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58-770: For centuries, Radom was part of the Sandomierz Province of the Kingdom of Poland and the later Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Despite being part of the Masovian Voivodeship, the city historically belongs to Lesser Poland . It was a significant center of administration, having served as seat of the Crown Council which ratified the Pact of Vilnius and Radom between Lithuania and Poland in 1401. The Nihil novi and Łaski's Statute were adopted by

116-470: A gubernator . In Poland , a starosta administered crown territory or a district called a starostwo . In the early Middle Ages, a starosta could head a settled urban or rural community or other community, as in the case of a church starosta or an artel starosta. A starosta also functioned as a master of ceremonies . In the Czech Republic and Slovakia starosta is the title of

174-461: A gord, which belongs to Radomir . In the second half of the 13th century, Radom was granted a Środa Śląska town charter by Prince Bolesław V the Chaste , although no documents exist to confirm the exact date of this event. The town prospered in the 14th century, when in 1350 King Kazimierz Wielki established the so-called New Town , with a royal castle, a defensive wall , and a town hall. There

232-533: A mayor of a town or village. Mayors of major cities use the title primátor . The term corresponds to the Austrian or German Bürgermeister . Historically, the title "Starost" was also used in parts of the Holy Roman Empire . The German word Starostei referred to the office or crown land district of a Starost. In German, the title starost/starosta is also translated as Hauptmann and analogous to

290-621: A gubernator. In the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , the Starosta was from the 15th century the office of a territorial administrator, usually conferred on a local landowner and member of the nobility, Szlachta . Until the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, there were two types of Starosta: There were also general starosts who were provincial governors. All starosts disappeared after

348-407: A law was adopted that more clearly defined the status and powers of the starosta. Also, this law introduced the concept of starosta okruhs ( elderships )―the territory on which the starost is elected and over which his powers extend. The starosta okruhs were to be formed by the amalgamated territorial hromada council and could consist of several settlements, in addition to the administrative center of

406-489: A sewage system was built. Russians closed down the Benedictine monastery and established a Tsarist prison in its place. Streets were gradually paved, and in 1885, a rail line from Dąbrowa Górnicza to Dęblin was completed, via Radom. In the early 20th century a power plant was built. In 1906, notable Polish independence fighter Kazimierz Sosnkowski , future politician and general, escaped from Warsaw to Radom, pursued by

464-492: Is a community elder in some Slavic lands. The Slavic root of "starost" translates as "senior". Since the Middle Ages , it has designated an official in a leadership position in a range of civic and social contexts throughout Central and Eastern Europe . In reference to a municipality, a starosta was historically a senior royal administrative official, equivalent to a county sheriff or seneschal , and analogous to

522-532: Is also located close to European route E77 , here the European route E371 begins, which runs southwards, to Slovakia . The famous Radom Air Show takes place at Radom Airport , an airport located 3.5 km (2 mi) from the center of Radom. Radom is home to about 20 schools of higher education: Members of Parliament ( Sejm ) elected from Radom constituency Radom is twinned with: Former twin towns: On 28 February 2022, Radom ended its partnership with

580-529: The Auschwitz concentration camp . Deportations to concentration camps continued throughout the war, and 18,000 people passed through the local prison, mostly Polish political activists, resistance members and innocent people, plus ordinary criminals. At the large massacre sites in the present-day districts of Firlej and Kosów, the Germans murdered around 15,000 and 1,500 people, respectively. In October 1940,

638-572: The Kosciuszko Insurrection in 1794 and were not reinstated until after World War I when their role was altered. In contemporary Poland , starosta designates a district administrator, who heads the district administration starostwo and manages a powiat district, akin to the leader of a town or rural council. In the Ukrainian State during 1918, gubernatorial and povitian starostas controlled who represented

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696-741: The November Uprising , was stationed in Radom. The city was an important center of the November Uprising. Its obsolete and ruined fortifications were destroyed upon order of Mayor Józef Królikowski. In the early days of the January Uprising , Marian Langiewicz visited Radom, preparing the rebellion. In the 19th century, Radom was one of the leading centers of the new art of photography in partitioned Poland, alongside major cities of Warsaw, Gdańsk , Kraków and Wilno. In 1867

754-642: The Polish Armed Forces . The international Radom Jazz Festival and the International Gombrowicz Theater Festival are held in the city. Radom's original settlement dates back to the 8th–9th century. It was an early medieval town in the valley of the Mleczna River (on the approximate site of present-day Old Town ). In the second half of the 10th century, it became a gord , called Piotrówka , which

812-534: The Sejm at Radom's Royal Castle in 1505. In 1976, it was a center of the June 1976 protests . The city is home to the biennial Radom Air Show , the largest air show in the country, held during the last weekend of August. "Radom" is also the popular unofficial name for a semiautomatic FB Vis pistol, which was produced from 1935 to 1944 by Radom's Łucznik Arms Factory . The city continues to produce military firearms for

870-898: The Sejm were elected, as well as two deputies to the Lesser Poland Tribunal in Lublin (...) The soil in the northern part of the voivodeship was sandy, while in its center and south it was very rich. In the area of Opatow, famous wheat was produced, called sandomierka or opatowka. There also were large forests, as well as deposits of marble, copper, iron and lime (...) Among oldest urban centers of Sandomierz Voivodeship were Sandomierz, Wislica , Nowy Korczyn , Zawichost , Radom . Main castles were at Chrobrze, Osiek, Ilza , Checiny , Janowiec nad Wisla. Most important monasteries were at Lysa Gora, Sieciechow, Opatow, Wachock and Koprzywnica". Voivodeship Governor ( Wojewoda ) seat: Regional council (sejmik generalny) seats: In 1397, part of

928-723: The Swedish invasion of Poland . The Swedish army captured the city without a fight in November 1655. At first the invaders behaved correctly, as King Charles X Gustav still sought alliances within the Polish-Lithuanian nobility; the situation changed, however, in early 1656, when anti-Swedish uprisings broke out in southern Lesser Poland and quickly spread across the country. Radom was looted and almost completely destroyed in August 1656. Its population shrank from some 2,000 before

986-687: The 14th century to the partitions of Poland in 1772–1795. It was part of the Lesser Poland region and the Lesser Poland Province . Originally Sandomierz Voivodeship also covered the area around Lublin , but in 1474 its three eastern counties were organized into Lublin Voivodeship . In the 16th century, it had 374 parishes, 100 towns and 2586 villages. The voivodeship was based on the Sandomierz ziemia , which earlier

1044-553: The 1980s. Fallen Red Army soldiers rest at the local cemetery at Warszawska Street. The communists held Polish resistance members in the former German prison. In September 1945, the resistance movement attacked the communist prison and liberated nearly 500 prisoners. Up to the Second World War , like many other cities in interwar Poland , Radom had a large Jewish population. According to the Imperial 1897 census , out of

1102-608: The Baptist , and the Royal Castle was built between the church and the moat. In 1364, Radom's obsolete Środa Śląska rights were replaced with more modern Magdeburg rights , and residents gained several privileges as a result. At that time, Radom was located along the so-called Oxen Trail , from Ruthenian lands to Silesia . In 1376, the city became the seat of a starosta , and entered the period of its greatest prosperity. King Władysław Jagiełło granted several privileges to

1160-548: The City County of Radom was created, and the following year, its rail connection with Warsaw was completed. In the late 1930s, due to the government project known as the Central Industrial Area , several new factories were built; by 1938, the population had grown to 80,000. The city was also a military garrison, serving as headquarters of the 72nd Infantry Regiment. On September 1, 1939, the first day of

1218-613: The German invasion of Poland and World War II , the Germans air raided the city. On September 8, 1939, Radom was captured by the Wehrmacht , and was afterwards occupied by Germany . On September 21, 1939, the German Einsatzgruppe II entered the city to commit various crimes against the population , and afterwards its members co-formed the local German police and security forces. The Germans immediately confiscated

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1276-578: The German occupiers established a forced labour camp for Jews , and in 1941, they formed the Radom Ghetto , with a population of 34,000 Jews, most of whom perished at the Treblinka extermination camp . According to German regulations, sheltering Jews outside the ghetto was punishable by death. The secret Polish Council to Aid Jews "Żegota" , established by the Polish resistance movement operated in

1334-696: The King would host foreign envoys, from such countries as the Crimean Khanate , the Kingdom of Bohemia , and the Duchy of Bavaria . On November 18, 1489, Johann von Tiefen , the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights , paid homage to King Jagiellon at Radom Castle. Mikołaj Radomski , one of the earliest Polish composers, comes from Radom. In 1468, the complex of a Bernardine church and monastery

1392-455: The Land of Sandomierz together with the Land of Lublin . The Duchy of Sandomierz was thus created (...) During the reign of Wladyslaw Lokietek , the duchy was turned into a large voivodeship. In ca. 1471, the Land of Lublin was separated from it (...) The area of Sandomierz Voivodeship was 467 square miles, with 374 Roman Catholic parishes, 100 towns, and 2,586 villages. In 1397 left bank part of

1450-720: The Polish resistance, for which one was even arrested and sent to a concentration camp. In April 1943, the resistance successfully assassinated the chief of the local German police. In 1944, following the Polish Warsaw Uprising , the Germans deported thousands of Varsovians from the Dulag 121 camp in Pruszków , where they were initially imprisoned, to Radom. Those Poles were mainly old people, ill people and women with children. 3,500 Poles expelled from Warsaw stayed in

1508-755: The Russian Okhrana . In Radom, he continued his secret activities, and became the commander of the local Combat Organization , before he eventually had to escape again, this time to the Dąbrowa Basin . During World War I, the city was captured by the Austro-Hungarian Army in July 1915. An Austrian garrison remained until November 1918. In the Second Polish Republic Radom became part of Kielce Voivodeship . In 1932

1566-680: The Russian city of Ozyory and the Belarusian city of Homyel as a reaction to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . Notable people who have been born, have lived or have worked in Radom: Sandomierz Voivodeship Sandomierz Voivodeship ( Polish : Województwo Sandomierskie , Latin : Palatinatus Sandomirensis ) was a unit of administration and local government in Poland from

1624-801: The Sandomierz Voivodeship of the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the Third Partition of Poland (1795). For a few years (1795–1809) it was part of the Austrian province of West Galicia . After the Polish victory in the Austro-Polish War of 1809, it was part of the Polish Duchy of Warsaw , which named it capital of the Radom Department . From 1815

1682-562: The Sandomierz Voivodeship which was located on the western bank of the Vistula , was divided into three counties: In 1662, Sandomierz Voivodeship consisted of the following counties: Sandomierz Voivodeship was also a proposed voivodeship of Second Polish Republic , which never was created because of the Nazi and Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939 . The idea of creation of this unit

1740-539: The air show, resulting in the cancellation of the rest of the event. On 30 August 2009, also during the air show, another two pilots who represented Belarus were killed when their plane crashed. Radom was one of the main centres of the strike action taken by Polish health care workers in 2007. Radom has a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ). Radom is an important railroad junction, where two lines meet: east–west connection from Lublin to Łódź , and north–south from Warsaw to Kielce , and Kraków . The city

1798-400: The amalgamated territorial hromada. It was also fixed for the starostas the right to a guaranteed speech at the meetings of the amalgamated territorial hromada council and its standing commissions on issues related to their starosta okruh, as well as added control functions over the use of communal property objects and the state of improvement in their okruh. According to the monitoring of

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1856-609: The camp. From October 1939 to January 1940, the Germans carried out several public executions of Polish civilians in various locations in Radom, killing 111 people. The Germans also operated a heavy prison in the city, and carried mass arrests of hundreds of Poles, who were then held in the prison. Many Poles expelled from Gdynia in 1939 were placed in a temporary transit camp in a local church, before they were sent to nearby settlements. The occupiers liquidated local cultural and social life. All sports clubs and high schools were closed, and teaching of literature, geography and history in

1914-512: The central government in regions. In 2014–2015, administrative and territorial reform began in Ukraine , during which adjacent territorial communities began to unite into larger amalgamated territorial hromadas . In order for the interests of residents of all villages, towns and cities in united territorial communities to be properly represented, the law "On Voluntary Unification of Territorial Communities" adopted on February 5, 2015, introduced

1972-587: The city belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland , remaining a regional administrative center. In 1816–1837 it was the capital of the Sandomierz Voivodeship, whose capital, despite the name, was at Radom. In 1837–1844 it was the capital of the Sandomierz Governorate , and from 1844 until the outbreak of World War I , the capital of the Radom Governorate . The Polish 5th Line Infantry Regiment, which later fought against Russia in

2030-581: The city, as of November 1, 1944. In January 1945, the occupiers sent the last transport of prisoners from Radom to Auschwitz, but it only reached Częstochowa , while the remaining prisoners were massacred in Firlej. On January 16, 1945, the city was captured by the Red Army , and then restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which then stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in

2088-457: The city. Radom was a center of Polish resistance, with various organizations, such as Service for Poland's Victory , Independent Poland  [ pl ] , Union of Armed Struggle , Bataliony Chłopskie , Grey Ranks and numerous Home Army units operating in the area. The resistance carried out various actions, which included sabotage, stealing weapons, secret education , etc. Poles were even able to produce weapons for Polish partisans in

2146-608: The city. Jagiełło himself frequently travelled from Kraków to Vilnius , and liked to stay at Radom Castle en route. On March 18, 1401, the Pact of Vilnius and Radom was signed, which strengthened the Polish–Lithuanian union . Immediately after the Pact, preparations for the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War began. King Casimir IV Jagiellon frequently visited Radom, along with his wife, Elizabeth of Austria . Here,

2204-454: The executive body of the council and back. By the decree of the Cabinet of Ministers dated July 22, 2016, the starosta was assigned to the fifth category of positions in local self-government bodies, and later by the law dated February 9, 2017 to the sixth category. This made it possible to streamline the structure and terms of payment for the newly elected starostas. On February 9, 2017,

2262-532: The food stored in warehouses in Radom and nearby settlements, and carried out requisitions in the city council. The occupiers established a special court in Radom, and two temporary prisoner-of-war camps for captured Polish soldiers, one in the pre-war military barracks and one in the Tadeusz Kościuszko Park. There were poor conditions in the camp in the barracks, and hunger and diseases were common. The local civilian population helped many POWs escape from

2320-468: The institute of starosta, who were to be elected by residents of the respective settlements and represent their interests in the executive bodies of the council of the amalgamated territorial hromada. The mayor, in particular, is a member of the executive committee of the amalgamated territorial hromada council ex officio, he must help the residents of his settlements with the preparation of submitting documents to local self-government bodies, participate in

2378-528: The local arms factory, even though it was seized by the Germans. In 1942, the Germans discovered the activity, and then publicly hanged 50 Poles, including 26 employees of the arms factory, and a pregnant woman. Scouts from the Gray Ranks who worked at the local post office stole and destroyed anonymous letters to the Gestapo , thus possibly saving many lives. Two German doctors from a local hospital helped

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2436-491: The most important urban centers of the Sandomierz Voivodeship, and was also the seat of the Treasure Tribunal in 1613–1764, which controlled taxation. Several kings visited the city, including Stephen Bathory and his wife Anna Jagiellon , Sigismund III Vasa , and Augustus III of Poland . In 1623 many residents died in an epidemic, and in 1628, half of Radom burned in a fire. The period of prosperity ended during

2494-496: The oldest still-extant church in Radom is St. Wacław, founded in the 13th century by Prince of Sandomierz Leszek I the White . The first documented mention of Radom comes from the year 1155, in a bull of Pope Adrian IV ( villam iuxta Rado, que vocatur Zlauno , or a village near Radom, called Sławno ). By 1233, Radom was the seat of a castellan . The name of the city comes from the ancient Slavic given name Radomir , and Radom means

2552-496: The preparation of the amalgamated territorial hromada budget in the part that concerns his settlements, and also perform other duties specified in Regulations on the starosta, which were approved by the council of the amalgamated territorial hromada. In particular, the council of the amalgamated territorial hromada could authorize the starosta to perform notarial acts on his own, or to transfer relevant documents from residents to

2610-414: The province was divided into three counties – Sandomierz, Radom and Checiny . In the early 16th century the voivodeship had 9 counties: Sandomierz, Wislica , Checiny, Opoczno , Radom, Szydłów , Stezyca , Pilzno and Tarnów . By late 16th century, Tarnow county was annexed by Pilzno county, while Szydlow county was divided between Wislica and Sandomierz (...) Sandomierz Voivodeship had nine senators:

2668-641: The reign of Alexander Jagiellon , the Nihil novi act was adopted by the Polish Sejm in a meeting at Radom Castle. Furthermore, at the same meeting, the first codification of law published in the Kingdom of Poland was accepted. Radom was a royal city , county seat and castellany , administratively located in the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province . It remained one of

2726-519: The remaining schools was prohibited. In March and May 1940, the Germans carried out massacres of 210 Poles, including teenagers, from Radom and nearby settlements in the city's Firlej district. Around 100 Poles from Radom were murdered by the Russians in the large Katyn massacre in April–May 1940. In July, August and November 1940, the Germans carried out deportations of Poles from the local prison to

2784-430: The south (the town of Krosno itself belonged to Red Ruthenia ). It included such cities and towns of contemporary Poland, as Dębica , Dęblin , Iłża , Kielce , Kolbuszowa , Końskie , Kozienice , Lipsko , Mielec , Nisko , Opoczno , Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski , Pińczów , Pionki , Radom , Ropczyce , Ryki , Stalowa Wola , Starachowice , Staszów , Szydłowiec , Tarnów , Tarnobrzeg and Włoszczowa . The shape of

2842-497: The total population of 28,700, Jews constituted 11,200 (~39%). From 1975 to 1998, it was the seat of the Radom Voivodeship . In 1954 and 1984, city limits were greatly expanded by including several settlements as new districts, including Długojów Górny, Huta Józefowska, Janiszpol, Józefów, Kierzków, Kończyce, Krychnowice, Krzewień, Malczew, Mleczna, Nowa Wola Gołębiowska, Nowiny Malczewskie, Stara Wola Gołębiowska, Wincentów, Wólka Klwatecka. In 2007, two pilots died in an accident at

2900-496: The voivode and the castellan of Sandomierz, and castellans of Wislica, Radom, Zawichost , Żarnów , Malogoszcz , Połaniec and Czchow . The voivodeship had several starostas , who resided in such towns, as Sandomierz, Radom, Checiny, Opoczno, Nowy Korczyn , Stezyca, Wislica, Pilzno, Stopnica , Solec nad Wisla , Zawichost, Szydlow, Przedborz , Ropczyce , Ryczywol , Radoszyce , Ryki , Zwolen , Gołąb and others. Local sejmiks took place at Opatow , at which seven deputies to

2958-463: The voivodeship remained unchanged from 1474 to the first partition of Poland (1772), when the Habsburg monarchy annexed the area south of the Vistula , with Dębica, Kolbuszowa, Mielec, Nisko and Tarnów. Zygmunt Gloger in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland gives a detailed description of Sandomierz Voivodeship: “Duke Boleslaw Krzywousty , before his death in 1138, divided Poland between his four sons, giving Henryk

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3016-413: The war, to 395 in 1660, with only 37 houses still standing. Swedish soldiers burned the royal castle and the monastery. With the Polish population in decline, the number of Jewish settlers grew by the early 18th century. In 1682 the first Piarists arrived, and in 1737–1756, opened a college. The 3rd Infantry Regiment of the Polish Crown Army was stationed in Radom at various times. Radom remained within

3074-416: Was also a market square and a grid plan of the streets, patterned after Gothic German towns. The area of New Town was 9 hectares , and the length of the defensive wall was 1,100 meters. Radom had three gates, named after main merchant roads: Iłża Gate , Piotrków Trybunalski Gate , and Lublin Gate . The defensive wall was further protected by 25 fortified towers . New Town had the Church of John

3132-427: Was also one of the voivodeships of Congress Poland . Created in 1816 from the Radom Department , in 1837 it was transformed into the Sandomierz Governorate . Sandomierz Voivodeship in its original shape was one of the largest provinces of the Kingdom of Poland . After Lublin Voivodeship was created out of its eastern territories, the province stretched from Białobrzegi in the north, to the area north of Krosno in

3190-451: Was founded here by King Jagiellon, with support of the local starosta , Dominik z Kazanowa. The complex was originally made of wood (until 1507). In 1481, Radom became the residence of Prince Kazimierz , the son of King Jagiellon, who ruled the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . The young prince died of tuberculosis , and later became patron saint of both the city of Radom (since 1983), and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Radom (since 1992). During

3248-444: Was protected by a rampart and a moat . Due to convenient location on the edge of a large wilderness, and its proximity to the border of Lesser Poland and Mazovia , Radom quickly emerged as an important administrative center of the early Kingdom of Poland . Piotrówka was probably named after St. Peter church, which in 1222 was placed under the authority of a Benedictine Abbey in nearby Sieciechów . The church no longer exists;

3306-497: Was the Duchy of Sandomierz . The Duchy of Sandomierz was created in 1138 by King Bolesław III Wrymouth , who in his testament divided Poland into five principalities. One of them, with the capital at Sandomierz, was assigned to Krzywousty's son, Henry of Sandomierz . Later on, with southern part of the Seniorate Province (which emerged into the Duchy of Kraków ), the Duchy of Sandomierz created Lesser Poland , divided into Kraków and Sandomierz Voivodeships. Sandomierz Voivodeship

3364-675: Was the brainchild of Minister of Industry and Trade Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski , and it was directly linked with creation of one of the biggest economic projects of interbellum Poland, Central Industrial Region . It was to cover south-central Poland, and most probably, it was to be created in late 1939. Its projected size was 24.500 square kilometers, and it was to incorporate 20 or 21 powiats . 50°40′52″N 21°44′40″E  /  50.681049°N 21.744507°E  / 50.681049; 21.744507 Starosta Starosta / ˈ s t ɑːr ɒ s t ə / or starost ( Cyrillic : старост/а , Latin : capitaneus , German: Starost, Hauptmann )

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