44-603: The Raghunāthābhyudayam (or Raghunāthā-bhyudayam , Raghunāthābhyudaya , Ragunatha Abhyudaya ) by Rāmabhadrāmbā , one of the wives of the Thanjavur Nayak king Raghunatha Nayak (r. 1600-34), is a Sanskrit mahākāvya in twelve cantos. It was designed to valorise Raghunatha, situating his career as a type of the life of epic Rāma-Viṣṇu-Kṛṣṇa. The first few cantos of the poem invoke Raghunatha, seeking his patronage and assistance, and praise his generosity, piety, and intellect. Canto 4 presents Raghunatha's ancestry and
88-541: A builder. Sevappa's wife Murtimamba was the sister-in-law of Achyuta Deva Raya and the sister of the Vijayanagara Queen, Thirumalamba. Some sources suggest that Sevappa acquired the Thanjavur Kingdom as Stridhana from Achyutadeva Raya. Sevappa was also a ceremonial betel bearer to Achyuta Deva Raya , the brother of Krishnadevaraya . According to the M. Anant Narayan Rao, the "position of
132-416: A ceremonial betel bearer or adaiappan ( thambul karandivan ) was a post given to a very trusted subordinate and Sevappa being a powerful and influential man of the locality was appointed the first Nayak of Thanjavur". The position of a betel bearer was usually not given to an outsider, as this position would make the man privy to all of the king's personal details. Therefore, the position was usually given to
176-554: A dam across Cauvery near Tiruvadi leading to efficient irrigation in its vicinity. Numerous Agraharas (housing for Brahmins ) in Tanjore country were built in his period. During his last days the Rayas now ruling from Chandragiri and Vellore had rival claimants within the family to the title and were heading for a war with the other Nayak kings taking sides with some suited to their vested interests. Raghunatha Nayak (1600–1634)
220-652: A door keeper (vasal) and was the emperor's dalavay (commander) who took part in the Raichur campaign. According to historian V. Vriddhagirisan, Timmappa Nayak was the brother of Nagama Nayak. Nagama Nayak was the father of Visvanatha Nayak (founder of the Madurai Nayak dynastic line). Hence Viswanatha Nayak and Sevappa Nayak were the cousins. Before assuming power of the Tanjore kingdom, Sevappa had distinguished himself under Krishnadavaraya as an administrator and
264-605: A number of poets and literary scholars. Vijayaraghava Nayak wrote more than thirty books in Telugu. His long reign was sadly brought to an abrupt end by Chokkanatha Nayak of Madurai. The end of the Thanjavur Nayak dynasty was brought on by Chokkanatha Nayak , the Nayak of Madurai . The dispute was due to the refusal of Vijaya Ragava Nayak to give his daughter in marriage to Chokkanatha Nayak. Chokkantha determined to fetch
308-468: A peaceful reign of 54 years. Up until 1580 Achuthappa Nayak co-ruled with his father under the Yuvaraja title while immediately after that he was joined by his heir, son Raghunatha Nayak. He was said to be deeply religious and was well considered a master in the art of warfare. His minister was Govinda Dikshitar , a great scholar and a shrewd administrator. His long reign was of comparative peace apart from
352-475: A skilled master in horse riding. In the field of music, Raghunatha created new ragas, talas, and melas like Jayanta sena (Ragam), Ramananda (Talam), Sargita vidya and Raghunatha (Mela). His Sanskrit treatise on music, Sangita Sudha opened the secrets of music to all. Raghunatha also composed kavyas and dance-dramas like Prabandkas, Parijatapaharana, Valmika Charitra Kavya, Achyutendrabhyudayam, Gajendramoksham, Nala Caritiam and Rukmini Krishna Vivaha Yakshagana. It
396-557: A trusted member within the family. His contributions include building the prakaras at the temples of Vridhachalam and Kanchipuram, gilding the Vimanas of Srisailam and Thirumala (Tirupati) temples with gold, construction of the tallest temple tower (gopuram) at Tiruvannamalai, and repairing the Sivaganga Fort and the tank at Tanjore. Sevappa's son, Achuthappa Nayak (1560–1614), was named in memory of Achyuta Deva Raya. He led
440-791: A village to the Madhva saint Vijayendra Tirtha in 1574. In 1579, he grant vast lands to the Buddhist temple at Thiruvilandurai. Sevappa also patronized Portuguese merchants. A biography of Luso-Christian colonial missionary Francis Xavier from Nagapattinam says that the Portuguese "were greatly favoured by the lord of the country who is a very powerful captain of the king of Bisnaga". In his later days, Sevappa appointed his son Achyutappa as Yuvaraja and co-ruler. In about 1563, Sevappa handed over authority in administrative matters to him and concentrated on acts of charity. Sevappa died in 1580 and
484-416: Is credited with writing several books on music and literature. Maduravani and Ramabhadramba were two famous poets in his court, while Sudhindra and Raghavendra were two famous Madhva gurus patronised by him. Govinda Dikshita 's son Yajnanarayana has written an account on Raghunatha's rule in his work Sahitya Ratnakara . Raghunatha was a gifted scholar and an expert in the art of swordplay, a fine marksman and
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#1732794297421528-538: Is estimated to be as many as a million soldiers (according to Dr. Barradas in Sewell's Book) and considered to be one of the biggest battles in southern India. In the Battle Jagga Raya's troops could not withstand the aggression generated by the imperial forces. Yachama and Raghunatha, the generals of the imperial camp led their forces with great discipline. Jagga Raya was slain by Yachama, and his army broke
572-574: Is not to be confused with the identically named Telugu poem the Raghunāthābhyudayam and the similarly named Raghunāthanāyakabhyudayamu , both composed by Raghunatha's eldest son and successor, Vijayarāghava Nāyaka . This article related to a poem is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about the literature of India is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Thanjavur Nayak The Thanjavur Nayak dynasty (or Thanjavur Nayak kingdom ) were
616-601: Is not universally held by scholars. Sevappa was a loyal vassal of the Vijayanagara Emperors and assisted them in their campaigns. Sevappa was a dalavay for Emperor Krishna Deva Raya in his Raichur campaign. He later served as the Tambula Karandavahin ( lit. ' betel-bearer ' ) to Krishnadevaraya's successor Achyuta Deva Raya . Sevappa's epigraphs are very few and there exist scarcely any record of his reign or campaigns outside
660-547: Is the most powerful king of Nayaks of Tanjore . He is famous for his patronage of literature other scholarly research. One of his wives, Ramabhadramba was highly educated and a gifted poet. During his time he granted military assistance to the Chandragiri ruler Venkata II to recover most of his lost areas from the Golconda forces. In 1620 Raghunatha Nayak permitted a Danish settlement at Tarangambadi . This encouraged
704-550: The Arcot region through his wife Bayyambika. The work Raghunathabhyudayam written by Vijayaraghava Nayaka gives some genealogical details of Timmappa. Timmappa or Timmabhupati was the ruler of North Arcot with his capital at Nedungunram. The epigraphs of all of the Tanjore Nayaks show that they belonged to Nedungunram. One of Krishnadevaraya's epigraphs mentions that Timmappa also had the high privilege of serving him as
748-678: The Madurai Nayaks and the Tanjore Nayaks ultimately leading to the Battle at Vallamprakara where the Tanjore army with the Rayas fought against Veerappa Nayak of Madurai by defeating the latter. This happened at the same time as when the Rayas of Chandragiri were waging wars with the Deccan Sultanates in southern Andhra Pradesh , Achuthappa Nayak provided support. Portugal controlled the Nagapattinam territory as well as
792-599: The Mannargudi temple was their kula deivam (family deity). Telugu and Tamil literature flourished during the reign of Nayakas in Tanjavur which was referred to as the Southern School of Tamil and Telugu Literature. Many Telugu and Tamil musicians and pandits were part of their court. Sevappa Nayak (1532–1580) was the first Thanjavur Nayak king. He was the son of Timmappa Nayak, a Vijayanagara viceroy in
836-561: The Chola country. One of the earliest events of his reign was the transfer of Tiruchirappalli to the Madurai Nayakdom in exchange for Vallam on imperial orders. The Nayak of Madurai is said to have fortified Tiruchirappalli by building a double-walled fort therein and by constructing a big tank inside it. The necessity for fortifying the place, it is said in the chronicles, was due to the predatory ravages and hardships from which
880-709: The Colombo province in Ceylon and the entire West Coast of India. The King of Jaffna kingdom went into a war against Portugal against the methods adopted by the missionary conversions in Jaffna. Later King of Jaffna sought help from the Tanjore Nayaks in repelling Portuguese advances through many battles Achuthappa Nayak was deeply religious from his young days and the fertile nature of his country helped him make large contributions in gifts and infrastructure to major Temples and also important irrigation systems. The main benefactor
924-589: The English to seek trade with the Thanjavur Nayaks. The Tanjore cannon or Raghunatha cannon, supposed to be the largest cannon in the world was installed during Raghunatha Nayak, built with Danish metallurgy know how. Raghunatha was a gifted scholar in Sanskrit , Kannada and Telugu languages , as well as a talented musician. His court was distinguished for its assembly of poets and scholars. Ragunatha
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#1732794297421968-766: The Pushyamantapas (Halls) with steps leading to river Cauvery in Mayavaram , Tiruvidaimarudur , Tiruvadi and Kumbakonam and Golden Kalasas of Tiruvannamalai Temple Gopurams (Towers) some of the Gopurams in Rameswaram. Several temples in Arcot and Tanjore regions namely Temples in Tiruvidaimarudur and Chidambaram received villages as grants. His one remarkable contribution is the construction of
1012-676: The Thanjavur throne. In 1675, the Sultan of Bijapur sent a force commanded by the Maratha general Venkoji (alias Ekoji) to drive away the Madurai usurper. Venkaji defeated Alagiri with ease, and occupied Thanjavur. He did not, however, place his protege on the throne, but seized the kingdom and made himself king due to the disintegration of the Bijapur state. Thus ended the reign of Nayaks and
1056-595: The Vellore Prison. Jagga Raya sought help from the Gingee Nayak and Muttu Virappa of Madurai to attack Yachamanedu and Rama Deva. Yachamanedu and Ramadeva sought support from Raghunatha, who still treated the Vijaynagar as his authority. Jagga Raya assembled a large army near Tiruchirappalli , the capital of Muttu Virappa comprising the armies of Gingee , Chera , Madurai , and some Portuguese from
1100-630: The Vijayanagara Empire. The Thanjavur Nayaks were notable for their patronage of literature and the arts. With the end of the Chola Empire in 1279, Thanjavur was ruled by a branch of Chola dynasty, until the Vijayanagara Empire conquered all of southern India by the late 14th century. In 1532 CE, Achyuta Deva Raya , the brother and successor of Krishna Deva Raya of Vijayanagara Empire, granted Sevappa Nayak ,
1144-601: The Vijayanagara Kingdom, now based in Vellore and Chandragiri. Gobburi Jagga Raya, brother of the previous ruler Venkata II's favourite Queen Obayamma claimed her putative son as the King and murdered Sriranga II along with his family in the Vellore Prison. Jagga Raya was strongly challenged by Yachamanedu, the chief of Kalahasti who claimed the throne for Rama Deva, the rightful heir whom he had smuggled out from
1188-586: The coast. Yachama led the forces of Vijayanagara and Kalahasti from Vellore and was joined midway by Tanjore forces headed by Raghunatha.Yachama's army was further strengthened by nobles from Karnataka and (according to some accounts) Dutch and Jaffna armies. Both the Armies met at the Toppur, at an open field on the northern banks of River Cauvery , between Tiruchirappalli and Grand Anicut in late months of 1616. The huge assembly of forces on either side
1232-602: The country suffered at the hands of robbers who swooped down on the pilgrims bound for Rameshwaram and caused much injury to them, both bodily and materially. He was a loyal vassal of the Vijayanagara Emperors Krishnadevaraya and Achyuta Deva Raya. He continued this tradition of loyalty with Emperor Sadasiva Raya when the latter's general Ramaraja Vittala stationed himself and his army in Tiruchirappalli during Empire's wars against
1276-504: The expanding king of Tiruvadi and the Paravas of the fishery coast in 1545. Sevappa provided the general with men and support for the campaign and beyond as the latter stayed as Viceroy of the south for a decade. His reign was one of peace and comparative prosperity and this is best seen in his works of charity and magnificent buildings. Sevappa constructed a number of Hindu temples, repaired tanks and endowed agraharas . Sevappa repaired
1320-700: The governor of Thanjavur , the permission to establish a feudatory kingdom. The Thanjavur Nayaks had their origins in the Balija warrior clans of present-day Andhra Pradesh . According to the Tiruvanamalai Temple inscription ( A.D. 1556 ) mentions the Thanjavur Nayak kings belonged to the Kavarai community. Kavarai is the Tamil name for Balijas who have settled in Tamil nadu . The Mannaru (Vishnu) of
1364-487: The high honoured position of Vāśal i.e. door-keeper. He married Murtimamba, the sister of princess Tirumalamba and the sister-in-law of Emperor Achyuta Deva Raya . The duo had a son in Achyutappa who is named in the honour of their emperor. The Telugu histories Tanjavuri Andhra Rajula Charitramu and Tanjavuri Vari Charitram claim that Sevappa was awarded Thanjavur province as stridhana . However, this opinion
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1408-688: The internal struggles enabling him to contribute much to spiritual and public utility development. During the reign of Achuthappa, the Vijayanagara Empire was defeated by the Deccan sultanates armies at the battle of Talikota . Later when the Vijaynagara rulers re-established their capital in Chandragiri and Vellore under Sriranga Rayas, Achuthappa Nayak continued his loyalty while Gingee and Madurai Nayaks intended to break free by refusing to pay tribute. This would also lead to bitter animosity between
1452-399: The maiden by force back into their capital, successfully stormed the Thanjavur palace in 1673 after flattening much of the fort walls by cannons. But Chokkanatha Nayak was thwarted in his attempts by Vijaya Ragava Nayak, when he, in a gruesome act of defiance, blew up his daughter and all the other ladies of the palace. He then charged at the attacking army with his son and his body-guard. He
1496-657: The massive prakaras in the temples at Vriddhachalam and Kanchipuram . In the Chola country , his benefactions impartially extended to both the Siva and Vishnu temples situated on either side of the holy river Cauvery . Besides, he made gifts of villages and precious jewels to the gods and provided for the feeding of the Brahmanas. He also granted seven velis of land to the Samusarupalli mosque near Nanjikottai in 1550 and
1540-616: The outer walls of the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur and ensured regular supply of water to the neighbouring Sivaganga Tank (now within the premises of the Sivaganga Park ). The Sivaganga fort also was repaired by him. In 1572, Sevappa Nayak constructed the gopura of the Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram and embellished the temples at Tirumala and Srisailam with gold. Sevappa is said to have constructed
1584-563: The ranks and took flight. Yethiraja, the brother of Jagga Raya, had to run for his life. Muttu Virappa tried to escape, he was pursued by Yachama's general Rao Dama Nayani who captured him near Tiruchirapalli . The Nayak of Gingee in the war lost all his forts except Gingee Fort and the putative son of Venkata II , cause of all trouble was captured. The Victory was celebrated by the imperial armies headed by Raghunatha and Yachamanedu, who planted pillars of Victory and crowned Rama Deva as Rama Deva Raya, in early months of 1617. Rama Deva Raya
1628-563: The rulers of Thanjavur in the 15th and 17th centuries. The Nayaks, who belonged to the Telugu -speaking Balija social group were originally appointed as provincial governors by the Vijayanagara Emperor in the 15th century, who divided the territory into Nayak kingdoms which were Madurai , Tanjore, Gingee and Kalahasthi . In the mid-15th century they became an independent kingdom, although they continued their alliance with
1672-506: The start of Maratha power in Thanjavur. Sevappa Nayak Sevappa Nayak was a Nayaka (governor) of Thanjavur under the Vijayanagara Empire from 1532 to 1560. Sevappa was the successor of his father Timmappa Nayaka, also known as Timmabuban and Timmabhupati, the Viceroy of northern Arcot and his wife Bayyambika. The family hailed from Nedungundram near Tiruvannamalai . Timmappa Nayaka served Emperor Krishnadevaraya in
1716-514: The subsequent cantos discuss his early life and military successes. He succeeds his father Achuthappa Nayak in canto 8 and continues with his military exploits. The last two cantos focus on the cultural activities and artistic achievements of his court, with a colophon in which Rāmabhadrāmbā emphasises her own merits. The poem was first brought to scholarly attention by S. Krishnaswami Ayyangar in 1919, after he found it in November 1916. The poem
1760-571: Was barely 15 years old when he ascended the throne. Vijaya Raghava Nayak (1634–1673), was the last of the Nayak Kings of Thanjavur. He was also called Mannaru Dasa ; and like the rest of his family, he built prakaras, gopurams, mandapams and tanks in the Mannargudi Rajagopalaswamy temple. Vijayaraghava's long reign witnessed a large amount of literary output both in music and Telugu literature. Vijayaraghava's court had
1804-584: Was captured after a brief fight, and was beheaded by the Madurai General Samukham Venkata Krishnappa Nayak. Chokkanatha placed his younger brother Alagiri Nayak on the throne of Thanjavur, but within a year the latter threw off his allegiance, and Chokkanatha was forced to recognise the independence of Thanjavur. Chengamala Das, the son of Vijaya Raghava induced the Bijapur Sultan to help him get back
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1848-399: Was during Raghunatha's reign that a palace library was established. Sarasvati Bhandar is where the manuscripts of Raghunatha's prolific court scholars were collected and preserved. This library was developed and enriched later by Rajah Serfoji II into the currently famous Saraswati Mahal Library . During Raghunatha's rule, a civil war involving succession to the throne was taking place in
1892-485: Was fiercely criticised by an early reviewer of the first scholarly edition, who claimed that Rāmabhadrāmbā 'had thoroughly assimilated the art of composing a poem of surpassing tediousness and consisting of the most abject flattery of her royal patron' and did not think the poem would have any interest to historians. But it has since been identified as a significant source for the cultural history of seventeenth-century south India. Rāmabhadrāmbā's Sanskrit Raghunāthābhyudayam
1936-624: Was the Srirangam Temple. His assistant and advisor was his minister Govinda Dikshita. The Srirangam Temple towers (Gopurams) of the North and West and the eighth Prakara (temple Wall Street) and several Halls (Mandapam) inside the Temple complex were built by him. The Golden Vimana of the inner most shrines (Temple Flag) and the image of God studded with Crown jewels was presented by Achuthappa Nayak. His other major contributions include
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