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64-608: Radio Mindanao Network, Inc. (RMN), d.b.a. RMN Networks or RMN Network , is a Filipino media company based in Makati , Philippines . It is primarily involved is one of the largest radio networks. Its corporate office is located at the 4th Floor State Condominium I Bldg, Salcedo St., Legaspi Village, Makati , and its main headquarters are located at the RMN Broadcast Center (Canoy Bldg.), Don Apolinario Velez St., Cagayan de Oro . The network's first radio station

128-420: A DBA must be registered with a local or state government, or both, depending on the jurisdiction. For example, California, Texas and Virginia require a DBA to be registered with each county (or independent city in the case of Virginia) where the owner does business. Maryland and Colorado have DBAs registered with a state agency. Virginia also requires corporations and LLCs to file a copy of their registration with

192-467: A DBA statement, though names including the first and last name of the owner may be accepted. This also reduces the possibility of two local businesses operating under the same name, although some jurisdictions do not provide exclusivity for a name, or may allow more than one party to register the same name. Note, though, that this is not a substitute for filing a trademark application. A DBA filing carries no legal weight in establishing trademark rights. In

256-713: A UHF television station in Metro Manila (which was led to officially started two years later, on October 31, 1993; the frequency was now used by Broadcast Enterprises and Affiliated Media , Inc. (through Globe Telecom 's then-subsidiary Altimax Broadcasting Company )). In 1998, it went global by establishing the first Philippine radio station to conquer the United States airwaves through WRMN in New York City . In June 2007, RMN FM station DWKC 93.9 in Manila

320-516: A businessperson writes a trade name on a contract, invoice, or cheque, they must also add the legal name of the business. Numbered companies will very often operate as something other than their legal name, which is unrecognizable to the public. In Chile , a trade name is known as a nombre de fantasía ('fantasy' or 'fiction' name), and the legal name of business is called a razón social (social name). In Ireland , businesses are legally required to register business names where these differ from

384-612: A constitutional limitation prohibiting the ownership of media by non-Filipinos or corporations not 100% Filipino owned, Henry Canoy's group brought out the Soriano-San Miguel group holdings in RMN. In 1975, the call letters of the Manila flagship station, DZHP was changed to DWXL. Together with this, English programming gave way to Tagalog. RMN's AM stations were broadcasting in three major languages: Tagalog, Cebuano and Ilonggo. Columnist Teodoro Valencia joined RMN as its chairman of

448-565: A copper wire to the pole and the other end to a 30 meter coconut tree a block away . While their first “transmitter building” was financed with a P5,000 “duck farm” loan from the Philippine National Bank . The RCO headed by Jose Viado, assigned the station a broadcast frequency of 1560 kHz. On July 4, 1952, it finally went on air for a test broadcast, coinciding with the birthday of his mother. It officially started broadcasting on August 28, 1952, also coinciding with

512-536: A high marginal product of labor realized through the increasing number of enslaved people. Plantings of the Pará rubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis ) are usually called plantations. Oil palm agriculture rapidly expands across wet tropical regions and is usually developed at a plantation scale. Fruit orchards are sometimes considered to be plantations. These include tobacco , sugarcane , pineapple , bell pepper , and cotton , especially in historical usage. Before

576-508: A lack of natural regeneration. The tree species used in a plantation are also an important factor. Where non-native varieties or species are grown, few native faunas are adapted to exploit these, and further biodiversity loss occurs. However, even non-native tree species may serve as corridors for wildlife and act as a buffer for native forests, reducing edge effect . Once a plantation is established, managing it becomes an important environmental factor. The most critical aspect of management

640-561: A late-afternoon edition on weekdays, and is simulcast on RMN-owned and/or affiliated stations in the Philippines. Only a handful of nationally branded programs like Unang Radyo, Unang Balita , Straight to the Point and Sentro Serbisyo / Centro Serbisyo are broadcast in their respective local versions with different hosts and in different dialects. The following is a list of radio stations owned and affiliated by RMN. WRMN New York

704-507: A natural forest is cleared for a planted forest, then a reduction in biodiversity and loss of habitat will likely result. In some cases, their establishment may involve draining wetlands to replace mixed hardwoods that formerly predominated with pine species. If a plantation is established on abandoned agricultural land or highly degraded land, it can increase both habitat and biodiversity. A planted forest can be profitably established on lands that will not support agriculture or suffer from

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768-418: A number of countries, the phrase " trading as " (abbreviated to t/a ) is used to designate a trade name. In the United States , the phrase " doing business as " (abbreviated to DBA , dba , d.b.a. , or d/b/a ) is used, among others, such as assumed business name or fictitious business name . In Canada , " operating as " (abbreviated to o/a ) and " trading as " are used, although " doing business as "

832-458: A registered legal name and a fictitious business name, or trade name, is important because fictitious business names do not always identify the entity that is legally responsible . Legal agreements (such as contracts ) are normally made using the registered legal name of the business. If a corporation fails to consistently adhere to such important legal formalities like using its registered legal name in contracts, it may be subject to piercing of

896-667: A tool of environmental restoration . Sugar plantations were highly valued in the Caribbean by the British and French colonists in the 17th and 18th centuries, and the use of sugar in Europe rose during this period. Sugarcane is still an important crop in Cuba. Sugar plantations also arose in countries such as Barbados and Cuba because of the natural endowments that they had. These natural endowments included soil conducive to growing sugar and

960-606: A top spot for its TV ratings in all UHF stations in Manila. However, because of the broadcasting rules assigned by National Telecommunications Commission and the manner in which it acquired the broadcast rights from E!, CTV stopped its broadcast in September 2000. In October 2000, E! and RMN announced its partnership to relaunch CTV into E! Philippines, with its broadcasting extended into 24 hours. But in 2003, it reduced its broadcasts into 6 primetime and late-night hours, from 6:00 PM to 2:30 AM. Some of E!'s programs were brought to

1024-707: Is RMN's own internet radio station. Based in Nutley, New Jersey , it also serves the Filipino-American community in the New York City area. The pioneer radio broadcasting station in Mindanao was DXMC-AM founded in 1949 and owned by Guillermo Torres of the University of Mindanao in Davao City. It later became UM Broadcasting Network . DXMC-AM is now the present-day DXWT-FM , which was converted into

1088-454: Is also sometimes used. A company typically uses a trade name to conduct business using a simpler name rather than using their formal and often lengthier name. Trade names are also used when a preferred name cannot be registered, often because it may already be registered or is too similar to a name that is already registered. Using one or more fictitious business names does not create additional separate legal entities. The distinction between

1152-573: Is called a razón social . Plantation Plantations are farms specializing in cash crops, usually mainly planting a single crop, with perhaps ancillary areas for vegetables for eating and so on. Plantations, centered on a plantation house , grow crops including cotton , cannabis , coffee , tea , cocoa , sugar cane , opium , sisal , oil seeds , oil palms , fruits, rubber trees and forest trees. Protectionist policies and natural comparative advantage have sometimes contributed to determining where plantations are located. In modern use,

1216-420: Is the rotation period. Plantations harvested on more extended rotation periods (30 years or more) can provide similar benefits to a naturally regenerated forest managed for wood production on a similar rotation. This is especially true if native species are used. In the case of exotic species, the habitat can be improved significantly if the impact is mitigated by measures such as leaving blocks of native species in

1280-646: The American Civil War . The mild temperate climate , plentiful rainfall, and fertile soils of the Southeastern United States allowed the flourishing of large plantations, where large numbers of enslaved Africans were held captive and forced to produce crops to create wealth for a white elite . When Newfoundland was colonized by England in 1610, the original colonists were called "planters", and their fishing rooms were known as "fishing plantations". These terms were used well into

1344-784: The Roman Empire , which produced large quantities of grain, wine, and olive oil for export. Plantation agriculture proliferated with the increase in international trade and the development of a worldwide economy that followed the expansion of European colonialism . Tree plantations, in the United States often called tree farms , are established for the commercial production of timber or tree products such as palm oil , coffee , or rubber . Teak and bamboo plantations in India have given good results and an alternative crop solution to farmers of central India, where conventional farming

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1408-560: The Southern United States from the 17th into the 20th century. The complex included everything from the main residence down to the pens for livestock . Until the abolition of slavery , such plantations were generally self-sufficient settlements that relied on the forced labor of enslaved people. Plantations are an important aspect of the history of the Southern United States , particularly before

1472-466: The United Kingdom , there is no filing requirement for a "business name", defined as "any name under which someone carries on business" that, for a company or limited liability partnership, "is not its registered name", but there are requirements for disclosure of the owner's true name and some restrictions on the use of certain names. A minority of U.S. states, including Washington , still use

1536-403: The United States under an observation grant. Instead of going to the giant networks and other big cities, he opted to be taken to a small town of Greeley, Colorado , and he came upon a station that was doing exactly what DXCC was already trying to do in Mindanao. Its broadcast fare was peppered with farm prices, market and road conditions, weather warnings and personal messages. He came back with

1600-497: The company store . In Brazil, a sugarcane plantation was termed an engenho ("engine"), and the 17th-century English usage for organized colonial production was "factory." Such colonial social and economic structures are discussed at Plantation economy . Sugar workers on plantations in Cuba and elsewhere in the Caribbean lived in company towns known as bateyes . Plantation complexes were common on agricultural plantations in

1664-517: The Canoys until it was sold to the Globe Group in 2009) and resumed its operations in 2011. In March 2016, president and chairman of RMN, Eric S. Canoy announced its intention to bid for the acquisition of the government-sequestered TV network IBC, as part of the government's efforts to privatize the network. On May 18, 2016, President Benigno Aquino III signed Republic Act No. 10818, renewing

1728-660: The FM band since 1988. The second, DXAW, was established by Alfred James Wills, a retired US Army Signal Corps officer (The DXAW calls were used by the TV station in Davao (which is now known as DXAS-TV Channel 4 ) owned by ABS-CBN Corporation from 1967 to 1972.) There were four others that operated in Butuan, Surigao, Pagadian and Ozamiz. DXCC-AM is the 7th legally operating radio station having been founded in 1952. Doing business as In

1792-509: The Philippines and remade in a local version, one of which was Wild On! Philippines . On June 1, 2003, RMN ceased operations on TV due to financial constraints and poor television ratings, and focused instead on their two radio networks (RMN and iFM). There were several religious groups who had wished to acquire block programming of E! Philippines, but RMN refused to accept their offers. DWKC-TV and other regional stations were soon acquired by Broadcast Enterprises and Affiliated Media (then under

1856-989: The RMN umbrella - Radio Mindanao Network, Inc. and Associates . In 1985, the programming of all RMN FM stations were also re-oriented to cater to a younger pop music audience. To give more emphasis to the emerging FM station market, RMN also divided its operations into two Operating Divisions, AM and FM. During the early 90s, DYHP in Cebu was also aired their programs via satellite thru the stations DYHD in Tagbilaran, DYRR in Ormoc, DYWC in Dumaguete, DYRS in San Carlos, DXDR in Dipolog and DXRS in Surigao. In 1990, RMN undertook another major expansion program which entailed

1920-418: The U.S., trademark rights are acquired by use in commerce, but there can be substantial benefits to filing a trademark application. Sole proprietors are the most common users of DBAs. Sole proprietors are individual business owners who run their businesses themselves. Since most people in these circumstances use a business name other than their own name, it is often necessary for them to get DBAs. Generally,

1984-542: The addition of seven FM radio stations. A permit for RMN's first TV station located in Cagayan de Oro was also granted. On April 18, 1991, President Corazon Aquino signed into law Republic Act 6980 entitled "An Act Renewing the Franchise Granted to Radio Mindanao Network, Inc. under Republic Act Numbered Thirty-One Hundred Twenty-Two to another Twenty-Five (25) years from the date of approval of this Act". This

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2048-563: The airwaves as a pirate radio station in 1949, declaring "This is Cagayan de Oro calling..." . Because the broadcast was not authorized by the Radio Control Office (RCO), it did not contain call letters. In 1950 Canoy, at the insistence of his brother, lawyer Reuben Canoy , decided to establish a more powerful radio station and applied for a congressional franchise in Manila to support its lawful operation. In 1951, he set up

2112-479: The assistance from Far East Broadcasting Company engineers , American Dick Rowland and Byrd Bruneimer. The transmitter was transported to Mindanao aboard the boat MV Snug Hitch. With only a telescopic steel pole as antenna borrowed from the Bureau of Telecom , the improvised horizontal radio antenna was mounted by the team which include Ongkoy Padero, former vice president for engineering of CEPALCO, attaching one end of

2176-407: The blueprint for DXCC, which is entertainment, information and most of all education to the public. The success of its broadcasting concept enabled DXCC to expand broadcast areas in 1953 stations to Iligan ( DXIC ), then to Butuan ( DXBC ) and Davao City ( DXDC ) in 1957. And so the string of community stations became Radio Mindanao Network (RMN). In 1961, RMN's approach to broadcasting drew

2240-589: The board. Under his guidance RMN was able to secure a loan from the Development Bank of the Philippines to finance its massive expansion and development program. A Cebuano drama production center based in DYHP-Cebu was established and subsequently followed by an Ilonggo drama production center based in DYHB-Bacolod. In 1978, RMN's major expansion program was launched which include the upgrading of

2304-498: The constitutional limitation prohibiting the ownership of media by non-Filipinos or corporations not 100% Filipino owned, IBC was sold to Roberto Benedicto , who also owned Kanlaon Broadcasting System (KBS) and the corporate name of IBC was changed to Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation. IBC was later sequestered by the government after the EDSA Revolution in 1986. On October 31, 1993, Radio Mindanao Network became

2368-542: The corner of Velez and del Pilar streets in Cagayan de Oro for the purpose of listening to radio broadcasts from Manila . Canoy and friends ended up listening to radio broadcasts at night when reception was better. Eventually, the friends were all convinced to build a radio transmitter of their own. The group managed to assemble a 30-Watt radio transmitter from surplus parts bought at Raon Street in Quiapo , Manila. Canoy broke

2432-484: The corporate veil . In English , trade names are generally treated as proper nouns . In Argentina , a trade name is known as a nombre de fantasía ('fantasy' or 'fiction' name), and the legal name of business is called a razón social (social name). In Brazil , a trade name is known as a nome fantasia ('fantasy' or 'fiction' name), and the legal name of business is called razão social (social name). In some Canadian jurisdictions , such as Ontario , when

2496-534: The county or city to be registered with the State Corporation Commission. DBA statements are often used in conjunction with a franchise . The franchisee will have a legal name under which it may sue and be sued, but will conduct business under the franchiser's brand name (which the public would recognize). A typical real-world example can be found in a well-known pricing mistake case, Donovan v. RRL Corp. , 26 Cal. 4th 261 (2001), where

2560-421: The digital signal component. With the acquisition of Radio Mindanao Network by Andrés Soriano in 1962, RMN and IBC formed the first tri-media organization in the Philippines along with newspaper, The Philippines Herald . As the television arm of the RMN, IBC partnered with the RMN radio stations for coverages of the general elections of 1969 and 1971 . On February 1, 1975, during the martial law era, due to

2624-766: The first Filipino radio station to transmit national newscasts via microwave , which was relayed through stations DZHP in Manila, DZHB in Baguio, DYHP in Cebu, DXCC in Cagayan de Oro and DXDC in Davao City. From 1969 to 1970 three more community stations emerged - DXRS in Surigao City , DZHN in Naga, Camarines Sur and in 1971 DXMY in Cotabato City . In early 1972, station DYCC in Calbayog . By 1972, RMN had fifteen AM stations under its wings. In 1973, with

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2688-570: The fledgling station in partnership with Robin Cui, Max Suniel, Oscar Neri and Andres Bacal as equity partners with P10,000 in capital. on June 23, 1952, he was granted a permit to maintain and operate the radio broadcasting station. Using the Radio Amateur's Handbook as their guide and also with surplus parts bought from Raon Street in Quiapo, they built their own 500-watt AM transmitter with

2752-539: The franchise granted to the Radio Mindanao Network, Inc. for another twenty-five (25) years on a term that shall take effect on April 18, 2016. RMN broadcasts a number of national programs either through a localized version or via satellite from the network's main studios in San Juan . Its flagship rolling newscast, RMN Network News , has morning and noontime editions every Monday through Saturday and

2816-645: The interest of another business leader, Andres Soriano Sr. of San Miguel Corporation who eventually bought the majority shares of RMN and brought the radio network to Manila , the first provincial station to do so. "The Sound of the City" concept was born with the establishment of DZHP in the Greater Manila Area. Its format was strictly music and news. RMN joined forces with the Philippine Herald and Inter-Island Broadcasting Corporation to form

2880-402: The law is to protect the public from fraud, by compelling the business owner to first file or register his fictitious business name with the county clerk, and then making a further public record of it by publishing it in a newspaper. Several other states, such as Illinois , require print notices as well. In Uruguay , a trade name is known as a nombre fantasía , and the legal name of business

2944-539: The low wages typically paid to plantation workers are the basis of plantation profitability in some areas. In more recent times, overt slavery has been replaced by para-slavery or slavery-in-kind , including the sharecropping system , and even that has been severely reduced. At its most extreme, workers are in " debt bondage ": they must work to pay off a debt at such punitive interest rates that it may never be paid off. Others work unreasonably long hours and are paid subsistence wages that (in practice) may only be spent in

3008-461: The named defendant, RRL Corporation, was a Lexus car dealership doing business as " Lexus of Westminster ", but remaining a separate legal entity from Lexus, a division of Toyota Motor Sales, USA, Inc. . In California , filing a DBA statement also requires that a notice of the fictitious name be published in local newspapers for some set period of time to inform the public of the owner's intent to operate under an assumed name . The intention of

3072-597: The plantation or retaining corridors of natural forest. In Brazil, similar measures are required by government regulation. Plantation owners extensively used enslaved Africans to work on early plantations (such as tobacco, rice, cotton, hemp, and sugar plantations) in the American colonies and the United States, throughout the Caribbean, the Americas, and in European-occupied areas of Africa. In modern times,

3136-523: The powerful first tri-media organization. That association gave RMN at the forefront of broadcast journalism and public service. Other "Sound of the City" stations soon followed in Zamboanga City in 1961 ( DXRZ ), Cebu in 1962 ( DYHP ), Metro Manila ( DWXL ) (now DZXL ) and Iloilo in 1963 ( DYRI ), Bacolod in 1964 ( DYHB ), Tagbilaran in 1967 ( DYXT ), Baguio ( DZHB ) and Bislig , Surigao del Sur in 1968 ( DXHP ). In 1968, RMN became

3200-586: The program involved the airing of a three-hour “Anejo Rum” show from Plaza Divisoria, a central park in downtown Cagayan de Oro, for which Canoy billed La Tondena executive Hugo Chan Hong the sum of P500 as payment for the radio coverage. The radio signal was able to reach Del Monte Pacific plantation in Bukidnon 30 kilometres (19 mi) away and as far as Australia through ham radio operations which managed to call back. (RMN The Henry R. Canoy Story, ISBN ?, Copyright 1997) In 1954, Henry Canoy visited

3264-528: The rise of cotton in the American South, indigo and rice were also sometimes called plantation crops. Probably the most critical factor a plantation has on the local environment is the site where the plantation is established. In Brazil, coffee plantations would use slash-and-burn agriculture, tearing down rainforests and planting coffee trees that depleted the nutrients in soil. Once the soil had been sapped, growers would move on to another place. If

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3328-420: The second radio-based network to launch a TV network called Cinema Television (CTV) through its flagship station, DWKC-TV and other regional stations. An all-movie channel, its programming included a presentation of Filipino and Hollywood movies respectively, and programs from E! , an American cable channel. It was the first UHF stations to be inspired by the format of a cable movie channel. It once clinched

3392-459: The surname(s) of the sole trader or partners, or the legal name of a company. The Companies Registration Office publishes a searchable register of such business names. In Japan , the word yagō ( 屋号 ) is used. In Colonial Nigeria , certain tribes had members that used a variety of trading names to conduct business with the Europeans. Two examples were King Perekule VII of Bonny , who

3456-1461: The technical facilities of its existing stations and the establishment of additional AM and FM stations. Among the stations that were added to the roster of RMN stations were: DXMD in General Santos , DWHP-FM in Laoag , DYRR in Ormoc , DXWR-FM in Zamboanga City, DXIX-FM in Iligan, DYXY-FM in Tacloban , DYRS in San Carlos, Negros Occidental , DXVM-FM in Cagayan de Oro, DXMB-AM in Malaybalay , DXXL-FM in Davao City, DYXL-FM in Cebu, DWKC-FM in Metro Manila and DXKR-AM in Koronadal , DYKR-AM in Kalibo in 1979. DWHB-FM in Baguio, DWON in Dagupan and DYVR-AM in Roxas, Capiz opened in 1980. DXDR-AM in Dipolog and DXPR in Pagadian

3520-469: The term trade name to refer to "doing business as" (DBA) names. In most U.S. states now, however, DBAs are officially referred to using other terms. Almost half of the states, including New York and Oregon , use the terms assumed business name or assumed name ; nearly as many, including Pennsylvania , use the term fictitious name . For consumer protection purposes, many U.S. jurisdictions require businesses operating with fictitious names to file

3584-459: The term usually refers only to large-scale estates. Before about 1860, it was the usual term for a farm of any size in the southern parts of British North America , with, as Noah Webster noted, "farm" becoming the usual term from about Maryland northward. The enslavement of people was the norm in Maryland and states southward. The plantations there were forced-labor farms. The term "plantation"

3648-420: The town festival of San Agustin , the patron saint of Cagayan de Oro. Listeners anticipated the first words they would hear on radio and were greeted the station ID and the following words: “You are tuned to Station DXCC, broadcasting with a power of 500 watts on 1560 kilocycles from Cagayan de Oro's Gateway to Mindanao!” and every hour thereafter. The station's first live broadcast coincided with its opening and

3712-626: Was DXCC (which also serves as the network's flagship station) established in Cagayan de Oro in Mindanao on August 28, 1952. The callsign has been supposed as a reference to the surnames of the business' founders ( C anoy and C ui) but, according to founder Henry Canoy in his memoir, was actually chosen to mean C agayan de Oro C ity. Sometime in 1948, Henry Canoy , together with Robin Cui and Vicente Rivera, set up two home-built tube radio receivers bought from Fideng Palacio of Puntod and placed them in an abandoned chicken poultry house situated at

3776-532: Was added on January 10, 1980, DXXX-FM in Butuan in 1985, DYVR-FM in Roxas, Capiz in 1986 and DYIC-FM in Iloilo City in 1987. RMN also increased its coverage by entering into tie-up arrangements with smaller networks. Under this scheme, RMN provided programming, marketing, technical and management expertise where these small stations would be found wanting. This gave birth to a new name for these stations under

3840-553: Was known as Captain Pepple in trade matters, and King Jubo Jubogha of Opobo , who bore the pseudonym Captain Jaja . Both Pepple and Jaja would bequeath their trade names to their royal descendants as official surnames upon their deaths. In Singapore , there is no filing requirement for a "trading as" name, but there are requirements for disclosure of the underlying business or company's registered name and unique entity number. In

3904-410: Was the first broadcast franchise approved under Aquino's presidency. On August 28, 1991, TV-8, RMN's first television station went on the air in Cagayan de Oro. RMN-TV 8 was then an affiliate of the then newly established Associated Broadcasting Company from 1992 to 1995. Thirty nine years after its start, RMN was now venturing into television. In December 1991, RMN was also granted a permit to operate

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3968-407: Was the first commercial station in the country to broadcast with HD Radio technology. It broadcast in three HD Radio digital audio channels along with its pre-existing analog signal. The operation of its facility was in high-level combined hybrid mode with an existing 35 kW analog transmitter, a new Nautel 1 kW HD Radio transmitter, with the digital exciter, importer and exporter providing

4032-465: Was used in most British colonies but very rarely in the United Kingdom itself in this sense. There it was used mainly for tree plantations , areas artificially planted with trees, whether purely for commercial forestry , or partly for ornamental effect in gardens and parks, when it might also cover plantings of garden shrubs. Among the earliest examples of plantations were the latifundia of

4096-627: Was widespread. But due to the rising input costs of agriculture, many farmers have done teak and bamboo plantations, which require very little water (only during the first two years). Teak and bamboo have legal protection from theft. Bamboo, once planted, gives output for 50 years till flowering occurs. Teak requires 20 years to grow to full maturity and fetch returns. These may be established for watershed or soil protection. They are established for erosion control, landslide stabilization, and windbreaks. Such plantations are established to foster native species and promote forest regeneration on degraded lands as

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