("of the tower"); when
2544-514: Is not used in everyday settings and has no legal value. Similarly, a widow may be identified using the abbreviation "vda." for "viuda" ("widow" in Spanish), as in Leocadia Blanco vda. de Pérez . In the generational transmission of surnames, the paternal surname's precedence eventually eliminates the maternal surnames from the family lineage . Contemporary law (1999) allows the maternal surname to be given precedence, but most people observe
2650-409: Is of Puerto Rican heritage, is named "Ocasio-Cortez" because her parents' surnames are Ocasio-Roman and Ocasio-Cortez (née Cortez). She has publicly corrected people who referred to her as "Cortez" rather than "Ocasio-Cortez". In Spanish-speaking countries, hyphenated surnames arise when someone wants both the paternal and maternal surnames passed to future generations, and the next generation receives
2756-491: Is often caused by the acceptance of violence by various cultural groups as a means of conflict resolution within intimate relationships. Studies on Intimate partner violence victimization among ethnic minorities in the United Studies have consistently revealed that immigrants are a high-risk group for intimate violence. In countries where gang murders, armed kidnappings, civil unrest, and other similar acts are rare,
2862-422: Is otherwise dropped in favour of a more American-influenced naming order. The conjunction y avoids denominational confusion when the paternal surname might appear to be a (first) name: without it, the physiologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal might appear to be named Santiago Ramón (composite) and surnamed Cajal , likewise the jurist Francisco Tomás y Valiente , and the cleric Vicente Enrique y Tarancón . Without
2968-566: Is patronymic. Due to the letters z and s being pronounced alike in Latin American dialects of Spanish, many non-patronymic surnames with an -es have come to be written with an -ez . In Hispano-American Spanish , the -ez spellings of Chávez ( Hugo Chávez ), Cortez ( Alberto Cortez ) and Valdez ( Nelson Valdez ) are not patronymic surnames, but simply variant spellings of the Iberian Spanish spelling with -es , as in
3074-505: Is that more of the types of violence inflicted on women are perpetrated by someone the woman knows, either a family member or intimate partner, rather than a stranger. The Gender Equality Commission of the Council of Europe identifies nine forms of violence against women based on subject and context rather than life cycle or time period: Killings of transgender individuals, especially transgender women, continue to rise yearly. 2020 saw
3180-868: Is the goal, while gender neutrality and gender equity are practices and ways of thinking that help achieve the goal. Gender parity , which is used to measure gender balance in a given situation, can aid in achieving substantive gender equality but is not the goal in and of itself. Gender equality is strongly tied to women's rights , and often requires policy changes. On a global scale, achieving gender equality also requires eliminating harmful practices against women and girls, including sex trafficking , femicide , wartime sexual violence , gender wage gap , and other oppression tactics . UNFPA stated that "despite many international agreements affirming their human rights, women are still much more likely than men to be poor and illiterate. They have less access to property ownership, credit, training, and employment. This partly stems from
3286-454: Is the mother's first surname ( apellido materno ). For example, if a man named Eduardo Fernández Garrido marries a woman named María Dolores Martínez Ruiz (note that women do not change their name with marriage) and they have a child named José , there are several legal options, but their child would most usually be known as José Fernández Martínez . Spanish gender equality law has allowed surname transposition since 1999, subject to
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3392-479: Is the role of women in religiously orientated societies . Some Christians or Muslims believe in Complementarianism , a view that holds that men and women have different but complementing roles. This view may be in opposition to the views and goals of gender equality. In addition, there are also non-Western countries of low religiosity where the contention surrounding gender equality remains. In China,
3498-528: Is to "achieve gender equality and the empowerment of women". Despite economic struggles in developing countries, the United Nations is still trying to promote gender equality, as well as help create a sustainable living environment is all its nations. Their goals also include giving women who work certain full-time jobs equal pay to the men with the same job. In 2010, the European Union opened
3604-408: Is to insert y between the paternal and maternal surnames. In case of illegitimacy – when the child's father either is unknown or refuses to recognize his child legally – the child bears both of the mother's surnames, which may be interchanged. Occasionally, a person with a common paternal surname and an uncommon maternal surname becomes widely known by the maternal surname. Some examples include
3710-916: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union enforced gender equality within Soviet Central Asia during Hujum campaign. Since World War II , the women's liberation movement and feminism have created a general movement towards recognition of women's rights . The United Nations and other international agencies have adopted several conventions which promote gender equality. These conventions have not been uniformly adopted by all countries, and include: Such legislation and affirmative action policies have been critical to bringing changes in societal attitudes. A 2015 Pew Research Center survey of citizens in 38 countries found that majorities in 37 of those 38 countries said that gender equality
3816-771: The European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) in Vilnius , Lithuania to promote gender equality and to fight sex discrimination . In 2015 the EU published the Gender Action Plan 2016–2020. Gender equality is part of the national curriculum in Great Britain and many other European countries. By presidential decree, the Republic of Kazakhstan created a Strategy for Gender Equality 2006–2016 to chart
3922-462: The Food and Agriculture Organization analysed recognized women's roles and/or challenges in agriculture, only 19 percent had gender equality in agriculture or women's rights as explicit policy objectives. And only 13 percent encouraged rural women's participation in the policy cycle. Social constructs of gender (that is, cultural ideals of socially acceptable masculinity and femininity ) often have
4028-650: The United Nations Population Fund states that women's empowerment and gender equality requires strategic interventions at all levels of programming and policy-making. These levels include reproductive health, economic empowerment, educational empowerment and political empowerment. UNFPA says that "research has also demonstrated how working with men and boys as well as women and girls to promote gender equality contributes to achieving health and development outcomes." The extent to which national policy frameworks address gender issues improved over
4134-601: The Virgin Mary , by appending either a shrine, place, or religious-concept suffix-name to María . In daily life, such women omit the "Mary of the ..." nominal prefix, and use the suffix portion of their composite names as their public, rather than legal, identity . Hence, women with Marian names such as María de los Ángeles (María of the Angels), María del Pilar ( María of the Pillar ), and María de la Luz (María of
4240-402: The grace of God. In Spain, foreign immigrants retain use of their cultural naming customs, but upon becoming Spanish citizens , they are legally obliged to assume Spanish-style names (one forename and two surnames). If the naturalized citizen is from a one-surname culture, either their current surname is doubled or their mother's maiden name is adopted as the second surname. For example,
4346-528: The honor of the family , rather than against the self-determination of the woman. As a result, victims of rape may face violence, in extreme cases even honor killings, at the hands of their family members. Catharine MacKinnon argues that in male dominated societies, sexual intercourse is imposed on women in a coercive and unequal way, creating a continuum of victimization, where women have few positive sexual experiences. Socialization within rigid gender constructs often creates an environment where sexual violence
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4452-471: The orthographic option of conjoining the surnames with the conjunction particle y , or e before a name starting with 'I', 'Hi' or 'Y', (both meaning "and") (e.g., José Ortega y Gasset , Tomás Portillo y Blanco , or Eduardo Dato e Iradier ), following an antiquated aristocratic usage. Patrilineal surname transmission was not always the norm in Spanish-speaking societies. Prior to
4558-440: The surname Razon . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Razon&oldid=1156977953 " Categories : Surnames Spanish-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
4664-692: The Aragonese painter Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (1746–1828), the Andalusian artist Pablo Diego Ruiz y Picasso (1881–1973), and the Madrilenian liberal philosopher José Ortega y Gasset (1883–1955). In Hispanic America, this spelling convention was common among clergymen (e.g. Salvadoran Bishop Óscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdámez ), and sanctioned by the Ley de Registro Civil (Civil Registry Law) of 1870, which required birth certificates to indicate
4770-525: The Elimination of Violence against Women . A typology similar to the WHO's from an article on violence against women published in the academic journal The Lancet shows the different types of violence perpetrated against women according to what time period in a women's life the violence takes place. However, it also classifies the types of violence according to the perpetrator. One important point to note
4876-587: The English analogue is "Jr." ( junior ). Following the Visigothic invasion of the Iberian peninsula, the local population adopted to a large extent a patronymic naming system: the suffix -icī (a Latin genitive meaning son of ) would be attached to the father's forename to create a patronymic for the son. This suffix gradually evolved into different local forms, depending on the language. For example,
4982-557: The Gifts"), etc. are often used. Also, parents can simply name a girl María , or Mari without a suffix portion. It is common for a boy's formal name to include María , preceded by a masculine name, e.g. José María Aznar , Juan María Vicencio de Ripperdá or Antonio María Rouco Varela . Equivalently, a girl can be formally named María José , e.g. skier María José Rienda , and informally named Marijose , Mariajo , Majo , Ajo , Marisé or even José in honour of St. Joseph. María as
5088-704: The Kuria community both in Kenya and Tanzania border, Kisii, Maasai, Somali, Samburu and Kuria ethnic groups. UNICEF estimated in 2016 that 200 million women have undergone the procedure. According to the World Health Organization, gender equality can improve men's health. The study shows that traditional notions of masculinity have a big impact on men's health. Among European men, non-communicable diseases , such as cancer , cardiovascular diseases , respiratory illnesses , and diabetes , account for
5194-524: The Light), are normally addressed as Ángeles (Angels), Pilar (Pillar), and Luz (Light); however, each might be addressed as María . Nicknames such as Maricarmen for María del Carmen , Marisol for "María (de la) Soledad" ("Our Lady of Solitude", the Virgin Mary), Dolores or Lola for María de los Dolores ("Our Lady of Sorrows"), Mercedes or Merche for María de las Mercedes ("Our Lady of
5300-558: The Puerto Rican Association that many transgender women face institutional, emotional, and structural obstacles. Most trans women do not have access to health care for STD prevention and are not educated on violence prevention, mental health, and social services that could benefit them. Trans women in the United States have been the subject of anti-trans stigma, which includes criminalization, dehumanization, and violence against those who identify as transgender. From
5406-754: The Spanish López and the Basque Arriortúa are discrete surnames in Spanish and Basque respectively. This pattern was also in use in other Basque districts, but was phased out in most of the Basque-speaking areas and only remained in place across lands of heavy Romance influence, i.e. some central areas of Navarre and most of Álava . To a lesser extent, this pattern has been also present in Castile, where Basque - Castilian bilingualism
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#17327838611735512-614: The Spanish Government in the 2004 and 2008 general elections) is often called simply Zapatero, the name he inherited from his mother's family since Rodríguez is a common surname and may be ambiguous. The same occurs with another former Spanish Socialist leader, Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba , with the poet and dramatist Federico García Lorca , and with the painter Pablo Ruiz Picasso . As these people's paternal surnames are very common, they are often referred to by their maternal surnames (Rubalcaba, Lorca, Picasso). It would nonetheless be
5618-549: The United Nations) defines gender equality as "women and men, and girls and boys, enjoy the same rights, resources, opportunities and protections. It does not require that girls and boys, or women and men, be the same, or that they be treated exactly alike." As of 2017, gender equality is the fifth of seventeen sustainable development goals ( SDG 5 ) of the United Nations ; gender equality has not incorporated
5724-433: The WHO as examples of gender norms negatively affecting men's health . The World Health Organization has also stated that there is a strong connection between gender socialization and transmission and lack of adequate management of HIV/AIDS . Certain cultural practices, such as female genital mutilation (FGM), negatively affect women's health. Female genital mutilation is the ritual cutting or removal of some or all of
5830-622: The archaic stereotypes of women being labeled as child-bearers and homemakers, rather than the breadwinners of the family. They are far less likely than men to be politically active and far more likely to be victims of domestic violence ." Christine de Pizan , an early advocate for gender equality, states in her 1405 book The Book of the City of Ladies that the oppression of women is founded on irrational prejudice, pointing out numerous advances in society probably created by women. The Shakers , an evangelical group, which practiced segregation of
5936-481: The artist Pablo Ruiz Picasso , the poet Federico García Lorca , and the politician José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero . With a similar effect, the foreign paternal surname of the Uruguayan writer Eduardo Hughes Galeano (his father was British) is usually omitted. (As a boy, however, he occasionally signed his name as Eduardo Gius , using a Hispanicized approximation of the English pronunciation of "Hughes".) Such use of
6042-469: The condition that every sibling must bear the same surname order recorded in the Registro Civil ( civil registry ), but there have been legal exceptions. Since 2013, if the parents of a child were unable to agree on the order of surnames, an official would decide which is to come first, with the paternal name being the default option. The only requirement is that every son and daughter must have
6148-472: The conjunction, the footballer Rafael Martín Vázquez , when referred to by his surnames Martín Vázquez mistakenly appears to be forenamed Martín rather than Rafael , whilst, to his annoyance, the linguist Fernando Lázaro Carreter occasionally was addressed as Don Lázaro , rather than as Don Fernando (Lázaro can be either forename or surname). When the conjunction y is used and the maternal surname begins with an i vowel sound — whether written with
6254-511: The day's saint. Nowadays, baptizing with three or more forenames is usually a royal and noble family practice. In Spain, upon marrying, one does not change one's surname. In some instances, such as high society meetings, the partner's surname can be added after the person's surnames using the preposition de (of). An example would be a Leocadia Blanco Álvarez , married to a Pedro Pérez Montilla , may be addressed as Leocadia Blanco de Pérez or as Leocadia Blanco Álvarez de Pérez . This format
6360-589: The eighteenth century, the Spanish nobility fully embraced the French custom of using de as a nobility identifier; however, since many commoners also bore the same particle, the use of de became unclear. Thus, nobility was emphasised with the surname's lineage. In the sixteenth century, the Spanish adopted the copulative conjunction y ("and") to distinguish a person's surnames; thus the Andalusian Baroque writer Luis de Góngora y Argote (1561–1627),
6466-592: The external female genitalia. It is rooted in inequality between the sexes, and constitutes a form of discrimination against women. The practice is found in Africa, [1] Asia and the Middle East, and among immigrant communities from countries in which FGM is common. The preference rate in Kenya is 21 per cent and an estimated 4 million girls and women have undergone FGM in Kenya with hot spot areas/ communities including
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#17327838611736572-654: The first surname is very common (e.g., Federico García Lorca , Pablo Ruiz Picasso or José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero ) to get a more distinguishable name. In these cases, it is even common to use only the second surname, as in "Lorca", "Picasso" or "Zapatero". This does not affect alphabetization: "Lorca", the Spanish poet, must be alphabetized in an index under "García Lorca", not "Lorca" or "García". Spanish naming customs were extended to countries under Spanish rule, influencing naming customs of Hispanic America and Philippines to different extent. Currently in Spain, people bear
6678-425: The following generations – especially when the paternal surname is socially undistinguished. José María Álvarez del Manzano y López del Hierro is an example, his name comprising the composite single name José María and two composite surnames, Álvarez del Manzano and López del Hierro . Other examples derive from church place-names such as San José. When a person bears doubled surnames, the means of disambiguation
6784-451: The forename has been omitted, the de is capitalized, e.g. doctor De la Rúa and señora De la Torre . Bearing the de particle does not necessarily denote a noble family; especially in names from eastern Castile , Alava , and western Navarre, the de usually meant simply "from", and was applied to the place-name (town or village) from which the person and his or her ancestors originated. This differs from another practice established in
6890-800: The head of the Shaker ministry until her death in 1821. Shakers maintained the same pattern of gender-balanced leadership for more than 200 years. They also promoted equality by working together with other women's rights advocates. In 1859, Shaker Elder Frederick Evans stated their beliefs forcefully, writing that Shakers were "the first to disenthrall woman from the condition of vassalage to which all other religious systems (more or less) consign her, and to secure to her those just and equal rights with man that, by her similarity to him in organization and faculties, both God and nature would seem to demand". Evans and his counterpart, Eldress Antoinette Doolittle, joined women's rights advocates on speakers' platforms throughout
6996-580: The male 'owners' of the woman, such as husband, father or male relatives, rather the woman herself. This leads to practices where men inflict violence upon women in order to get revenge on male members of the women's family. Such practices include payback rape , a form of rape specific to certain cultures, particularly the Pacific Islands , which consists of the rape of a female, usually by a group of several males, as revenge for acts committed by members of her family, such as her father or brothers, with
7102-465: The mid-eighteenth century, when the current paternal-maternal surname combination norm was adopted, Hispanophone societies often practised matrilineal surname transmission, giving children the maternal surname and occasionally giving children a grandparent's surname (borne by neither parent) for prestige – being perceived as gentry – and profit, flattering the matriarch or the patriarch in hope of inheriting land. A more recent example can be found in
7208-460: The mother's first surname. Since 1999, the order of the surnames in a family in Spain is decided when registering the first child, but the traditional order is nearly universally chosen (99.53% of the time). The practice is to use one given name and the first surname generally (e.g. " Penélope Cruz " for Penélope Cruz Sánchez); the complete name is reserved for legal, formal and documentary matters. Both surnames are sometimes systematically used when
7314-554: The name of Francisco de Asís Franco y Martínez-Bordiú (born 1954), who took first the name of his mother, Carmen Franco , rather than that his father, Cristóbal Martínez-Bordiú, 10th Marquis of Villaverde , in order to perpetuate the family name of his maternal grandfather, the Caudillo Francisco Franco . Not every surname is a single word; such conjoining usage is common with doubled surnames (maternal-paternal), ancestral composite surnames bequeathed to
7420-612: The name to its qualifier, such as "Lucía" or "de Lucía"; Paco, or perhaps "el de Lucía", are the only options. Gender equality Gender equality , also known as sexual equality or equality of the sexes , is the state of equal ease of access to resources and opportunities regardless of gender , including economic participation and decision-making, and the state of valuing different behaviors, aspirations, and needs equally, also regardless of gender. To avoid complication, other genders (besides women and men) will not be treated in this Gender equality article. UNICEF (an agency of
7526-456: The names of Manuel Chaves , Hernán Cortés and Víctor Valdés . For more on the -z surnames in Spanish see Influences on the Spanish language . A number of the most common surnames with the patronymic suffix -ez: Anonymous abandoned children were a problem for civil registrars to name. Some such children were named after the town where they were found ( toponymic surname ). Because most were reared in church orphanages, some were also given
7632-512: The northeastern U.S. in the 1870s. A visitor to the Shakers wrote in 1875: Each sex works in its own appropriate sphere of action, there being a proper subordination, deference and respect of the female to the male in his order, and of the male to the female in her order [emphasis added], so that in any of these communities the zealous advocates of "women's rights" may here find a practical realization of their ideal. The Shakers were more than
7738-480: The parents' taste, honouring a relative, the General Roman Calendar nomina (nominal register), and traditional Spanish names. Legislation in Spain under Franco 's dictatorship legally limited cultural naming customs to only Christian (Jesus, Mary, saints) and typical Spanish names (Álvaro, Jimena, etc.). Although the first part of a composite forename generally reflects the gender of the child,
7844-569: The past decade. National policies and budgets in East Africa and Latin America, for example, have increasingly highlighted structural gaps in access to land, inputs, services, finance and digital technology and included efforts to produce gender-responsive outcomes. However, the extent to which agricultural policies specifically address gender equality and women's empowerment varies. Even though more than 75 percent of agricultural policies that
7950-484: The paternal and maternal surnames conjoined with y – thus, Felipe González y Márquez and José María Aznar y López are the respective legal names of the Spanish politicians Felipe González Márquez and José María Aznar López ; however, unlike in Catalan , this usage is infrequent in Spanish. In the Philippines , y and its associated usages are retained only in formal state documents such as police records, but
8056-510: The person's place in society . p. (father of): A man named like his son may add the lower-case suffix p. (denoting padre , father) to his surname. An example of this is José Luis Lorena, p. , to distinguish him from his son José Luis Lorena ; the English analogue is "Sr." ( senior ). h. (son of): A man named like his father may append the lower-case suffix h. (denoting hijo , son) to his surname, thus distinguishing himself, Juan Gómez Marcos, h. , from his father, Juan Gómez Marcos ;
8162-528: The proposition of genders besides women and men , or gender identities outside of the gender binary . Gender inequality is measured annually by the United Nations Development Programme 's Human Development Reports . Gender equality can refer to equal opportunities or formal equality based on gender or refer to equal representation or equality of outcomes for gender, also called substantive equality . Gender equality
8268-409: The protection of women from violence has been made on international level as a product of collective effort of lobbying by many women's rights movements; international organizations to civil society groups. As a result, worldwide governments and international as well as civil society organizations actively work to combat violence against women through a variety of programs. Among the major achievements of
8374-408: The rape being meant to humiliate the father or brothers, as punishment for their prior behavior towards the perpetrators. Richard A. Posner writes that "Traditionally, rape was the offense of depriving a father or husband of a valuable asset — his wife's chastity or his daughter's virginity". Historically, rape was seen in many cultures (and is still seen today in some societies) as a crime against
8480-620: The right and possibility to have control over their body, reproduction decisions, and sexuality, and the need for gender equality in order to achieve these goals are recognized as crucial by the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing and the UN International Conference on Population and Development Program of Action. The World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that promotion of gender equality
8586-461: The role of Parenting or child rearing is more commonly shared or not as widely considered to be an exclusively female role, so that women may be free to pursue a career after childbirth . For further information, see Shared earning/shared parenting marriage . Another manifestation of the change in social attitudes is the non-automatic taking by a woman of her husband's surname on marriage . A highly contentious issue relating to gender equality
8692-458: The same order of the surnames, so they cannot change it separately. Since June 2017, adopting the paternal name first is no longer the standard method, and parents are required to sign an agreement wherein the name order is expressed explicitly. The law also grants a person the option, upon reaching adulthood, of reversing the order of their surnames. However, this legislation only applies to Spanish citizens; people of other nationalities are issued
8798-527: The second last name by itself is colloquial, however, and may not be applied in legal contexts. Also rarely, a person may become widely known by both surnames, with an example being a tennis player Arantxa Sánchez Vicario – whereas her older brothers Emilio and Javier , also professional tennis players, are mainly known only by the paternal surname of Sánchez in everyday life, although they would formally be addressed as Sánchez Vicario . Where Basque and Romance cultures have linguistically long coexisted,
8904-440: The second personal name need not (e.g. José María Aznar ). At present, the only naming limitation is the dignity of the child, who cannot be given an insulting name. Similar limitations applied against diminutive, familiar, and colloquial variants not recognized as names proper, and "those that lead to confusion regarding sex"; however, current law allows registration of diminutive names. Girls are often named María , honouring
9010-422: The sexes and strict celibacy , were early practitioners of gender equality. They branched off from a Quaker community in the north-west of England before emigrating to America in 1774. In America, the head of the Shakers' central ministry in 1788, Joseph Meacham, had a revelation that the sexes should be equal. He then brought Lucy Wright into the ministry as his female counterpart, and together they restructured
9116-480: The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in which de could be applied to one's own name as a way of denoting the bearer's noble heritage, to avoid the misperception that he or she was either a Jew or a Moor. In that time, many people, regardless of their true origins, used the particle, e.g. Miguel de Cervantes , Lope de Vega , etc.; moreover, following that fashion, a high noble such as Francisco Sandoval Rojas called himself Francisco de Sandoval y Rojas . During
9222-483: The society to balance the rights of the sexes. Meacham and Wright established leadership teams where each elder, who dealt with the men's spiritual welfare, was partnered with an eldress, who did the same for women. Each deacon was partnered with a deaconess. Men had oversight of men; women had oversight of women. Women lived with women; men lived with men. In Shaker society, a woman did not have to be controlled or owned by any man. After Meacham's death in 1796, Wright became
9328-455: The son of Fernando would be called: This system was most common in, but not limited to, the central region of Castile . Bare surnames, i.e. the father's name without the suffix -itz/-ez/-is/-es, can also be found, and are especially common in Catalonia . This said, mass migration in the 20th century has led to a certain levelling of such regional differences. In Catalan speaking areas ,
9434-411: The subsequent decade of gender equality efforts. Personal, social, health and economic education , religious studies and language acquisition curricula tend to address gender equality issues as a very serious topic for discussion and analysis of its effect in society. A large and growing body of research has shown how gender inequality undermines health and development. To overcome gender inequality
9540-721: The suffixed surname Ferrandis is most common in the South (the Valencian Country ) while in the North ( Catalonia ) the bare surname Ferran is more common. Furthermore, language contact led to the creation of multiple hybrid forms, as evidenced by the multiple Catalano-Castillan surnames, found especially in the Valencian Country: Fernàndez , Fernandis , Fernàndiz , Ferrandez , Ferràniz , Ferranis , etc. Not every surname that resembles this pattern
9646-546: The surname indicated by the laws of their original country. Each of these two surnames can also be composite in itself, with the parts usually linked by: For example, a person's name might be Juan Pablo Fernández de Calderón García-Iglesias , consisting of a forename ( Juan Pablo ), a paternal surname ( Fernández de Calderón ), and a maternal surname ( García-Iglesias ). A man named José Antonio Gómez Iglesias would normally be addressed as either señor Gómez or señor Gómez Iglesias instead of señor Iglesias , because Gómez
9752-434: The surnames Iglesia or Iglesias (church[es]) and Cruz (cross). Blanco (with the meaning "blank", rather than "white") was another option. A toponymic first surname might have been followed by Iglesia(s) or Cruz as a second surname. Nameless children were sometimes given the surname Expósito / Expósita (from Latin exposĭtus , "exposed", meaning "abandoned child"), which marked them, and their descendants, as of
9858-470: The surnames denote the father's name and the (family) house or town/village. Thus the Romance patronymic and the place-name are conjoined with the prepositional particle de ("from"+"provenance"). For example, in the name José Ignacio López de Arriortúa , the composite surname López de Arriortúa is a single surname, despite Arriortúa being the original family name. This can lead to confusion because
9964-411: The traditional paternal–maternal surname order. Therefore, the daughter and son of Ángela López Sáenz and Tomás Portillo Blanco are usually called Laura Portillo López and Pedro Portillo López but could also be called Laura López Portillo and Pedro López Portillo . The two surnames of all siblings must be in the same order when recorded in the Registro Civil . Spanish naming customs include
10070-499: The two, hyphenated, as a single (paternal) surname. Occasionally the two are fused into a simple (unhyphenated) name, such as Jovellanos (from Jove and Llanos). Rarely, the two names are left unhyphenated, such as López Portillo , which may lead to confusion. Parents choose their child's given name , which must be recorded in the Registro Civil (Civil Registry) to establish their legal identity. With few restrictions, parents can now choose any name; common sources of names are
10176-510: The vast majority of deaths of men aged 30–59 in Europe which are often linked to unhealthy diets, stress, substance abuse , and other habits, which the report connects to behaviors often stereotypically seen as masculine behaviors like heavy drinking and smoking. Traditional gender stereotypes that keep men in the role of breadwinner and systematic discrimination preventing women from equally contributing to their households and participating in
10282-427: The vast majority of murdered women are killed by partners/ex-partners. By contrast, in countries with a high level of organized criminal activity and gang violence, murders of women are more likely to occur in a public sphere, often in a general climate of indifference and impunity. In addition, many countries do not have adequate comprehensive data collection on such murders, aggravating the problem. In some parts of
10388-463: The vowel I ( Ibarra ), the vowel Y ( Ybarra archaic spelling), or the combination Hi + consonant ( Higueras ) — Spanish euphony substitutes e in place of the word y ; thus the example of the Spanish statesman Eduardo Dato e Iradier (1856–1921). To communicate a person's social identity , Spanish naming customs provide orthographic means, such as suffix-letter abbreviations, surname spellings, and place names, which denote and connote
10494-571: The women's rights movements against violence on girls and women, the landmark accomplishments are the " Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women " that implies "political will towards addressing VAW " and the legal binding agreement, "the Convention on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women ( CEDAW )". In addition, the UN General Assembly resolution also designated 25 November as International Day for
10600-431: The workforce can put additional stress on men, increasing their risk of health issues, and men bolstered by cultural norms tend to take more risks and engage in interpersonal violence more often than women, which could result in fatal injuries. Violence against women (VAW) is a technical term used to collectively refer to violent acts that are primarily or exclusively committed against women. This type of violence
10706-425: The world, through practices such as forced sterilization , forced/coerced sexual partnering (e.g. forced marriage , child marriage ), criminalization of consensual sexual acts (such as sex outside marriage ), lack of criminalization of marital rape , violence in regard to the choice of partner ( honor killings as punishment for 'inappropriate' relations). The sexual health of women is often poor in societies where
10812-434: The world, various forms of violence against women are tolerated and accepted as parts of everyday life. In most countries, it is only in more recent decades that domestic violence against women has received significant legal attention. The Istanbul Convention acknowledges the long tradition of European countries of ignoring this form of violence. In some cultures, acts of violence against women are seen as crimes against
10918-489: Was a midwife); Perico del Lunar (because he had a mole); Tomatito (son of a father known as Tomate (tomato) because of his red face); Sabicas (because of his childhood passion for green beans, from niño de las habicas ); Paco de Lucía , born Francisco (" Paco ") Gustavo Sánchez Gomes, was known from infancy after his Portuguese mother, Lucía Gomes (de Lucía = [son] of Lucía). And many more. When referring to these artists by their assumed names, it makes no sense to shorten
11024-521: Was because flamenco was considered disreputable and they did not want to embarrass their families: We have to start with the history of the gypsies in Spain. They gained a bad reputation because of the minor crimes they had to commit to survive. They did not have any kind of jobs, they had to do something to live, and of course this created hostility. And Flamenco was the music of the Gypsies, so many high society people did not accept it – they said Flamenco
11130-498: Was common in northern and eastern areas up to the 13th century. A notable example of this system was Joaquina Sánchez de Samaniego y Fernández de Tejada , with both paternal and maternal surnames coming from this system, joined with an y ("and"). In Spanish, the preposition particle de ("of") is used as a conjunction in two different surname styles, and also used in a kind of placeholder role to disambiguate surnames that might be mistaken as additional forenames. The first style
11236-500: Was in the hands of criminals, bandits, et cetera. And the girls, that maybe liked dancing or singing, their parents said, "Oh no, you want to be a prostitute!". This tradition of not using one's proper name has persisted to the present day, even though flamenco is now legitimate. Sometimes the artistic name consists of the home town appended to the first name ( Manolo Sanlúcar , Ramón de Algeciras ); but many, perhaps most, such names are more eccentric: Pepe de la Matrona (because his mother
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