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68-624: Reginald Denny served with the Royal Flying Corps during World War I , and after the war emigrated to the United States to seek his fortunes in Hollywood as an actor. He was successful as a supporting actor in dozens of films and made a good living. Like many actors of the era, he took up flying for sport in the 1920s. But he then lost almost all of his money speculating in oil and mining stocks. Between films, Denny overheard

136-480: A flight stick , is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. Also known as the control column , it is the principal control device in the cockpit of many civilian and military aircraft, either as a centre stick or side-stick . It has various switches to control functions of the aircraft controlled by the Pilot and First Officer of

204-418: A 3D programmable controller, which was integrated into computer games to experience flight simulations. This line adapted several aspects of NASA's RHC (Rotational Hand Controller), which is used for landing and navigation methods. In 1997 the first gaming joystick with force feedback ( haptics ) was manufactured by CH Products under license from technology creator, Immersion Corporation . The product, called

272-608: A Northrop plant at Newbury Park, CA , and the name was changed to the Ventura Division, Northrop Corporation. Citations Bibliography Reginald Denny (actor) Reginald Leigh Dugmore (20 November 1891 – 16 June 1967), known professionally as Reginald Denny , was an English actor , aviator , and UAV pioneer . Born Reginald Leigh Dugmore on 20 November 1891 in Richmond , Surrey , England (part of Greater London since 1965), he came from

340-423: A console joypad, so licensed home arcade sticks for these games have been manufactured for home consoles and PCs. A hat switch is a control on some joysticks. It is also known as a POV (point of view) switch in electronic games, where it allows one to look around in one's virtual world, browse menus, etc. For example, many flight simulators use it to switch the player's views, while other games sometimes use it as

408-454: A control method. In 1996, a scientific study established that both chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys could be taught to move a pointer on a screen by using a joystick. Both have consistently managed to demonstrate "conceptual knowledge" of the task required of them during trials, although rhesus monkeys were notably slower to do so. In 2021, another pair of researchers investigated the level of intelligence in domestic pigs by designing

476-643: A design known as the Radioplane One, or RP-1, essentially a greatly enlarged model airplane, complete with a fuselage area that included the step where a windscreen was in a real aircraft. The control system was based on a telephone dial: dial 4 for elevator down, and then 2 to stop the motion. Due to the latencies in the system, the aircraft were found to be almost uncontrollable. In 1936, Denny met General W.S. Thiele at Fort MacArthur in Los Angeles, who complained that it cost $ 300 to have an aircraft tow

544-546: A foot-operated rudder bar for the yaw control surface on the tail. The name joystick is thought to originate with early 20th century French pilot Robert Esnault-Pelterie . There are also competing claims on behalf of fellow pilots Robert Loraine , James Henry Joyce , and A. E. George . Loraine is cited by the Oxford English Dictionary for using the term "joystick" in his diary in 1909 when he went to Pau to learn to fly at Blériot's school. George

612-474: A gaming joystick but which is used to control flight, replacing the traditional yoke . The sidestick saves weight, improves movement and visibility in the cockpit, and may be safer in an accident than the yoke. Ralph H. Baer , inventor of the Magnavox Odyssey console, released in 1972, created the first video game joysticks in 1967. They were able to control the horizontal and vertical position of

680-605: A great deal in common with Robert Loraine , an older actor/airman. They had been in a West End production together in 1902 in London, they were both veterans of the RFC (and its successor, the Royal Air Force) and were both flying and making films in Hollywood in the 1930s. Each of them visited their close relatives in the same area of London. At Loraine's wedding in 1921, his best man was an Air-Commodore who had been in charge of

748-427: A joystick which could be controlled with their snout. Unlike the chimpanzees or the rhesus monkeys, none of the four pigs was able to fully meet the 1996's test criteria for " motoric or conceptual acquisition" of the task, but they still performed "significantly above chance". Notably, the pigs experienced additional difficulties in comparison to the primates, as they were all far-sighted and so may have struggled with

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816-416: A lot of copies of Descent. It was around that time [when] the more modern FPS with mouse and keyboard came out, as opposed to just keyboard like Wolfenstein [3D] or something.". Since the late 1990s, analog sticks (or thumbsticks , due to their being controlled by one's thumbs) have become standard on controllers for video game consoles, popularized by Nintendo 's Nintendo 64 controller , and have

884-483: A model plane shop, which became a chain known as the Reginald Denny Hobby Shop, now California Hobby Distributors. He designed his "Dennyplane" with its signature model engine "Dennymite" developed by engineer Walter Righter , in addition to the "Denny Jr." which child actors would enter in model plane competitions at Mines Field, which later became Los Angeles International Airport . Denny had

952-670: A new aircraft design by Fred Hardy and its associated engine from Walter Righter, who had supplied the engines for their previous designs. They began marketing them as the "Dennyplane" with the "Dennymite" engine. After continued development, they demonstrated the design to the Army in March 1939 as the RP-2, and this was far more successful. In November, they demonstrated the RP-3, which used welded steel tubing in place of glue-and-screwed balsa wood for

1020-407: A partner on Hollywood Boulevard , but after two years it went out of business. Denny approached (or was approached by) Nelson Paul Whittier, grandson of California Quaker pioneer, John Greenleaf Whittier . The two formed Reginald Denny Industries in 1935 to develop a new radio controlled model, and were joined by electronics engineer Kenneth Case. For the next three years they attempted to produce

1088-428: A producer at Volition Inc., he stated that FreeSpace 2 ' s poor sales could have been due to joysticks' being sold poorly because they were "going out of fashion" because more modern first-person shooters, such as Quake , were "very much about the mouse and [the] keyboard". He went further on to state "Before that, when we did Descent for example, it was perfectly common for people to have joysticks – we sold

1156-407: A racket next door and went to investigate. He found the neighbor's son attempting to start one of the earliest radio-control model airplanes. Denny attempted to help, but they instead ended up destroying the model. While attempting to get it fixed, Denny became acquainted with the newly forming model industry, one of whom convinced him to take it up as a hobby. In 1934 he started a small hobby shop with

1224-417: A spot displayed on a screen. The earliest known electronic game joystick with a fire button was released by Sega as part of their 1969 arcade game Missile , a shooter simulation game that used it as part of an early dual-control scheme, where two directional buttons are used to move a motorized tank and a two-way joystick is used to shoot and steer the missile onto oncoming planes displayed on

1292-510: A substitute for the D-pad . Computer gamepads with both an analogue stick and a D-pad usually assign POV switch scancodes to the latter. The term hat switch is a shortening of the term "coolie hat switch," named for the similar looking headgear . In a real aircraft, the hat switch may control things like aileron or elevator trim. Apart from buttons, wheels and dials as well as touchscreens also miniature joysticks have been established for

1360-612: A target for gunnery practice. He also noted that the target flew in a straight line, which made it unrealistic. Denny suggested that a radio controlled model might be a more cost-effective solution. In an effort to interest the US Army in the design, they had demonstrated the RP-1 at Dale Dry Lake on 21 February 1938, but the radio failed and it crashed. In spite of the crash, the Army agreed to purchase three models for $ 11,000 if they met certain performance requirements. In 1938, they purchased

1428-604: A theatrical family; his father was actor and opera singer W.H. Denny . In 1899, he began his stage career in A Royal Family and starred in several London productions from age seven to twelve. He attended St. Francis Xavier College in Mayfield, Sussex, later known as Mayfield College , but, at 16, he ran away from school to train as a pugilist with Sir Harry Preston at the National Sporting Club . He also appeared in several British stage productions touring

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1496-423: A true analog flight stick, used for movement. The joystick could register movement in any direction as well as measure the degree of push, which could move the player character at different speeds depending on how far the joystick was pushed in a certain direction. A variation of the joystick is the rotary joystick. It is a type of joystick-knob hybrid, where the joystick can be moved in various direction while at

1564-469: A vice-president at Menasco Motors Company and budding entrepreneur. Collins and Denny estimated it would take somewhere between $ 50,000 and $ 75,000 to bring the RP-3 up to the performance demanded by the original $ 11,000 contract, but Collins was willing to take a chance that this would lead to future business. Collins and his partner Harold Powell split the drone program off from Reginald Denny Hobby Shops and formed Radioplane with Denny and Whittier. Whittier

1632-525: A young woman assembler named Norma Jeane Dougherty, whom he thought had potential as a model. She was photographed working on the OQ-3, which led to a screen test for Norma Jeane Dougherty, who soon changed her name to Marilyn Monroe . In November 1943, the company produced the OQ-7, essentially an OQ-3 with some cleanups and a new mid-mounted, slightly swept wing. This reached 112 miles per hour (180 km/h) but

1700-486: Is a positional gun , which works differently from a light gun . Instead of using light sensors, a positional gun is essentially an analog joystick mounted in a fixed location that records the position of the gun to determine where the player is aiming on the screen. It is often used for arcade gun games , with early examples including Sega 's Sea Devil in 1972; Taito 's Attack in 1976; Cross Fire in 1977; and Nintendo 's Battle Shark in 1978. During

1768-651: Is a digital controller with a single fire button. The Atari joystick port was for many years the de facto standard digital joystick specification. Joysticks were commonly used as controllers in first and second generation game consoles , but they gave way to the familiar game pad with the Nintendo Entertainment System and Master System during the mid-1980s, though joysticks—especially arcade-style ones—were and are popular after-market add-ons for any console. In 1985, Sega's third-person arcade rail shooter game Space Harrier featured

1836-579: Is particularly applicable in maneuvering aircraft without a pilot." The Germans developed an electrical two-axis joystick around 1944. The device was used as part of the Germans' Funkgerät FuG 203 Kehl radio control transmitter system used in certain German bomber aircraft, used to guide both the rocket-boosted anti-ship missile Henschel Hs 293 , and the unpowered pioneering precision-guided munition Fritz-X , against maritime and other targets. Here,

1904-546: Is the earliest known usage of the term, although he most certainly did not invent the device. The electrical two-axis joystick was invented by C. B. Mirick at the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and patented in 1926 (U.S. Patent no. 1,597,416)". NRL was actively developing remote controlled aircraft at the time and the joystick was possibly used to support this effort. In the awarded patent, Mirick writes: "My control system

1972-631: Is the use of strain gauges to build force transducers from which the output is proportional to the force applied rather than physical deflection. Miniature force transducers are used as additional controls on joysticks for menu selection functions. Some larger manufacturers of joysticks are able to customize joystick handles and grips specific to the OEM needs while small regional manufacturers often concentrate on selling standard products at higher prices to smaller OEMs. Specialist joysticks, classed as an assistive technology pointing device , are used to replace

2040-552: The First World War in the new wartime Royal Air Force . In the 1920s he performed as a stunt pilot with the 13 Black Cats aerial stunt team and loaned his World War I Sopwith Snipe biplane to Howard Hughes for use in Hell's Angels (1927). In the early 1930s, Denny became interested in free-flight model airplanes. In 1934, he and oil tycoon Max Whittier 's son, Paul Whittier, formed Reginald Denny Industries and opened

2108-663: The Frank Sinatra crime caper film Assault on a Queen (1966). He made frequent appearances in television during the 1950s and 1960s. His last role was in Batman (1966) as Commodore Schmidlapp. In 2020, Kino Lorber released 4K restorations on DVD and Blu-ray of three of Denny's silent comedies: The Reckless Age , Skinner's Dress Suit , and What Happened to Jones? in The Reginald Denny Collection. Denny served as an observer/gunner during

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2176-512: The Permobil (1963). During this time period NASA used joysticks as control devices as part of the Apollo missions. For example, the lunar lander test models were controlled with a joystick. In many modern airliners , for example all Airbus aircraft developed from the 1980s, the joystick has received a new lease on life for flight control in the form of the " side-stick ," a controller similar to

2244-852: The Radioplane OQ-2 . In July 1940, they formed the Radioplane Company and manufactured nearly fifteen thousand drones for the U.S. Army during the Second World War . It was here that he employed a teenage girl by the name of Norma Jeane Mortensen (later known as Marilyn Monroe ) who is recorded as having said it was "the hardest work I ever had to do". The company was purchased by Northrop in 1952. Reginald Denny's Hobby Shop, began selling his models, in 1935, on Hollywood Boulevard. Denny married actress Irene Hilda Haismann on 28 January 1913 in Calcutta ; both were with

2312-587: The World Film Company and made films both in the United States and Britain until the 1960s. Among the numerous stage productions in which he starred, Reginald appeared in John Barrymore 's 1920 Broadway production of Richard III ; the two actors became friends and starred in several films together including Sherlock Holmes (1922) , Hamlet (1933), Romeo and Juliet (1936) , and Paramount's Bulldog Drummond series (1937–1938). Denny

2380-548: The computer mouse for people with fairly severe physical disabilities. Rather than controlling games, these joysticks control the pointer . They are often useful to people with athetoid conditions, such as cerebral palsy , who find them easier to grasp than a standard mouse. Miniature joysticks are available for people with conditions involving muscular weakness such as muscular dystrophy or motor neurone disease as well. They are also used on electric powered wheelchairs for control since they are simple and effective to use as

2448-542: The "Six degrees of freedom" 3D shooter Descent . VirPil Controls' MongoosT-50 joystick was designed to mimic the style of Russian aircraft (including the Sukhoi Su-35 and Sukhoi Su-57 ), unlike most flight joysticks. However, since the beginning of the 21st century, these types of games have waned in popularity and are now considered a "dead" genre, and with that, gaming joysticks have been reduced to niche products. In NowGamer 's interview with Jim Boone,

2516-517: The 1990s, joysticks such as the CH Products Flightstick, Gravis Phoenix , Microsoft SideWinder , Logitech WingMan, and Thrustmaster FCS were in demand with PC gamers. They were considered a prerequisite for flight simulators such as F-16 Fighting Falcon and LHX Attack Chopper . Joysticks became especially popular with the mainstream success of space flight simulator games like X-Wing and Wing Commander , as well as

2584-643: The Bandmann Opera Company. They had one daughter but were divorced in 1928. Denny married actress Isabelle "Bubbles" Stiefel in 1928 and they had two children. Denny died on 16 June 1967, aged 75, after suffering a stroke whilst visiting his sister in his home town of Richmond, England . He was interred at Forest Lawn-Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles , California. His three children and wife Isabelle (died 1996, aged 89) survived him. Joystick A joystick , sometimes called

2652-548: The Force FX joystick was followed by force feedback joysticks from Logitech , Thrustmaster , and others, also under license from Immersion. An arcade stick is a large-format controller for use with home consoles or computers. They use the stick-and-button configuration of some arcade cabinets , such as those with particular multi-button arrangements. For example, the six button layout of the arcade games Street Fighter II or Mortal Kombat cannot be comfortably emulated on

2720-617: The MQM-36 Shelduck, and ultimately became the company's biggest success, with just 60,000 produced in a production run that lasted into the 1980s. A modified version of the Shelduck, the RP-71 Falconer (MQM-57), added an autopilot and camera mounts for battlefield reconnaissance duties. For even higher speeds, the company began experimenting with pulsejet systems immediately after the war, building two experimental designs,

2788-555: The OQ-2 with a larger 8 horsepower (6.0 kW) O-15-3 engine that allowed it to reach 103 miles per hour (166 km/h). It also used a single propeller in place of the OQ-2's counter-rotating variety, as the torque effects were no longer a concern for the operators. The OQ-3/TDD-2 was the most-produced Radioplane drone of the war era, with over 9,400 produced. It was on the RP-5 assembly line in 1945 that Army photographer David Conover saw

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2856-630: The OQ-2A, which led to the US Navy buying a slightly modified version as the TDD-1 , for Target Drone, Denny, 1 . Navy models lacked the landing gear, which was useless on water. The OQ-2B had a lightened structure by drilling holes in the wing ribs. By 1943, there was a demand for a faster version, which led to the December introduction of the OQ-3, or TDD-2. This was essentially a strengthened version of

2924-419: The RFC radio control weapons and developed the first powered drone aircraft. Denny became interested in radio controlled aircraft and started the first US military drone work at the start of WWII. In 1935, Denny began developing his remote controlled "radioplane" for military use. In 1939, he and his partners won the first military United States Army Air Corps contract for their radio-controlled target drone,

2992-610: The RP-14 which reached 168 miles per hour (270 km/h). A 60 horsepower (45 kW) O-60 four-cylinder engine from McCulloch Motors Corporation provided speeds of 195 miles per hour (314 km/h) on two experimental RP-15's (OQ-6A) in November 1944. Combining this engine with a totally new metal-skinned fuselage and wings produced the RP-19, which reached 140 miles per hour (230 km/h). About 5,200 OQ-14/TDD-3's were produced. Adding

3060-652: The RP-21 and RP-26. In response to a call for high-speed target drones from the newly formed US Air Force , in 1950 the company introduced the Radioplane Q-1 , powered by a small pulsejet . An attempt to build a version with the Continental YJ69 turbojet failed to find orders, and the role was taken over by the Ryan Firebee Q-2. Only a few dozen Q-1's were produced in total. The jet-powered Q-1

3128-627: The RP-5, and to the Army as the Radioplane OQ-2 . Delivery of these began in June 1941. Orders began to pour in, and the company expanded into the former Timm Aircraft factories on the northeast corner of the Van Nuys Airport in 1942, when Timm moved to the western side. May 1942 brought the updated RP-5A, differing primarily in the 6.3 horsepower (4.7 kW) Righter O-15-1 engine driving in-line propellers instead of side by side, along with tail-dragger landing gear. The Army purchased this as

3196-428: The ability to indicate the stick's displacement from its neutral position. This means that the software does not have to keep track of the position or estimate the speed at which the controls are moved. These devices usually use potentiometers to determine the position of the stick, though some newer models instead use a Hall effect sensor for greater reliability and reduced size. In 1997, ThrustMaster, Inc. introduced

3264-418: The aerodynamics, the new design featured side-by-side contra-rotating propellers to counteract engine torque from its Sidewinder engine, and tricycle landing gear. The RP-4 also used a new joystick -based control system that operators found easier to use. Three examples were delivered to the Army, who placed an order for an additional 53 units. The production models were further modified, known to Radioplane as

3332-584: The efficient manual operation of cameras . In recent times, the employment of joysticks has become commonplace in many industrial and manufacturing applications, such as cranes, assembly lines, forestry equipment, mining trucks, and excavators. In fact, the use of such joysticks is in such high demand, that it has virtually replaced the traditional mechanical control lever in nearly all modern hydraulic control systems. Additionally, most unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and submersible remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) require at least one joystick to control either

3400-731: The flight. Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually have push-buttons whose state can be read by the computer. A popular variation of the joystick used on modern video game consoles is the analog stick . Joysticks are also used for controlling machines such as cranes, trucks, underwater unmanned vehicles, wheelchairs, surveillance cameras, and zero turning radius lawn mowers . Miniature finger-operated joysticks have been adopted as input devices for smaller electronic equipment such as mobile phones . Joysticks originated as controls for aircraft ailerons and elevators , and are first known to have been used as such on Louis Bleriot 's Bleriot VIII aircraft of 1908, in combination with

3468-580: The framework, and added the new feature of a parachute that could be activated when the flight was completed, making landings a simple push-button task. Continued testing was carried out at March Field , east of Los Angeles . These early tests were not very successful, but a series of improvements were quickly worked into the design. At this point the Whittier estate withdrew further funding. Denny and Whittier sought bankers to provide bridge financing , and one of these put them in touch with Whitney Collins,

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3536-538: The joystick of the Kehl transmitter was used by an operator to steer the missile towards its target. This joystick had on-off switches rather than analogue sensors. Both the Hs 293 and Fritz-X used FuG 230 Straßburg radio receivers in them to send the Kehl's control signals to the ordnance's control surfaces. A comparable joystick unit was used for the contemporary American Azon steerable munition, strictly to laterally steer

3604-489: The missile. In the 1960s the use of joysticks became widespread in radio-controlled model aircraft systems such as the Kwik Fly produced by Phill Kraft (1964). The now-defunct Kraft Systems firm eventually became an important OEM supplier of joysticks to the computer industry and other users. The first use of joysticks outside the radio-controlled aircraft industry may have been in the control of powered wheelchairs, such as

3672-564: The more powerful O-45-35 engine produced the OQ-17/TDD-4, but only small numbers were produced. By the end of the war the company's factory floor had expanded from 979 square feet in 1940 to 69,500 spread over five buildings, and was delivering 50 drones a day. The company, along with production partner Frankfort, ultimately produced nearly fifteen thousand drones during the Second World War . Righter's engine plant remained in Burbank , and

3740-674: The munition in the yaw axis only. This German invention was picked up by someone in the team of scientists assembled at the Heeresversuchsanstalt in Peenemünde . Here a part of the team on the German rocket program was developing the Wasserfall missile , a variant of the V-2 rocket , the first ground-to-air missile . The Wasserfall steering equipment converted the electrical signal to radio signals and transmitted these to

3808-614: The music halls of England of The Merry Widow . In 1911, he went to the United States to appear in Henry B. Harris 's stage production of The Quaker Girl , then joined the Bandmann Opera Company as a baritone touring India and the Far East India where he performed for Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV . Although he worked in "flickers" during 1911 and 1912, Reginald officially began his film career in 1915 with

3876-418: The other for changing the shooting direction. In North America, it was released by Midway under the title Gun Fight . In 1976, Taito released Interceptor , an early first-person combat flight simulator that involved piloting a jet fighter , using an eight-way joystick to aim with a crosshair and shoot at enemy aircraft. The Atari CX40 joystick , developed for the 1977 Atari Video Computer System ,

3944-493: The same time being able to rotate the joystick. It is mainly used in arcade shoot 'em up games, to control both the player's eight-directional movement and the gun's 360-degree direction. It was introduced by SNK , initially with the tank shooter TNK III (1985) before it was popularized by the run and gun video game Ikari Warriors (1986). SNK later used rotary joystick controls in arcade games such as Guerrilla War (1987). A distinct variation of an analog joystick

4012-491: The screen; when a plane is hit, an explosion is animated on screen along with an explosion sound. In 1970, the game was released in North America as S.A.M.I. by Midway Games . Taito released a four-way joystick as part of their arcade racing video game Astro Race in 1973, while their 1975 multidirectional shooter Western Gun introduced dual-stick controls with one eight-way joystick for movement and

4080-536: The vehicle, the on-board cameras, sensors and/or manipulators. Due to the highly hands-on, rough nature of such applications, the industrial joystick tends to be more robust than the typical video-game controller, and able to function over a high cycle life. This led to the development and employment of Hall effect sensing to such applications in the 1980s as a means of contactless sensing. Several companies produce joysticks for industrial applications using Hall effect technology. Another technology used in joystick design

4148-539: The war the company began development of an entirely new drone design known as the Basic Training Target , or BTT. Unlike the previous models which retained some semblance of their original model-airplane origins, the BTT series were metal skinned and much more streamlined. The first examples mounted a 72 horsepower (54 kW) McCullough O-100-1 engine and was able to reach 220 miles per hour (350 km/h) and

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4216-581: Was a pioneer aviator who with his colleague Jobling built and flew a biplane at Newcastle in England in 1910. The George and Jobling aircraft control column is in the collection of the Discovery Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. Joysticks were present in early planes, though their mechanical origins are uncertain. The coining of the term "joystick" may actually be credited to Loraine, as his

4284-470: Was a well-known actor in silent films, and with the advent of talkies he became a character actor. He played the lead role in a number of his earlier films, generally as a comedic Englishman in such works as Private Lives (1931) and later had reasonably steady work as a supporting actor in dozens of films, including The Little Minister (1934) with Katharine Hepburn , Anna Karenina (1935) with Greta Garbo , Alfred Hitchcock 's Rebecca (1940) and

4352-622: Was designed so that at 700 feet (210 m) range it appeared and flew like a jet fighter flying at 700 miles per hour (1,100 km/h) at 300 yards (270 m) range. It entered service in 1950 with some examples used as late as the 1980s. A further improvement was the OQ-19/KD2R-5, with a 95 horsepower (71 kW) McCullough that raised speed to 230 miles per hour (370 km/h). These included wing-tip mounts for teardrop-shaped radar reflectors that allowed them to be used with various radar-guided guns and missiles. These entered service as

4420-514: Was eventually purchased by Radioplane in May 1945. Shortly after the end of the war the company produced a report sponsored by the Office of Naval Research with proposals for small aircraft capable of carrying a single marine over irradiated territory in an amphibious assault. As the post-war wind-down began to take effect, Denny eventually sold his 25% stake in the company to Collins in 1948. Late in

4488-409: Was later bought out. Another year of development was required before the new RP-4 design was complete, having been extensively re-designed by aeronautical engineer Ferris Smith. Testing was accomplished by mounting the models to a framework on the front of a Packard Twelve Senior and driving across Muroc Dry Lake at speeds up to 120 miles per hour (190 km/h). Along with significant changes to

4556-668: Was not taken into production. A totally new design was introduced in April 1944, the RP-8. This was powered by a new 22 horsepower (16 kW) O-45-1, allowing it to reach 141 miles per hour (227 km/h). This was taken into service as the OQ-14 and TDD-3, and a larger O-45-35 engine was used by the Navy's TDD-4. The RP-10 tested a new low-mounted wing on an otherwise unmodified OQ-7. A new four-cylinder 22 horsepower (16 kW) Righter O-45 powered

4624-622: Was then used in the development of the GAM-67 Crossbow , an experimental long-range anti-radiation missile . In 1953 they began development of the RP-61, a supersonic jet-powered drone that was powered by a XJ81 engine and able to reach Mach 1.55. Several improved models followed, but only 25 were produced. The company was purchased by Northrop in 1952, becoming the Radioplane Division of Northrop. The factory later moved to

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