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83-491: A roundup is a police / military operation of interpellation and arrest of people taken at random from a public place, or targeting a particular population by ethnicity, appearance, or other perceived membership in a targeted group. To ensure operational success, organizers rely on the element of surprise in order to reduce the risk of evasion as much as possible. When the operation involves large numbers of individuals not targeted for any perceived group membership, it may be called

166-627: A Russian border guard admitted that the Russian Federal Security Service was enabling migrants to enter Finland. Because asylum seekers are usually required to be physically present in the EU country where they wish to request asylum, and there are few formal ways to allow them to reach Europe to do so, many paid smugglers for advice, logistical help and transportation through Europe, especially for sea crossings. Human traffickers charged $ 1,000 to $ 1,500 (€901 – €1352) for

249-560: A far-right political surge, the town remained peaceful and locals largely accepting. By 2020, most of the arrivals had moved on to bigger German cities for work or study; a small number settled in Sumte permanently. In Berlin, authorities housed refugees in temporary accommodations at the site of the decommissioned Tempelhof Airport , then developed a program of container housing known as Tempohomes, followed by Modular Accommodations for Refugees (Modulare Unterkünfte für Flüchtlinge); many of

332-471: A fence that had been under construction for several months, forcing migrants to pass through Croatia and Slovenia instead. Croatia tried to force them back into Hungary, which responded with military force. Croatian and Hungarian leaders each blamed each other for the situation and engaged in a bitter back-and-forth about what to do about the tens of thousands of stranded people. Three days later, Croatia likewise closed its border with Serbia to avoid becoming

415-534: A mass arrest . The Great Gypsy Round-up was a raid authorized and organized by the Spanish Monarchy that led to the arrest of all gypsies ( Romani ) in the region, and their imprisonment in labor camps . The raid was approved by King Ferdinand VI of Spain , was organized by the Marquis of Ensenada , and was set in motion simultaneously across Spain on 30 July 1749. The Jewish population of Belgium

498-729: A UK-financed fence was built along the A-216 highway in Calais . At the camp near Calais, known as the Jungle , riots broke out when authorities began demolishing the illegally constructed campsite on 29 January 2015. Amid the protests, which included hunger strikes, thousands of refugees living in the camp were relocated to France's "first international-standard refugee camp" at the La Liniere refugee camp in Grande-Synthe which replaced

581-529: A budget of €18 million. A section of northeastern Croatia is believed to contain up to 60,000 unexploded land mines from the Croatian War of Independence in the 1990s. Refugees were feared to be at risk of unknowingly detonating some of these minefields as they crossed the area. However, there were no reported cases of this happening in 2015 or 2016. The number of people making the considerably more dangerous sea journey from northern Africa to Italy

664-480: A catch-all label like 'migrants', and we should use them wherever possible." Al Jazeera , on the other hand, expressly avoided the term migrant, arguing it was inaccurate and risked "giving weight to those who want only to see economic migrants ". Some have taken issue with the framing of the phenomenon as a "crisis." Political scientist Cas Mudde has argued that the term reflects "more a matter of personal judgment than objective condition," writing that "[t]he EU had

747-516: A consequence, the public showed anxiety towards the sudden influx of immigrants, often expressing concerns over a perceived danger to European values. Political polarization increased, confidence in the European Union fell, and many countries tightened their asylum laws. Right-wing populist parties capitalized on public anxiety and became significantly more popular in many countries. There was an increase in protests regarding immigration and

830-506: A deal was announced. Turkey agreed to significantly increase border security at its shores and take back all future irregular entrants into Greece (and thereby the EU) from Turkey. In return, the EU would pay Turkey 6 billion euros (around US$ 7 billion). In addition, for every Syrian sent back from Greece, the EU would accept one registered Syrian refugee living in Turkey who had never tried to enter

913-557: A limit of 2,500 people per day, which initially stranded thousands of migrants in Croatia, Serbia and North Macedonia . In November, Slovenia began erecting temporary fences along the border to direct the flow of people to formal border crossings. Several countries, such as Hungary, Slovenia and Austria, authorized their armies to secure their borders or repel migrants; some passed legislation specifically to give armed forces more powers. EU officials generally reacted with dismay at

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996-399: A majority of the unemployed being in the age range 15–24. This was reflected in the age range of the emigrants, roughly 50% of whom were youth between the age of 15–24. Detected illegal border crossings to the EU from Kosovo numbered 22,069 in 2014 and 23,793 in 2015. The anti-government protests of 2015 coincided with a surge in migrant numbers. The Syrian civil war began in response to

1079-519: A massive buildup of people had formed at the station. On 4 September, several thousand set off to make the 150 km journey towards Austria on foot, at which point the Hungarian government relented and no longer tried to stop them. In an effort to force the Austrian and German governments' hands, Hungary chartered buses to the Austrian border for both those walking and those who had stayed behind at

1162-654: A minor role. Some also crossed via the Central Mediterranean Sea. This path is a much longer and considerably more dangerous journey than the relatively short trip across the Aegean. As a result, this route was responsible for a large majority of migrant deaths in 2015, even though it was far less used. An estimated 2,889 died in the Central Mediterranean; 731 died in the Aegean sea. The EU Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) uses

1245-529: A planned peaceful 'million march' to be conducted in a South Indian state capital of Hyderabad demanding formation of a new federal unit, more than 100,000 Telangana people were taken in to custody by a police force controlled by the coastal 'andhra' elites. The 2010 G-20 Toronto summit was witness to the largest mass arrest in Canadian history. In December 1964, the University of California, Berkeley

1328-472: A rally to end the clearcutting of ancient redwood forests, 1033 peaceful protesters were arrested. A famous mass arrest occurred on September 27, 2002, in Washington, DC in which several hundred anti- World Bank / International Monetary Fund protestors, journalists and bystanders were systematically arrested by police and charged with failure to obey a police order . A class action lawsuit against

1411-523: A seven-day span on Capitol Hill, from April 11 through April 18, 2016 police arrested approximately 1,240 people (300 arrests were made on April 18 alone) who were demonstrating for reforms to how Americans vote and campaign in elections. Indiscriminate mass arrests were designated a war crime in 1944 by a commission on war crimes created by the London International Assembly . Thar was one of two items added by that Commission to

1494-584: A stark change to the previous year, when most refugees and migrants landed in Italy from northern Africa. In fact, in the first half of 2015, Italy was, as in previous years, the most common landing point for refugees entering the EU, especially the southern Sicilian island of Lampedusa . By June, however, Greece overtook Italy in the number of arrivals and became the starting point of a flow of refugees and migrants moving through Balkan countries to Northern European countries, particularly Germany and Sweden. By

1577-524: A symbol of her government's refugee policy. Within ten days of Germany's decision to accept the refugees in Hungary, the sudden influx had overwhelmed many of the major refugee processing and accommodation centres in Germany and the country began enacting border controls and allowing people to file asylum applications directly at the Austrian border. Although Austria also accepted some asylum seekers, for

1660-505: A time the country effectively became a distribution centre to Germany, slowing and regulating their transit into Germany and providing temporary housing, food and health care. On some days, Austria took in up to 10,000 Germany-bound migrants arriving from Slovenia and Hungary. Germany's imposition of border controls had a domino effect on countries to Germany's southeast, as Austria and Slovakia successively enacted their own border controls. Hungary closed its border with Serbia entirely with

1743-465: A transit country. Slovenia kept its borders open, although it did limit the flow of people, resulting in occasionally violent clashes with police. In October, Hungary also closed its border with Croatia, making Slovenia the only remaining way to reach Austria and Germany. Croatia reopened its own border to Serbia and together with Slovenia began permitting migrants to pass through, providing buses and temporary accommodation en route. Slovenia did impose

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1826-464: A visa from being allowed on aircraft, boats, or trains entering the Schengen Area, and caused them to resort to smugglers. Humanitarian visas are generally not given to refugees who want to apply for asylum. In September 2015, Europol estimated there were 30,000 suspected migrant smugglers operating in and around Europe. By the end of 2016, this number had increased to 55,000. 63 per cent of

1909-625: Is illegal to drive from Russia to Norway without a permit, and crossing on foot is prohibited, some used a legal loophole and made the crossing by bicycle. A year later in 2016, Norway built a short 200 m fence at the Storskog border crossing, although it was viewed as a mostly symbolic measure. Some observers argued that the Russian government facilitated the influx in an attempt to warn European leaders against maintaining sanctions imposed after Russia's annexation of Crimea . In January 2016,

1992-529: The Arab Spring protests of March 2011, which quickly escalated into a civil uprising . By May 2011, thousands of people had fled the country and the first refugee camps opened in Turkey. In March 2012, the UNHCR appointed a Regional Coordinator for Syrian Refugees, recognising the growing concerns surrounding the crisis. As the conflict descended into full civil war, outside powers , notably Iran , Turkey ,

2075-581: The Balkans and re-entering the EU through Hungary or Croatia . Hungary was required by EU law to register them as asylum seekers and attempted to prevent them from traveling on to other EU countries. At the same time, Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orbán began using fear of immigration as a domestic political campaign issue and stated his opposition to accepting long-term refugees. By August 2015, Hungary housed about 150,000 refugees in makeshift camps . Many had little desire to stay in Hungary; due to

2158-679: The Białystok Ghetto were rounded up and sent aboard Holocaust trains to their deaths at the Treblinka extermination camp. The state of Chinese Cambodians during the Khmer Rouge regime was alleged to be "the worst disaster ever to befall any ethnic Chinese community in Southeast Asia." Hundreds of Cham , Chinese and Khmer families were rounded up in 1978 and told that they were to be resettled, but were actually executed. At

2241-532: The Dublin Regulation . Germany would receive over 440,000 asylum applications (0.5% of the population). Other countries that took in a significant number of refugees include Hungary (174,000; 1.8%), Sweden (156,000; 1.6%) and Austria (88,000; 1.0%). The crisis had significant political consequences in Europe. The influx of migrants caused significant demographic and cultural changes in these countries. As

2324-589: The German office suspended the Dublin Regulation for Syrians. Interpreting this to mean that Germany would begin accepting larger numbers of refugees many immigrants attempted to reach Germany from Hungary and southeastern Europe. They were met with a warm reception from the German crowds. On 1 September, Hungarian government closed outbound rail traffic from Budapest's Keleti station , which many refugees were using to travel to Austria and Germany. Within days,

2407-587: The United States and Russia funded and armed different sides of the conflict and sometimes intervened directly. By March 2013, the total number of Syrian refugees reached 1,000,000, the vast majority of whom were internally displaced within Syria or had fled to Turkey or Lebanon ; smaller numbers had sought refuge in Iraq and Egypt . Afghan refugees constitute the second-largest refugee population in

2490-470: The 1920s. On April 16, 1929, several thousand members of the farmers' movement were arrested. Following World War II , mass arrests (over 120,000) of actual and suspected Quislings occurred in Norway . Totalitarian regimes have sometimes conducted mass arrests as a prelude to a purge of perceived political enemies, sometimes through executions. On March 10, 2010 a mass crackdown was initiated to thwart

2573-562: The 25-minute boat ride from Bodrum , Turkey to Kos . An onward journey, not necessarily relying on smugglers, to Germany was estimated to cost €3,000 – €4,000 and €10,000 – €12,000 to Britain. Airplane tickets directly from Turkey to Germany or Britain would have been far cheaper and safer, but the EU requires airlines flying into the Schengen Area to check that passengers have a visa or are exempted from carrying one ("carriers' responsibility"). This prevented would-be migrants without

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2656-511: The EU illegally, up to a total of 72,000. If the process succeeded in dramatically reducing irregular immigration to a maximum of 6,000 people per month, the EU would set up a resettlement scheme by which it would regularly resettle Syrian refugees registered in Turkey and upon vetting and recommendation by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The EU also promised to institute visa-free travel to

2739-573: The EU in a year. News media sometimes misrepresent these figures as given by Frontex. Because the refugees entering Europe in 2015 were predominantly from the Middle East , the vast majority first entered the EU by crossing the Aegean Sea from Turkey to Greece by boat; Turkey's land border has been inaccessible to migrants since a border fence was constructed there in 2012. A number of Greek islands are less than 6 km (4 mi) from

2822-503: The European level, the distribution of countries was unequal, with some countries taking in many more refugees than others. The initial responses of national governments varied greatly. Many European Union (EU) governments reacted by closing their borders, and most countries refused to take in the arriving refugees. Germany would ultimately accept most of the refugees after the government decided to temporarily suspend its enforcement of

2905-626: The Germans on the issue of the compulsory wearing of the Jewish yellow badge , an order that he refused to enforce, arguing that there was a lack of manpower so that his police would not be involved in the roundups. A single nighttime roundup took place in Brussels on 3 September 1942. Liège and Charleroi each also had a single roundup in August and September 1942. As part of the implementation of

2988-562: The Mediterranean Sea in 2015. A single shipwreck near Lampedusa in April accounted for around 800 deaths. Apart from drownings, the deadliest incident occurred on 27 August 2015, when 71 people were found dead in an unventilated food truck near Vienna . Eleven of the smugglers responsible were later arrested and charged with murder and homicide in Hungary. The charges and trial took place in Hungary as authorities determined that

3071-642: The Nazi Final Solution , the Gestapo rounded up Jews in Germany and forced them into confined ghettos, while seizing their homes and possessions. Vichy French police carried out numerous roundups ( rafles ) of Jews during World War II, including the Green ticket roundup in May 1941, the round-up in the 11th arrondissement of Paris in August 1941 in which 4,200 persons were arrested and interned at Drancy,

3154-495: The Tempohomes and MUF are still in use as of 2022, and some have begun housing Ukrainian refugees as well. Because the vast majority of refugees arriving in Europe in 2015 passed through Turkey, the country's cooperation was seen as central to efforts to stem the flow of people and prevent refugees from attempting to make dangerous sea crossings. There was also a recognition that it would be unfair to expect Turkey to shoulder

3237-502: The Turkish coast, such as Chios , Kos , Lesbos , Leros , Kastellorizo , Agathonisi , Farmakonisi , Rhodes , Samos and Symi . At one point, incoming refugees on some of these islands outnumbered locals. A small number of people (34,000 or 3% of the total) used Turkey's land borders with Greece or Bulgaria. From Greece, most tried to make their way toward through the Balkans to Central and Northern Europe . This represented

3320-620: The action. Known as a łapanka , the term usually refers to the action of rounding up and arresting a number of random people. Those caught in a łapanka were either taken hostage, arrested, sent to labor camps or concentration camps, or summarily executed. Those caught in roundups were most often sent to slave labour in Nazi Germany , but some were also taken as hostages or executed in reprisal actions; imprisoned and sent to concentration camps or summarily executed in numerous ethnic-cleansing operations. In February 1943, 10,000 Jews from

3403-562: The arrivals, as they were technically required to do according to EU rules. In early September, Denmark temporarily closed rail and road border crossings with Germany. After initial uncertainty surrounding the rules, Denmark allowed most of the people wishing to travel on to Sweden to do so. In the five weeks following 6 September, approximately 28,800 refugees and migrants crossed the Danish borders, 3,500 of whom applied for asylum in Denmark;

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3486-609: The beginning of the Khmer Rouge regime in 1975, there were 425,000 ethnic Chinese in Cambodia; by the end of 1979 there were just 200,000 stuck at Thai refugee camps or Cambodia. 170,000 Chinese fled Cambodia to Vietnam while others were repatriated. As a result of the European migrant crisis , Maximilian Park in Brussels became a refugee camp , a meeting place for migrants, volunteers and associations since 2015. In July 2017,

3569-495: The border closures, warning that they undermined the mutual trust and freedom of movement that the bloc was founded on and risked returning to a pre-1990s arrangement of costly border controls and mistrust. The European Commission warned EU members against steps that contravene EU treaties and urged members like Hungary to find other ways to cope with an influx of refugees and migrants. As winter set in, refugee numbers decreased, although they were still many times higher than in

3652-494: The circulation of the white nationalist conspiracy theory of the Great Replacement . However, despite the political consequences, the 2015 migrant crisis had a low but positive impact to the German economy. News organisations and academic sources use both migrant crisis and refugee crisis to refer to the 2015 events, sometimes interchangeably. Some argued that the word migrant was pejorative or inaccurate in

3735-504: The citizen platform of support for refugees denounced raids which had been organized in May and June. This was also the case of Le Ciré, a non-profit association created in 1954 whose goal is to allow refugees and foreigners to learn about the economic, social, and cultural life of the country in order to facilitate their integration in Belgium. Numerous accounts report recurrent raids, during which numerous irregularities were noted, such as

3818-497: The context of people fleeing war and persecution because it implies most are emigrating voluntarily rather than being forced to leave their homes. The BBC and The Washington Post argued against the stigmatization of the word, contending that it simply refers to anyone moving from one country to another. The Guardian said while it would not advise against using the word outright, "'refugees', ' displaced people ' and ' asylum seekers ' ... are more useful and accurate terms than

3901-418: The continent to request asylum , the most in a single year since World War II . They were mostly Syrians , but also included a significant number of people from Afghanistan , Pakistan , Iraq , Nigeria , Eritrea , and the Balkans . The increase in asylum seekers has been attributed to factors such as the escalation of various wars in the Middle East and ISIL 's territorial and military dominance in

3984-495: The deaths had occurred there. The Mafia Capitale investigation revealed that the Italian Mafia profited from the migrant crisis and exploited refugees. The first half of 2015 saw around 230,000 people enter the EU. The most common points of entry were Italy and Greece. From there, arrivals either applied for asylum directly or attempted to travel to Northern and Western European countries, mostly by traveling through

4067-870: The deaths of 20,000 people and displaced at least 2 million since 2009. Around 75,000 Nigerians requested asylum in the EU in 2015 and 2016, around 3 per cent of the total. In all, over 1 million refugees and migrants crossed the Mediterranean (mostly the Aegean Sea ) in 2015, three to four times more than the previous year. 80% were fleeing from wars in Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan. About 85% of sea arrivals were in Greece (via Turkey) and 15% in Italy (via northern Africa ). The European Union's external land borders (e.g., in Greece, Bulgaria or Finland ) played only

4150-401: The definition of such unlawful mass arrests to be as "arrests of groups of persons firstly on the ground of wild rumours and suppositions, and secondly without definite facts and indications being present with regard to each person which would justify his arrest". It added commentary on indiscriminate mass arrests that are for the purpose of terrorizing the populace by stating that they "contained

4233-449: The elements of systematic terrorism for nobody, even the most innocent, was any longer certain of his liberty, and a person once arrested, even if absolutely innocent, could no longer be sure of health and life". European migrant crisis The 2015 European migrant crisis was a period of significantly increased movement of refugees and migrants into Europe, namely from the Middle East . An estimated 1.3 million people came to

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4316-644: The end of 2015, about 80% of migrants had landed in Greece, compared to only 15% in Italy. Greece appealed to the European Union for assistance; the UNCHR European Director Vincent Cochetel said facilities for migrants on the Greek islands were "totally inadequate" and the islands were in "total chaos". Frontex's Operation Poseidon, aimed at patrolling the Aegean Sea , was underfunded and undermanned, with only 11 coastal patrol vessels, one ship, two helicopters, two aircraft, and

4399-529: The financial and logistical burden of hosting and integrating millions of refugees on its own. In 2015, the European Commission began negotiating an agreement with Turkey to close its borders to Greece in exchange for money and diplomatic favours. In March 2016, after months of tense negotiations during which Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan repeatedly threatened to open Turkey's borders and "flood" Europe with migrants to extract concessions,

4482-640: The financial resources to deal with even these record numbers of asylum seekers, although for years it had neglected to build an infrastructure to properly take care of them." The most significant root causes of the wave of refugees entering Europe in 2015 were several interrelated wars, most notably the Libyan civil war , Syrian civil war and the 2014–2017 War in Iraq . In 2014, the EU member states counted around 252,000 irregular arrivals and 626,065 asylum applications,

4565-717: The government ensued. Pre-emptive mass arrests have also sometimes been criticized. Over 1,700 protesters were arrested during the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City. On October 1, 2011, more than 700 protesters with the Occupy Wall Street movement were arrested while attempting to march across the bridge on the roadway. On January 28, 2012, also as part of the Occupy movement , more than 400 people were arrested in Oakland, CA . During

4648-715: The government's unwelcoming stance, squalid conditions in the camps, and their poor prospects of being allowed to stay. Over the course of 2015 and 2016, almost everyone who had lodged an asylum claim in Hungary left the country. On 21 August 2015, the German Federal Office for Migration and Refugees was overwhelmed. This was attributed to the sheer mass of incoming asylum applications, the inherent complexity of determining whether applicants had previously claimed asylum in another EU country, and that almost all asylum applications by Syrians were being granted anyway Due to their lack of capacity to process applications

4731-648: The highest number since the 672,000 applications received in the wake of the Yugoslav Wars in 1992. Four countries – Germany, Sweden, Italy and France – received around two-thirds of the EU's asylum applications. Sweden, Hungary and Austria were among the top recipients of EU asylum applications per capita , when adjusted for their own populations, with 8.4 asylum seekers per 1,000 inhabitants in Sweden, 4.3 in Hungary, and 3.2 in Austria. The EU countries that hosted

4814-601: The increase of asylum seekers in the European region. Migration from Kosovo occurred in phases beginning from the second half of the 20th century. The Kosovo War (February 1998 – June 1999) created a wave. On 19 May 2011, Kosovo established the Ministry of Diaspora. Kosovo also established the Kosovo Diaspora Agency (KDA) to support migrants. The unemployment rate in Kosovo in 2014 was estimated at 30%,

4897-580: The inhabitants would be under strict surveillance. Many migrants tried to enter the United Kingdom , resulting in camps of migrants around Calais where one of the Eurotunnel entrances is located. In the summer of 2015, at least nine people died in attempts to reach Britain, including falling from trains, being hit by trains, or drowning in a canal at the Eurotunnel entrance. In response,

4980-508: The largest numbers of refugees at the end of 2014 were France (252,000), Germany (217,000), Sweden (142,000) and the United Kingdom (117,000). In 2014, the main countries of origin of asylum seekers, accounting for almost half of the total, were Syria (20%), Afghanistan (7%), Kosovo (6%), Eritrea (6%) and Albania . Most crossed the Mediterranean Sea from Libya. The overall rate of recognition of asylum applicants

5063-796: The list of war crimes that had been drawn up by the Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of the War and on Enforcement of Penalties in 1919. Specifically, "indiscriminate mass arrests for the purpose of terrorizing the population" were designated as war crimes by the commission. At the Netherlands temporary court martial in 1947, several members of the tokkeitai in the Netherlands East Indies were accused of

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5146-530: The massive Vélodrome d'Hiver round-up in 1942 in which over 13,000 Jews were arrested, the rafle of Clermont-Ferrand (25 November 1943), and the roundup in the Old Port of Marseille in 1943. Almost all of those arrested were deported to Auschwitz or other death camps. In Poland, German SS , Wehrmacht , and Gestapo teams rounded up civilians on the streets of Polish cities. Those arrested were in most cases chosen at random from among passers-by or inhabitants of city quarters surrounded by German forces prior to

5229-466: The nation faced fluctuating levels of civil war amidst unending unrest. The increase in refugee numbers was primarily attributed to the Taliban presence within Afghanistan. Their retreat in 2001 led to nearly 6 million Afghan refugees returning to their homeland. However, after the Taliban insurgency against NATO-led forces and subsequent Fall of Kabul , nearly 2.5 million refugees fled Afghanistan. The Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria has resulted in

5312-457: The previous Basroch refugee camp . Germany has a quota system to distribute asylum seekers among all German states , but in September 2015 the federal states, responsible for accommodation, criticised the government in Berlin for not providing enough help to them. In Germany, which took in by far the highest number of refugees, the federal government distributes refugees among the 16 states proportionally to their tax revenue and population;

5395-576: The previous year. In January and February 2016, over 123,000 migrants landed in Greece, compared to about 4,600 in the same period of 2015. Sweden took in over 160,000 refugees in 2015, more per capita than any other country in Europe (other than Turkey). Well over half of these came to Sweden in October and November. Most entered Sweden by traveling through Germany and then Denmark; few wanted to apply for asylum in Denmark because of its comparatively harsh conditions for asylum seekers. There were occasionally scuffles as Danish police tried to register some of

5478-408: The racial conflicts of the time, "I would be opposed to mass arrest, and I would be opposed to preventive detention. But I think that the abuses in the past have in many cases exacerbated the disharmonies that brought about demonstrations, and I think that arrest or large numbers of people without warrants ... is a contrary to our best systems of justice." On September 15, 1996, in Carlotta, CA , at

5561-401: The region due to the Arab Winter , as well as Lebanon, Jordan, and Egypt ceasing to accept Syrian asylum seekers. The EU attempted to enact some measures to address the problem, including distributing refugees among member countries, tackling root causes of emigration in the home countries of migrants, and simplifying deportation processes. However, due to a lack of political coordination at

5644-424: The rest continued to other Nordic countries . In November 2015, Sweden reintroduced border controls at the Danish border, although this did not reduce the number of arrivals as they still had the right to apply for asylum. Within hours of Swedish border control becoming effective, Denmark instituted border controls at the German border. Some bypassed the border controls by taking a ferry to Trelleborg instead of

5727-430: The smugglers were from Europe, 14 per cent from the Middle East, 13 per cent from Africa, nine per cent from Asia (excluding the Middle East) and one per cent from the Americas. On several occasions, unscrupulous smugglers caused the deaths of the people they were transporting, particularly by using poorly-maintained and overfilled boats and refusing to provide life jackets. At least 3771 refugees and migrants drowned in

5810-450: The states themselves are required to come up with housing solutions. In 2015, this arrangement came under strain as many states ran out of dedicated accommodation for incoming refugees. Many resorted to temporarily housing refugees in tents or repurposed empty buildings. The small village of Sumte (population 102), which contained a large unused warehouse, famously took in 750 refugees. Although media and some locals feared racial strife and

5893-499: The station. Unwilling to resort to violence to keep them out, and faced with a potential humanitarian crisis if the huge numbers languished in Hungary indefinitely, Germany and Austria jointly announced on 4 September that they would allow the migrants to cross their borders and apply for asylum. Across Germany, crowds formed at train stations to applaud and welcome the arrivals. In the following three months, an estimated 550,000 people entered Germany to apply for asylum, around half

5976-493: The terms "illegal" and "irregular" border crossings for crossings of an EU external border but not at an official border-crossing point . These include people rescued at sea. Because many migrants cross more than one external EU border (for instance when traveling through the Balkans from Greece to Hungary), the total number of irregular EU external border crossings is often higher than the number of irregular migrants arriving in

6059-471: The total for the entire year. Though under pressure from conservative politicians, the German government refused to set an upper limit to the number of asylum applications it would accept, with Angela Merkel arguing that the "fundamental right to seek refuge ...from the hell of war knows no limit." She famously declared her confidence that Germany could cope with the situation with " wir schaffen das " (roughly, "we can manage this"). This phrase quickly became

6142-713: The train to Hyllie , The border controls were never fully lifted before the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, which saw renewed border closures throughout Europe. In October 2015, the Slovenian government accused Croatian police of helping migrants bypass Slovene border controls and released a night time thermovision video allegedly documenting the event. After inspecting a refugee camp in Traiskirchen , Austria, in August 2015, Amnesty International noted inhabitants were receiving insufficient medical care and claimed Austria

6225-705: The unwarranted use of force on weak and/or elderly migrants as well as on volunteer citizens leading to several hundred complaints being filed with Committee P , the police oversight committee. In 1997, local police and U.S. federal authorities patrolled the streets of Chandler, Arizona and stopped hundreds of suspected Hispanic people based on their physical appearance, demanded proof of citizenship, and arrested those who could not provide it. A total of 432 illegal immigrants were arrested in Chandler and later deported. Mass arrest The Japan Farmers' Union and Japanese labor-farmer groups were hit by mass arrests in

6308-561: The war crime of indiscriminate mass arrests. The applicable legislation, used by the court, was the NEI Statute Book Decree #44 of 1946, whose definition of war crimes paralleled the commission's list. Specifically, item #34 of the enumerated list of war crimes under the NEI legislation was "indiscriminate mass arrests for the purpose of terrorising the population, whether described as taking hostages or not". The court understood

6391-739: The world's top ten refugee-producing countries. Wars fueling the migrant crisis are the Syrian Civil War , the Iraq War , the War in Afghanistan , the War in Somalia and the War in Darfur . Refugees from Eritrea, one of the most repressive states in the world, fled from indefinite military conscription and forced labour . Below are the major regions of conflict that have resulted in

6474-565: The world. According to the UNHCR, there are almost 2.5 million registered refugees from Afghanistan. Most of these refugees fled the region due to war and persecution. The majority have resettled in Pakistan and Iran, though it became increasingly common to migrate further west to the European Union. Afghanistan faced over 40 years of conflict dating back to the Soviet invasion in 1979 . Since then,

6557-419: Was "violating human rights". In late November, Finnish reception centers were running out of space, which forced authorities to resort to refurbished shipping containers and tents to house new asylum seekers. Deputy prime minister Petteri Orpo announced that special repatriation centers would be established to house denied asylum seekers. While he stressed that these camps would not be prisons, he described

6640-488: Was 45 per cent at the first instance and 18 per cent on appeal although there were huge differences between EU states, ranging from Hungary (accepted 9% of applicants) to Sweden (accepted 74%). According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , most of the people who arrived in Europe in 2015 were refugees fleeing war and persecution in countries such as Syria , Afghanistan , Iraq and Eritrea : 84 per cent of Mediterranean Sea arrivals in 2015 came from

6723-590: Was comparatively low at around 150,000. Most of the refugees and migrants taking this route came from African countries, especially Eritrea , Nigeria , and Somalia . At least 2,889 people died during the journey. A few other routes were also used by some refugees, although they were comparatively low in number. One such route was entering Finland or Norway via Russia ; on a few days Arctic border stations in these countries saw several hundred "irregular" border crossings per day. Norway recorded around 6,000 refugees crossing its northern border in 2015. Because it

6806-435: Was disrupted by a mass student sit-in in the administration building and by mass arrests of 700 students. Beginning on May 3, 1971, three days into the 1971 May Day Protests - a series of large-scale civil disobedience actions in Washington, D.C. - massive arrest sweeps begin. In a few days over 12,000 are arrested - the largest mass arrest in U.S. history. Former American President Jimmy Carter said in regards to

6889-570: Was rounded up four times during the Second World War. The first two roundups took place on 15 and 28 August 1942 in Antwerp under the command of SS NCO Erich Holm  [ nl ] . They were conducted by feldgendarmes , German and Flemish SS officers, and Belgian police. A third roundup took place on 11 September 1942. In Brussels, the situation was different and the mayor, Jules Coelst  [ fr ] , who had already opposed

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