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48-401: The earliest tombstones can be dated to the second half of the 12th century and the first half of the 13th century. However the majority of the stećak tombstones date from the 1480s through the 16th century, as evidenced by the epitaph on one of the tombstones. This was the period when the family Miloradović -Stjepanović from genus Hrabren lived in the settlement located on near hill Ošanići . At

96-920: A Russian colonel, visited monastery Žitomislić in 1883. Most important cultural and religious legacy of Hrabren-Miloradović are Radimlja family cemetery near Stolac, three churches, church in Klepci the end of the 16th century, 1505 church in Ošanići, 1534 church in Trijebanj, and the monastery from the second half of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century in Žitomislić. Family members who emigrated to Russia rose to prominence, as high-ranking Imperial army officials. Those members of Miloradović-Stjepanović who remained in Žitomislić have taken collective surname Ljoljić and Kuzman, while those who converted to Islam have taken surname Opijač and today live in Dubrave at

144-418: A more or less pigmented disc, the areola . The apex of a normal heart is in the fifth left intercostal space, three and a half inches from the mid-line. Different types of diseases or conditions that affect the chest include pleurisy , flail chest , atelectasis , and the most common condition, chest pain. These conditions can be hereditary or caused by birth defects or trauma . Any condition that lowers

192-431: A symptom of myocardial infarctions ('heart attack'). If this condition is present in the body, discomfort will be felt in the chest that is similar to a heavy weight placed on the body. Sweating, shortness of breath, lightheadedness , and irregular heartbeat may also be experienced. If a heart attack occurs, the bulk of the damage is caused during the first six hours, so getting the proper treatment as quickly as possible

240-401: Is blocked and traps air. The blockage may be caused by something inside the bronchus , such as a plug of mucus, a tumour , or an inhaled foreign object such as a coin, piece of food, or a toy. It is possible for something outside of the bronchus to cause the blockage. Pneumothorax is the condition where air or gas can build up in the pleural space. It can occur without a known cause or as

288-999: Is deduced from written monuments that the Miloradović's progenitor was Milorad Hrabren, of Hrabren klan from Donji Vlasi in Hum zemlja , in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina , at the time part of Bosnian Kingdom . The family patronymic changed over time, and later surname Stjepanović also fared prominently. Ethnically they were Bosnian Vlachs and a katun clan, who distinguished themselves in service of local Slavic lords and became noble family, with members gaining status of vojvodas and knyazs . They flourished later under Ottomans in Sanjak of Herzegovina as prominent Bosnian Ottoman nobility. An Eastern Orthodox by religion, some later branches embraced Bosnian Serb ethnic identity, while other converted to Islam and became Bosnian Muslims (today Bosniaks ). The members of

336-404: Is generally felt when deep breaths are taken or during a cough. Another non-cardiac cause of chest pain is atelectasis . It is a condition that occurs when a portion of the lung collapses from being airless. When bronchial tubes are blocked, this condition develops and causes patients to feel shortness of breath. The most common cause of atelectasis is when a bronchi that extends from the windpipe

384-526: Is important. Some people, especially those who are elderly or have diabetes, may not have typical chest pain but may have many of the other symptoms of a heart attack. It is important that these patients and their caregivers have a good understanding of heart attack symptoms. Just like with a heart attack, not all chest pain is caused by conditions involving the heart . Chest wall pain can be experienced after an increase in activity. Persons who add exercise to their daily routine generally feel this type of pain at

432-647: Is mentioned in appeal by Republic of Ragusa as a nobleman who fought in the Lower Neretva near Slivno along Petar Pavlović against Sandalj Hranić and his Ottoman allies, in a quarrel between two most powerful Bosnian magnate families at the time, the Pavlović's and the Hranić's . Stjepan Miloradović had three sons: Petar Stjepanović, first mentioned in 1473 and the last time in 1486; Radoja Stjepanović, who died between 1475–1477, and Vukić Stjepanović, who

480-483: The katun which was part of the Vlach group Donji Vlasi ( transl.  Lower Vlachs ) of Blagaj nahiye . This katun was the largest with 127 houses and 16 unmarried persons, out of 37 katuns with a total of 1383 houses and 177 unmarried persons. At the time, Petar Stjepanovič-Hrabren, along with knezs Vukac, Pavko, Stipan and Radivoj Popratović, was included in the order of Ragusan citizens, as well as in

528-464: The Greek θώραξ thṓrax " breastplate , cuirass , corslet " via Latin : thorax . In humans and other hominids , the thorax is the chest region of the body between the neck and the abdomen , along with its internal organs and other contents. It is mostly protected and supported by the rib cage , spine , and shoulder girdle . The contents of the thorax include the heart and lungs (and

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576-561: The Ottomans . He had three sons: Petar Stjepanović was first mentioned in 1473 and last time in 1486. Radoja Stjepanović died between 1475-1477. Vukić Stjepanović was mentioned for last time in 1496. They were titled as voivodes and knezes , commanded Vlach military institution and held land between Stolac and Mostar . They successfully merged into the Ottoman political and social system . The katun formation by Petar and Vukić Hrabren

624-405: The thymus gland); the major and minor pectoral muscles, trapezius muscles , and neck muscle; and internal structures such as the diaphragm , the esophagus , the trachea , and a part of the sternum known as the xiphoid process . Arteries and veins are also contained – ( aorta , superior vena cava , inferior vena cava and the pulmonary artery ); bones (the shoulder socket containing

672-458: The "thoracic skeleton" is a component of the axial skeleton . It consists of the ribs and sternum . The ribs of the thorax are numbered in ascending order from 1–12. 11 and 12 are known as floating ribs because they have no anterior attachment point in particular the cartilage attached to the sternum, as 1 through 7 are, and therefore are termed "floating". Whereas ribs 8 through 10 are termed false ribs as their costal cartilage articulates with

720-586: The 17th century some Miloradović members migrated to Russia, with occasional visits to Herzegovina carrying gifts and Church books. Mihailo Miloradović (ca. 1650–1725) and Metropolitan Danilo I Petrović-Njegoš had been recruited by Peter I of Russia to incite rebellion in Herzegovina against the Ottomans in 1710–11 (during the Pruth River Campaign ), but after unsuccessful attempts Mihailo

768-643: The 18th century. Other branches migrated to Russia and became famous nobility of the Russian Empire , between circa 15th-19th centuries, such as Grigorije Miloradović-Hrabren who became a count and a Russian colonel, while Mikhail Miloradovich was prominent Russian general during the Napoleonic Wars . The necropolis includes 133 stećci . When the Čapljina-Stolac road was built during the Austro-Hungarian period in 1882, it ran through

816-631: The 1960s excavation, to a depth of 120–135 cm revealed nine graves, indicating that up to 50 specimens were destroyed. Analysis of the bodies showed the people were tall with well-developed thorax es. Nearly half (63) were decorated, in bas relief, engraving or a combination. The finest decorated examples are tall chests with pedestal and sarcophagus with pedestal, saved for the social elite. Ornaments include curved lines with trefoil, plastic zigzag, radial circle, rosette, depiction of plastic circles, cluster, rod shaped as letter T, spiral curves. The depiction of arrow and bow on "voivode" stećci previously

864-587: The Ottoman timariot . When the Ottoman feudal system , which they were part of, started falling apart in Herzegovina in the 16th and 17th centuries, the clan started dispersing itself as they felt unsafe. The Miloradovići in Dubrava remained in Ottoman service as sipahi with the Sultan's grant until the mid-17th century, when more Ottomanized nobility, which had the ruling power, pushed them aside. Since

912-603: The Ottoman period, some members of the family were Christian sipahis . As Ottoman subjects, they were given privileges and possessions, some of which they used to erect churches and founded one monastery. The various family members in various times erected four of such buildings: the Church of Peter and Paul in Ošanići was built prior to 1505, its founder was duke Radoslav, the Church of St. Nicholas in Trijebanj , 15 km from

960-834: The ability to either breathe deeply or to cough is considered a chest disease or condition. Injury to the chest (also referred to as chest trauma, thoracic injury, or thoracic trauma) results in up to ⁠ 1 / 4 ⁠ of all deaths due to trauma in the United States. The major pathophysiologies encountered in blunt chest trauma involve derangements in the flow of air, blood, or both in combination. Sepsis due to leakage of alimentary tract contents, as in esophageal perforations, also must be considered. Blunt trauma commonly results in chest wall injuries (e.g., rib fractures). The pain associated with these injuries can make breathing difficult, and this may compromise ventilation. Direct lung injuries, such as pulmonary contusions (see

1008-429: The beginning. It is important to monitor the pain to ensure that it is not a sign of something more serious. Pain can also be experienced in persons who have an upper respiratory infection . This virus is also accompanied by a fever and cough. Shingles is another viral infection that can give symptoms of chest or rib pain before a rash develops. Injuries to the rib cage or sternum is also a common cause of chest pain. It

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1056-421: The cause of the pain. While cardiac issues cause feelings of sudden pressure in the chest or a crushing pain in the back, neck, and arms, pain that is felt due to noncardiac issues gives a burning feeling along the digestive tract or pain when deep breaths are attempted. Different people feel pains differently for the same condition. Only a patient truly knows if the symptoms are mild or serious. Chest pain may be

1104-418: The chest does not correspond to that part of the thoracic skeleton that encloses the heart and lungs . All the breadth of the shoulders is due to the shoulder girdle, and contains the axillae and the heads of the humeri . In the middle line the suprasternal notch is seen above, while about three fingers' breadth below it a transverse ridge can be felt, which is known as the sternal angle and this marks

1152-418: The costal cartilage of the rib above. The thorax bones also have the main function of protecting the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels in the thorax area, such as the aorta . The anatomy of the chest can also be described through the use of anatomical landmarks . The nipple in the male is situated in front of the fourth rib or a little below; vertically it lies a little external to a line drawn down from

1200-414: The extinct trilobites , the thorax is one of the three main divisions of the creature's body, each of which is in turn composed of multiple segments. It is the area where the wings and legs attach in insects, or an area of multiple articulating plates in trilobites. In most insects, the thorax itself is composed of three segments; the prothorax , the mesothorax , and the metathorax . In extant insects,

1248-741: The family served the Kingdom of Bosnia , the Republic of Ragusa , and the Ottoman Empire . One branch of the Miloradović's established themselves as military leaders of Russian Empire and were adopted into the Russian nobility . The family left behind several cultural-historical monuments important to Bosnian and Herzegovinian heritage, protected as such by the KONS state agency and the UNESCO . It

1296-479: The family served the Bosnian Kingdom, Republic of Ragusa , Ottoman Empire . One branch of Miloradovićs established themselves as military leaders of Russian Empire , and were adopted into Russian nobility . The progenitor of Hrabren-Miloradović family was Milorad Hrabren, chieftain of Vlachs from Donji Vlasi. Milorad lived in the second half of the 14th century. In 1416, his son, Stipan (Stjepan),

1344-541: The front and borders acanthus leaves . The last phase with circa 20 separate stećci of high quality and diverse forms indicates that the site was the cemetery of the Miloradović-Stjepanović family, attested in epitaphs on five tombstones. Due to several Illyrian burial mounds near the necropolis, it seems the location was used from earlier times as a resting place for the dead, and the population of Batnoge continued this ancient sepulchral tradition. During

1392-434: The functional thorax is composed of four segments, and is therefore typically called the mesosoma to distinguish it from the "thorax" of other insects. Each thoracic segment in an insect is further subdivided into various parts, the most significant of which are the dorsal portion (the notum ), the lateral portion (the pleuron ; one on each side), and the ventral portion (the sternum ). In some insects, each of these parts

1440-445: The image below), are frequently associated with major chest trauma and may impair ventilation by a similar mechanism. Chest pain can be the result of multiple issues, including respiratory problems, digestive issues, and musculoskeletal complications. The pain can trigger cardiac issues as well. Not all pain that is felt is associated with the heart, but it should not be taken lightly either. Symptoms can be different depending on

1488-402: The junction between the manubrium and body of the sternum . Level with this line the second ribs join the sternum, and when these are found the lower ribs can often be counted. At the lower part of the sternum, where the seventh or last true ribs join it, the ensiform cartilage begins, and above this there is often a depression known as the pit of the stomach . The bones of the thorax, called

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1536-514: The lung or as a shortness of breath. In mammals , the thorax is the region of the body formed by the sternum , the thoracic vertebrae , and the ribs . It extends from the neck to the diaphragm , and does not include the upper limbs . The heart and the lungs reside in the thoracic cavity , as well as many blood vessels . The inner organs are protected by the rib cage and the sternum. Thoracic vertebrae are also distinguished in birds , but not in reptiles . In insects , crustaceans , and

1584-406: The middle of the clavicle ; in the female it is not so constant. A little below it the lower limit of the great pectoral muscle is seen running upward and outward to the axilla; in the female this is obscured by the breast , which extends from the second to the sixth rib vertically and from the edge of the sternum to the mid-axillary line laterally. The female nipple is surrounded for half an inch by

1632-557: The necropolis and destroyed at least 15-20 tombstones. Out of nine types of stećci , 36 slabs, 1 slab with pedestal, 27 chests, 24 chests with pedestal, 4 tall chests, 5 tall chests with pedestal, 2 sarcophagi (i.e. ridge/gable), 31 sarcophagi with pedestal, and 3 of cruciform. The core of the necropolis was built at the end of the 14th century, when three big chests were made, of which two are richly decorated with motifs in bas-relief . The next phase included simple chests ( sanduk ) and gable-shaped ( sljemenaci ) with flower crosses on

1680-939: The necropolis for final work and ornamentation. I: A se kami na Vukcu na Pet[r]oviču. A se pisa Bolašin Bogačić . II: A Vlač Vlahov[i]č, [a sječe k]ami Ratko Brativo[n]ič/Brativo[jev]ič . III: Az rab b[o]ži Radoje Vuković, sinovac vojevode Petra . IV: Sije leži dobri Radoje, sin vojevode Stipana, n[a] svoj baštini na Batnogah. Si bilig postavi na me brat moj vojevoda Petar . V: A se leži Stjepan. A činio ka[mi] Miogost kovač . 43°5′32″N 17°55′27″E  /  43.09222°N 17.92417°E  / 43.09222; 17.92417 Miloradovi%C4%87 noble family duke Petar, son of duke Stipan Ivan Hrabren Vukić, son of duke Stjepan and brother of duke Petar Radoje, son of duke Stjepan and brother of duke Petar Radosav Hrabren, son of duke Petar spahi Milislav Hrabren property in Žitomislić , Dračevo and Svitava , Gabela , by

1728-408: The outskirts of Stolac not far from Žitomislić. From the Dubrava family, Jeronim Miloradović-Hrabren became an Austrian officer in the 18th century. Thorax The thorax ( pl. : thoraces or thoraxes ) or chest is a part of the anatomy of mammals and other tetrapod animals located between the neck and the abdomen . In insects , crustaceans , and the extinct trilobites ,

1776-417: The prothorax never has wings, though legs are always present in adults; wings (when present) are restricted to at least the mesothorax, and typically also the metathorax, though the wings may be reduced or modified on either or both segments. In the apocritan Hymenoptera , the first abdominal segment is fused to the metathorax, where it forms a structure known as the propodeum . Accordingly, in these insects,

1824-413: The result of a lung disease or acute lung injury. The size of the pneumothorax changes as air or gas builds up, so a medical procedure can release the pressure with a needle. If it is untreated, blood flow can be interrupted and cause a drop in blood pressure known as tension pneumothorax. It is possible for smaller cases to clear up on their own. Symptoms of this condition are often felt only on one side of

1872-445: The river Neretva The Miloradović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Милорадовић ) or later Stjepanović (Стјепановић), whose paternal parent house was Hrabren (Храбрен), were an Eastern Orthodox Bosnian Serb noble family and a katun clan from Hum , and later Sanjak of Herzegovina , parts of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina , among which some converted to Islam and became Bosnian Muslims (modern days' Bosniaks ). The members of

1920-426: The thorax is one of the three main divisions of the body, each in turn composed of multiple segments. The human thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall . It contains organs including the heart , lungs , and thymus gland, as well as muscles and various other internal structures. Many diseases may affect the chest, and one of the most common symptoms is chest pain . The word thorax comes from

1968-534: The time the location was known as Batnoge , and the creation of the necropolis coincides with the rise of this noble family. Miloradović-Stjepanović family from the genus Hrabren were of the Orthodox faith. The founder was Milorad, who as a Vlach chieftain (cattlemen and warriors organization) lived in the second half of the 14th century. In 1416 his son Stipan is mentioned, in appeal by Ragusa due to fighting along with Petar Pavlović against Sandalj Hranić and

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2016-600: The town of Stolac , is erected in 1534 as an endowment of duke Radoje Hrabren, in Klepci , the Church of the Transfiguration of Christ (St Luke), built by sipahi Milisav Hrabren-Miloradović, most likely near the end of the 16th century, and the Žitomislić monastery in 1566 by duke Petar and his brother Ivan (with the Church of the Holy Annunciation in 1603). Brothers Petar and Vukić Hrabren founded

2064-414: The upper part of the humerus , the scapula , sternum , thoracic portion of the spine , collarbone , and the rib cage and floating ribs ). External structures are the skin and nipples . In the human body , the region of the thorax between the neck and diaphragm in the front of the body is called the chest. The corresponding area in an animal can also be referred to as the chest. The shape of

2112-503: Was buried, the necropolis expansion began to end due to acceptance of Islam , the disintegration of tribal organization, and social events. Those members of Miloradović-Stjepanović who remained in Žitomislić have taken collective surname Ljoljić and Kuzman, while those who converted to Islam have taken surname Opijač and today live in Dubrava near Stolac. From the Dubrava branch, Jeronim Miloradović-Hrabren became an Austrian officer in

2160-407: Was forced to flee Herzegovina to Little Russia where he joined Peter's service as a colonel. Among Mihailo's descendants and prominent members of this branch were his grandson Andrei Miloradovich (1726–1796), a governor, and, most importantly, Mikhail Miloradovich (1771–1825), a Russian general who stood out in the course of the Napoleonic Wars . Count Grigorije Miloradović-Hrabren (1839–1905),

2208-417: Was mentioned for the last time in 1496. They had land possessions between Stolac and Mostar . Radimlja , near Stolac , was in their possession, and the famous graveyard with stećci there was most likely the clan's main burial ground , as a number of family members, at least five, have been buried there. There are epitaphs on five medieval stećak referring to the Miloradović family. During

2256-423: Was part of the Vlach group Donji Vlasi (Lower Vlachs) of nahiye Blagaj - and their katun was the largest with 127 houses and 16 unmarried persons out of 37 katuns, 1383 houses and 177 unmarried persons. At the time Petar Stjepanovič-Hrabren along knezes Vukac, Pavko, Stipan and Radivoj Popratović was included in the order of Raguzan citizens, as well was Ottoman timariot . By 1505, when voivode Radosav Hrabren

2304-706: Was related to Miloradović-Stjepanović military function. Figural depictions can be divided to those of male figures with raised right hand (on so-called voivode stećci by Miloradović-Stjepanović, or stećci that symbolize Vitus ), and scenes of hunting, posthumous kolo and chivalric tournaments with basic artistic and religious interweaving of pagan and Christian ideas. The inscriptions mention Stipan Miloradović, and his sons Radoja and Petar, three other inhabitants of Batnoge , and three stonemasons: Miogost, Volašin Vogačić, Ratko Brativo(n)ić. The stećci were made of limestone cut from Ošanići hill, trimmed and then moved to

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