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109-614: The Rainbow Family of Living Light is a counter-culture , in existence since approximately 1970. It is a loose affiliation of individuals, some nomadic, generally asserting that it has no leader. They put on yearly, primitive camping events on public land known as Rainbow Gatherings . The Rainbow Family was created out of the Vortex I gathering at Milo McIver State Park in Estacada, Oregon (30 miles south of Portland, Oregon ), from August 28 to September 3, 1970. Inspired in large part by

218-623: A materialist interpretation of the American Dream . White, middle class youth—who made up the bulk of the counterculture in Western countries —had sufficient leisure time, thanks to widespread economic prosperity , to turn their attention to social issues . These social issues included support for civil rights , women's rights , and LGBT rights movements , and opposition to the Vietnam War . The counterculture also had access to

327-417: A better life or a new society. It does not look favorably on party politics or authoritarianism . Cultural development can also be affected by way of counterculture. Scholars such as Joanne Martin and Caren Siehl, deem counterculture and cultural development as "a balancing act, [that] some core values of a counterculture should present a direct challenge to the core values of a dominant culture". Therefore,

436-544: A disease, but as victims of ostracism and hatred. Most importantly, the disease became a rallying point for a previously complacent gay community. AIDS invigorated the community politically to fight not only for a medical response to the disease, but also for wider acceptance of homosexuality in mainstream America. During the early 1980s what was dubbed " New Music ", New wave , "New pop" popularized by MTV and associated with gender bending Second British Music Invasion stars such as Boy George and Annie Lennox became what

545-528: A disillusionment or disengagement with political figures and the government. Large protests were held in the country's most populated cities such as Sydney and Melbourne , one prominent march was held in Sydney in 1971 on George Street . The photographer Roger Scott , who captured the protest in front of the Queen Victoria Building , remarked: "I knew I could make a point with my camera. It

654-424: A full and balanced percussion orchestra. In this way, the experience can be thought of as group drumming with a leader as opposed to the more free-flowing and open Drum Circle. The facilitator is constantly monitoring the music in the group, and generally being encouraging and accepting of participant ideas. In this way, the facilitator takes on a role similar to that of a music teacher or drumming instructor whose goal

763-454: A lower culture shows the influential connection between counterculture and the music produced. Although music may be considered base and counter culture, it may actually enjoy a lot of popularity which can be seen by the labelling of hip hop as a counterculture genre, despite it being one of the most commercially successful and high charting genres. Many of these artists though once being taboo, have been assimilated into culture and are no longer

872-632: A media which was eager to present their concerns to a wider public. Demonstrations for social justice created far-reaching changes affecting many aspects of society. Hippies became the largest countercultural group in the United States. "The 60s were a leap in human consciousness . Mahatma Gandhi , Malcolm X , Martin Luther King , Che Guevara , Mother Teresa , they led a revolution of conscience. The Beatles , The Doors , Jimi Hendrix created revolution and evolution themes. The music

981-650: A method they call " Shanti Sena ," that involve peaceful nonviolent community response to issues. It is used in emergencies or serious conflict, as a call for help, and responders with a variety of skills show up to help facilitate a solution to the problem. In 1980, two young women were shot to death in late June while hitchhiking to the Rainbow Gathering at Monongahela National Forest in West Virginia, and members were questioned about possible involvement. There had been tension between local residents and

1090-635: A pivotal site in the history of American music. During the French colonial occupation and before, this area was known as Bulbancha, a Choctaw/Chickasaw word meaning "place of many tongues," reflecting the diverse languages and cultures that converged there. Congo Square was a unique space where enslaved Africans free people of color Native Americans and the allies of freedom would gather on Sundays to sell goods often to buy themselves from slavery which naturally led to drumming, dancing, and maintaining their cultural heritage. This tradition of communal music-making and

1199-405: A prevalent culture and a counterculture should coexist in an uneasy symbiosis, holding opposite positions on valuable issues that are essentially important to each of them. According to this theory, a counterculture can contribute a plethora of useful functions for the prevalent culture, such as "articulating the foundations between appropriate and inappropriate behavior and providing a safe haven for

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1308-585: A source of moral panic since they do not cross overtly controversial topics or challenge staples of current culture. Instead of being a topic to fear, they have initiated subtle trends that other artists and sources of media may follow. Digital countercultures are online communities, and patterns of tech usage, that significantly deviate from mainstream culture. To understand the elements that shape digital countercultures, its best to start with Lingel's classifications of mainstream approaches to digital discourse: "[T]hat online activity relates to (dis)embodiment, that

1417-431: A stated goal of trying to achieve peace and love on Earth . Participants make the claim that they are the "largest non-organization of non-members in the world." In addition to referring to itself as a non-organization, the group's "non-members" also even playfully call the group a "disorganization." There are no official leaders or structure, no official spokespersons , and no formalized membership. Strictly speaking,

1526-737: A vibrant queer nightlife. While utilizing social media platforms such as Facebook to post and record their cultural events, the drag community has noticed the large schism between its "queerer and more countercultural community of drag queens" and Facebook's claimed global community. This gap is further realized through Facebook's change in the policy from "real-name" to "authentic-name" in 2015 when hundreds of drag queens ' accounts were frozen and shut down because they had not registered with their legal names. Communities with "queerer culture" culture and "marginalized needs" continue to struggle to fulfill their social media needs while balancing their counterculture identity in today's social media landscape where

1635-610: A way that maintains some similarities from the Counterculture of the 1960s, but it is different as well. Photographer Steve Schapiro investigated and documented these contemporary hippie communities from 2012 to 2014. He traveled the country with his son, attending festival after festival. These findings were compiled in Schapiro's book Bliss: Transformational Festivals & the Neo Hippie. One of his most valued findings

1744-478: Is a culture whose values and norms of behavior differ substantially from those of mainstream society , sometimes diametrically opposed to mainstream cultural mores . A countercultural movement expresses the ethos and aspirations of a specific population during a well-defined era. When oppositional forces reach critical mass , countercultures can trigger dramatic cultural changes. Countercultures differ from subcultures . Prominent examples of countercultures in

1853-519: Is always a group expression, not constrained by genre, instrumentation and not directed by one person or sub-group. Drum circles are leaderless. In 1991, during testimony before the United States Senate Special Committee on Aging , Grateful Dead drummer Mickey Hart stated: Typically, people gather to drum in drum "circles" with others from the surrounding community. The drum circle offers equality because there

1962-663: Is anyone's for the taking." The signatories specifically named this misappropriation as "cultural exploitation." On July 4 of the same year, the Winnemem Wintu issued a cease and desist letter, on behalf of itself and the Pit River and Modoc tribes, ordering the Rainbow Family off of sacred and sensitive lands in Shasta–Trinity National Forest . There has been a longstanding Rainbow rumor that

2071-630: Is heavily influenced by the LGBT club scene. Starting in the late 1960s the counterculture movement spread quickly and pervasively from the US. Britain did not experience the intense social turmoil produced in America by the Vietnam War and racial tensions. Nevertheless, British youth readily identified with their American counterparts' desire to cast off the older generation's social mores. The new music

2180-520: Is meant to outright question the norms within cultures and even create change usually towards a more modern way of thought. More often than not, sources of these controversies can be found in art such as Marcel Duchamp whose piece Fountain was meant to be "a calculated attack on the most basic conventions of art" in 1917. Contentious artists like Banksy base most of their works off of mainstream media and culture to bring pieces that usually shock viewers into thinking about their piece in more detail and

2289-501: Is no head or tail. It includes people of all ages. The main objective is to share rhythm and get in tune with each other and themselves. To form a group consciousness. To entrain and resonate. By entrainment, I mean that a new voice, a collective voice, emerges from the group as they drum together. Drum circles are a type of group drumming that have many benefits, including support, comradery, recreational music-making, wellness, learning, celebration, spirituality, and personal growth. Over

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2398-493: Is often hyphenated as: Counter-Culture or Counter-culture. John Milton Yinger originated the term "contraculture" in his 1960 article in American Sociological Review . Yinger suggested the use of the term contraculture "wherever the normative system of a group contains, as a primary element, a theme of conflict with the values of the total society, where personality variables are directly involved in

2507-472: Is on online communication as placeless, asserting that the consequences of geographic distance are rendered null and void by the Internet. Lingel argues that this approach is technologically determinist in its assumption that the placelessness provided by access to technology can single-handedly remedy structural inequality . Moreover, Mark Graham states that the persistence of spatial metaphors in describing

2616-543: Is that it gives the "tourist" a false impression that they understand the experiences and history of that identity, even if their Internet interactions are superficial. Moreover, it is especially harmful when used as a means to deceptively masquerade oneself to appeal to digital counterculture communities. However, especially for countercultures that are marginalized or demonized, experimentation can allow users to embrace an identity that they align with, but hide offline out of fear, and engage with that culture. The final approach

2725-447: Is to empower the participants and encourage them to share their ideas. In the beginning, the facilitator directs the music through verbal and non-verbal cueing. Cues, which often mirror the movements of an orchestral conductor, are directed at the participants, who respond to the leader. This creates a leader/follower dynamic between the facilitator and the participants. Actions such as rolling (rumbling), starting, stopping, raising/lowering

2834-403: Is where a person seeks to focus the intent and improve the quality and effect of the activity, making it easier for people to effectively participate by taking a more directive approach. The facilitator (leader) takes responsibility for the physical space, arranging chairs and instruments to optimize communication and connection in the group. Facilitators may provide a range of instruments to create

2943-800: Is working on a documentary, The Rainbow Murders , hoping to bring more facts to light. There were three non-fatal stabbings at a gathering in Colorado in 2014. The same year, a woman was found dead at a Rainbow Gathering in Utah. In early 2015, there was a fatal shooting at a gathering in Florida. In 2015, a group of Native American academics and writers issued a statement against the Rainbow Family members who are "appropriating and practicing faux Native ceremonies and beliefs. These actions, although Rainbows may not realize, dehumanize us as an indigenous Nation because they imply our culture and humanity, like our land,

3052-519: The American Psychiatric Association to remove homosexuality from the official list of mental disorders . Although gay radicals used pressure to force the decision, Kaiser notes that this had been an issue of some debate for many years in the psychiatric community, and that one of the chief obstacles to normalizing homosexuality was that therapists were profiting from offering dubious, unproven "cures". The AIDS epidemic

3161-662: The Annenberg School for Communication , had conducted field research on examples of digital counterculture as part of her studies. In her book Digital Countercultures and the Struggle for Community , she focused on the Brooklyn Drag community and their battle for a Queerer Facebook to meet their specific needs of social media utilization. In the drag culture, there are many holiday and festivals such as Halloween, New Year's Eve, and Bushwig that they celebrate over

3270-729: The Harlem Renaissance ). There were also bars and bathhouses that catered to gay clientele and adopted warning procedures (similar to those used by Prohibition -era speakeasies ) to warn customers of police raids. But homosexuality was typically subsumed into bohemian culture, and was not a significant movement in itself. Eventually, a genuine gay culture began to take root, albeit very discreetly, with its own styles, attitudes and behaviors and industries began catering to this growing demographic group. For example, publishing houses cranked out pulp novels like The Velvet Underground that were targeted directly at gay people. By

3379-699: The Vietnam War , and, less directly, the Cold War —with many young people fearing that America's nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union , coupled with its involvement in Vietnam, would lead to a nuclear holocaust . In the United States, widespread tensions developed in the 1960s in American society that tended to flow along generational lines regarding the Vietnam War , race relations , sexual mores , women's rights , traditional modes of authority, and

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3488-528: The Western world include the Levellers (1645–1650), Bohemianism (1850–1910), the more fragmentary counterculture of the Beat Generation (1944–1964), and the globalized counterculture of the 1960s which consisted primarily of Hippies and Flower Children (ca. 1965–1975, peaking in 1967). Regarding this last group, when referring to themselves, counterculture will usually be capitalized and

3597-417: The binary , ethnic minorities, punk culture /fashion), their lived experiences build a subjectivity that carries over into their online interactions. As put by Shaka McGlotten : "[T]he fluidity and playfulness of cyberspace and the intimacies it was supposed to afford have been punctuated by corporeality." Arguments that the Internet is a platform for authenticity and experimentation highlight its role in

3706-657: The underground press . In the United States, this includes the work of Robert Crumb and Gilbert Shelton , and includes Mr. Natural ; Keep on Truckin' ; Fritz the Cat ; Fat Freddy's Cat ; Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers ; the album cover art for Cheap Thrills ; and in several countries contributions to International Times , The Village Voice , and Oz magazine . During the late 1960s and early 1970s, these comics and magazines were available for purchase in head shops along with items like beads, incense, cigarette papers, tie-dye clothing, Day-Glo posters, books, etc. During

3815-403: The "hippies", and police concluded local men led by Greenbrier County resident Jacob Beard were responsible. Beard was convicted in 1999, but exonerated on appeal in 2000 and received a $ 2 million settlement for wrongful conviction. White supremacist Joseph Paul Franklin confessed to the murders but later revealed he had just read about them. The killers remain at large and filmmaker Julia Huffman

3924-488: The "magic economy" of the 1960s gave way to the stagflation of the 1970s —the latter costing many in the middle-classes the luxury of being able to live outside conventional social institutions . The counterculture, however, continues to influence social movements , art, music, and society in general, and the post-1973 mainstream society has been in many ways a hybrid of the 1960s establishment and counterculture. The counterculture movement has been said to be rejuvenated in

4033-639: The 1960s. Scholars differ in the characteristics and specificity they attribute to "counterculture". "Mainstream" culture is of course also difficult to define, and in some ways becomes identified and understood through contrast with counterculture. Counterculture might oppose mass culture (or "media culture"), or middle-class culture and values. Counterculture is sometimes conceptualized in terms of generational conflict and rejection of older or adult values. Counterculture may or may not be explicitly political. It typically involves criticism or rejection of currently powerful institutions, with accompanying hope for

4142-406: The 1970s—and continues today—is the lesbian land , landdyke movement, or womyn's land movement. Radical feminists inspired by the back-to-the-land initiative and migrated to rural areas to create communities that were often female-only and/or lesbian communes. "Free Spaces" are defined by Sociologist Francesca Polletta as "small-scale settings within a community or movement that are removed from

4251-665: The 1987 gathering in Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest in Graham County, North Carolina, in the remote southwestern NC Great Smoky Mountains. Hundreds of participants were sickened, overwhelming area hospitals and EMS agencies. Graham County had no hospital. As Graham County's small EMS and five ambulances were overwhelmed, dozens of ambulances from as far away as Jackson County and the Eastern Band Cherokee reserve were dispatched. The outbreak

4360-613: The Asian jungles. The " Ban the Bomb " protests centered around opposition to nuclear weaponry ; the campaign gave birth to what was to become the peace symbol of the 1960s. Although not exactly equivalent to the English definition, the term Контркультура ( Kontrkul'tura ) became common in Soviet Union ( Russian , Ukrainian underground and other) to define a 1990s cultural movement that promoted acting outside of cultural conventions:

4469-562: The Atlantic the 1950s " Beat Generation " had fused existentialist philosophy with jazz , poetry , literature , Eastern mysticism , and drugs —themes that were all sustained in the 1960s counterculture . In the United States, the counterculture of the 1960s became identified with the rejection of conventional social norms of the 1950s. Counterculture youth rejected the cultural standards of their parents, especially with respect to racial segregation and initial widespread support for

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4578-601: The Earth, and connection to nature is essential members of the Landdyke Movement's way of life. The watershed event in the American gay rights movement was the 1969 Stonewall riots in New York City. Following this event, gays and lesbians began to adopt the militant protest tactics used by anti-war and black power radicals to confront anti-gay ideology. Another major turning point was the 1973 decision by

4687-626: The Family Stone and, in their early years, Chicago . New forms of musical presentation also played a key role in spreading the counterculture, with large outdoor rock festivals being the most noteworthy. The climactic live statement on this occurred from August 15–18, 1969, with the Woodstock Music Festival held in Bethel, New York —with 32 of rock 's and psychedelic rock 's most popular acts performing live outdoors during

4796-740: The Gatherings last for a week, with the primary focus being on gathering on public land on the Fourth of July in the U.S., when attendees pray , meditate , and/or observe silence in a group effort to focus on world peace. Most gatherings elsewhere in the world last a month from new moon to new moon, with the full moon being the peak celebration. Rainbow Gatherings emphasize a spiritual focus towards peace, love, and unity. Those who attend Rainbow Gatherings usually share an interest in intentional communities , ecology , spirituality , and entheogens . Attendees refer to one another as "brother", "sister", or

4905-420: The Internet is a platform for authenticity and experimentation, and that web-based interactions are placeless." The basis for online disembodiment is that, contrary to the corporeal nature of offline interactions, a user's physical being does not have any relevance to their online interactions. However, for users whose physical existence is marginalized or shaped by counterculture (ex: gender identities outside

5014-602: The Internet's societal impact creates "a dualistic offline/online worldview [that] can depoliticize and mask the very real and uneven power relationships between different groups of people." Subscribing to this perceived depoliticization prevents an understanding of digital countercultures. Socio-cultural, power hierarchies on the Internet shape the mainstream, and without these mainstreams as a point of comparison, there are no grounds to define digital counterculture. Marginalized communities often struggle to meet their needs on mainstream media . Jessa Lingel, an associate professor at

5123-490: The Jamaican middle class and is associated with the "bottom-end, low frequencies…basic lower frequencies and embodied resonances distinctly inferior to the higher notes" that appear in dancehall. According to Henriques, "base culture is bottom-up popular, street culture, generated by an urban underclass surviving almost entirely outside the formal economy". That the music is low frequency sonically and regarded as reflective of

5232-424: The Landdyke Movement are relationship with the land, liberation and transformation, living the politics, and bodily Freedoms. Most importantly, members of these communities seek to live outside of a patriarchal society that puts emphasis on "beauty ideals that discipline the female body, compulsive heterosexuality, competitiveness with other women, and dependence". Instead of adhering typical female gender roles ,

5341-461: The New York gay club scene of the early 1970s as a reaction to the stigmatization of gays and other outside groups such as blacks by the counterculture of that era. By later in the decade, disco was dominating the pop charts. The popular Village People and the critically acclaimed Sylvester had gay-themed lyrics and presentation. Another element of LGBT counter-culture that began in

5450-519: The Rainbow by William Willoya and Vinson Brown, which compares prophecies of major religious sects throughout the world with tales of visions from various Indigenous cultures. The fake prophecy was written by non-Natives as part of an Evangelical Christian agenda; Niman describes the source as purveying "a covert anti-Semitism throughout, while evangelizing against traditional Native American spirituality." Counterculture A counterculture

5559-576: The Rainbows on the National Forest. A year later, Dennis Havig, the District ranger from the nearby town of Wisdom, commented that "There were 23,000 people here and you can find virtually no trash. There's an aspect of diminished vegetation, but you'd have to look hard to see the damage. The untrained eye isn't going to see it." Summit County health officials also had a positive assessment of

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5668-566: The Routt County Humane Society $ 800. Although Rainbow Family spokespeople have stated that the group removes its trash after gatherings, the Forest Service has criticized their cleanup efforts as being only "cosmetic" and "not rehabilitation by any stretch of the imagination." In Montana in 2000, then-governor Marc Racicot declared a "state of emergency" because of fears of the coming environmental destruction of

5777-653: The United States has been interpreted as lasting roughly from 1964 to 1972 —coincident with America's involvement in Vietnam—and reached its peak in August 1969 at the Woodstock Festival, New York, characterized in part by the film Easy Rider (1969). Unconventional or psychedelic dress ; political activism; public protests; campus uprisings; pacifist then loud, defiant music; recreational drugs ; communitarian experiments , and sexual liberation were hallmarks of

5886-618: The United States since the late 1990s. Groups based on his example and the instructions outlined in the book have resulted in other groups forming worldwide. This description is not of a drum circle in the sense that the term is commonly used. It is a drumming ceremony that takes place in a circle, but very different in content and form than a drum circle, more of an improvised community drumming jam. This type should probably be listed under shamanic or spiritual drumming and not under drum circles. Commercial group drumming organizations and companies exist in most countries to serve various markets. There

5995-532: The Utah individuals found to be the source of many of the problems encountered at their event. The Public Health Department reported that the Forest Service officers were observed being confrontational and antagonistic toward the Rainbows at the Gathering site, which "did not facilitate a cooperative response from the Rainbows," the report states. "The explanation that was given is that this was an illegal gathering because no permit had been signed. However, even after

6104-470: The blending of various drumming styles—European marching drums, African rhythms , and Native American beats —laid the foundation for contemporary drum circles and influenced the development of numerous American music genres. For an in-depth exploration of this history, the book Congo Square: African Roots in New Orleans by Freddi Williams Evans is highly recommended. It provides a detailed account of

6213-399: The collective group attitude. Neotribalism belief system is evident in the music of Neotribalism; the postmodern drum circle where the only leader is the preservation of the groove or music consciousness this development of musical consciousness takes the participation of individual to create a collective more powerful and beautiful display of sight and sound. "In beat life begins and it is only

6322-482: The counterculture included interest in astrology , the term " Age of Aquarius " and knowing people's astrological signs of the Zodiac . This led Theodore Roszak to state "A [ sic ] eclectic taste for mystic , occult , and magical phenomena has been a marked characteristic of our post-war youth culture since the days of the beatniks ." In the United States, even actor Charlton Heston contributed to

6431-500: The country's traditional moral order . Authorities banned the psychedelic drug LSD , restricted political gatherings, and tried to enforce bans on what they considered obscenity in books, music, theater, and other media. The counterculture has been argued to have diminished in the early 1970s, and some have attributed two reasons for this. First, it has been suggested that the most popular of its political goals— civil rights , civil liberties , gender equality , environmentalism , and

6540-518: The country, the Southern Hemisphere and the rest of the world. Bands such as The Master's Apprentices, The Pink Finks and Normie Rowe & The Playboys, along with Sydney's The Easybeats , Billy Thorpe & The Aztecs and The Missing Links began to emerge in the 1960s. One of Australia's most noted literary voices of the counter-culture movement was Frank Moorhouse , whose collection of short stories, Futility and Other Animals ,

6649-496: The creation or enhancement of identities. This approach asserts that norms of non-virtual social life restrict users' ability to express themselves fully in person, but online interactions eliminate these barriers and allow them to identify in new ways. One means by which this exploration takes place is online "identity tourism," which allows users to appropriate an identity without any of the offline, corporeal risks associated with that identity. A critique of this form of experimentation

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6758-400: The cultural and musical significance of Congo Square and its lasting impact on the evolution of American music. Drum circles went through a revival in the United States during the late 1960s and early 1970s for any group of people, particularly counterculture groups, who gather (informally) to play music together in public. The music is improvised and co-created by the participants. The music

6867-405: The culture. It is a facilitated circle but the leader is facilitating a shamanic journey process rather than a musical event. Shamanic drumming is generally simple and repetitive, often considered as a form of prayer or method of trance induction, rather than as music or entertainment. During a shamanic trance or shamanic journey, the shaman uses the steady beat of the drum as a "lifeline" to find

6976-436: The decades, especially since the late 90's, other types of group drumming have been advertised incorrectly as drum circles leading to confusion regarding what a drum circle is. This has in some cases lead to real drum circles being banned by authorities who were under the impression that a drum circle is a commercial event and consequently regulating them with laws that are not applicable to gatherings. Facilitated group drumming

7085-525: The development and maintenance of the group's values, and wherever its norms can be understood only by reference to the relationships of the group to a surrounding dominant culture." Some scholars have attributed the counterculture to Theodore Roszak , author of The Making of a Counter Culture . It became prominent in the news media amid the social revolution that swept the Americas , Western Europe , Japan , Australia , and New Zealand during

7194-426: The development of innovative ideas". During the late 1960s, hippies became the largest and most visible countercultural group in the United States. According to Sheila Whiteley, "recent developments in sociological theory complicate and problematize theories developed in the 1960s, with digital technology, for example, providing an impetus for new understandings of counterculture". Andy Bennett writes that "despite

7303-473: The direct control of dominant groups, are voluntarily participated in, and generate the cultural challenge that precedes or accompanies political mobilization. Women came together in Free Spaces like music festivals, activist groups and collectives to share ideas with like-minded people and to explore the idea of the lesbian land movement. The movement is closely tied to eco-feminism . The four tenets of

7412-515: The early 1960s, openly gay political organizations such as the Mattachine Society were formally protesting abusive treatment toward gay people, challenging the entrenched idea that homosexuality was an aberrant condition, and calling for the decriminalization of homosexuality. Despite very limited sympathy, American society began at least to acknowledge the existence of a sizable population of gays. Disco music in large part rose out of

7521-467: The end of the Vietnam War —were "accomplished" (to at least some degree); and also that its most popular social attributes—particularly a " live and let live " mentality in personal lifestyles (including, but not limited to the " sexual revolution ")—were co-opted by mainstream society. Second, a decline of idealism and hedonism occurred as many notable counterculture figures died, the rest settled into mainstream society and started their own families, and

7630-552: The entire generation of that era was derived from a rock festival: the 'Woodstock Generation'." Songs, movies, TV shows, and other entertainment media with socially-conscious themes—some allegorical, some literal—became very numerous and popular in the 1960s. Counterculture-specific sentiments expressed in song lyrics and popular sayings of the period included things such as "do your own thing", " turn on, tune in, drop out ", "whatever turns you on", " eight miles high ", " sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll ", and " light my fire ". Spiritually,

7739-557: The first Rainbow gathering in Israel, which was extended to six weeks. Money is not used (or not encouraged), camps set up kitchens to share food, and there is a circle on the Fourth of July to pray for peace. Colorado law enforcement agencies and the U.S. Forest Service indicated they expected a month-long gathering in 2022 for the 50th anniversary of the first official Gathering. An outbreak of shigellosis (bloody diarrhoea) occurred at

7848-638: The first Woodstock Festival, two attendees at Vortex, Barry "Plunker" Adams and Garrick Beck, are both considered among the founders of the Rainbow Family. Adams emerged from the Haight-Ashbury scene in San Francisco and is the author of Where Have All the Flower Children Gone? Beck is the son of Julian Beck , founder of The Living Theatre , known for their production Paradise Now! The first official Rainbow Family Gathering

7957-501: The former, the deaths of such iconic figures as Brian Jones , Jimi Hendrix , Jim Morrison and Janis Joplin , the nihilistic mayhem at Altamont , and the shadowy figure of Charles Manson cast a darker light on its underlying agenda, one that reminds us that 'pathological issues [are] still very much at large in today's world". The counterculture of the 1960s and early 1970s generated its own unique brand of notable literature, including comics and cartoons, and sometimes referred to as

8066-433: The gender neutral term, "sibling". Attendance is open to all interested parties, and decisions are reached through group meetings leading to some form of group consensus . Adherents call the camp "Rainbowland" and refer to the world outside of gatherings as "Babylon". The exchange of money is frowned upon, and barter is stressed as an alternative. The organization is a loose, international affiliation of individuals who have

8175-583: The group is recognized by the elders of the Hopi people, or other Indigenous peoples of the Americas , as the fulfilment of a Native American prophecy , and that this excuses the cultural appropriation that is common in the group. This rumor was debunked as fakelore by Michael I. Niman in his 1997 People of the Rainbow: A Nomadic Utopia. Niman traced the supposed Hopi prophecies to the 1962 book Warriors of

8284-465: The instruction of the leader allowing the energy of each direction in each round to come into the group to facilitate prayers and healing. It has been described as "like a sweat lodge without the sweat". Author Jim Ewing held these ceremonies each month for seven years, as outlined in the book Finding Sanctuary in Nature , in addition to shamanic drum circles, and at various sites from coast to coast in

8393-476: The internet is largely monopolized by several big technology firms. Gay liberation (considered a precursor of various modern LGBT social movements ) was known for its links to the counterculture of the time (e.g. groups like the Radical Faeries ), and for the gay liberationists' intent to transform or abolish fundamental institutions of society such as gender and the nuclear family ; in general,

8502-560: The late 1960s and early 1970s, some of these shops selling hippie items also became cafés where hippies could hang out, chat, smoke cannabis , read books, etc., e.g. Gandalf's Garden in the King's Road , London, which also published a magazine of the same name. Another such hippie/anarchist bookshop was Mushroom Books, tucked away in the Lace Market area of Nottingham . Some genres tend to challenge societies with their content that

8611-400: The maintenance and sacred keeping of the beat that life will endure". Neopagans have created another type of drum circle. At Neopagan festivals, people gather around a large bonfire , the drummers generally sitting on one side to encourage better listening. The musicians sit together and play while dancers dance and circle around the fire. Often, those present will stay and play throughout

8720-479: The movement, with the statement "Don't trust anyone over thirty" (a saying coined in 1965 by activist Jack Weinberg ) in the 1968 film Planet of the Apes ; the same year, actress and social activist Jane Fonda starred in the sexually-themed Barbarella . Both actors opposed the Vietnam War during its duration, and Fonda would eventually become controversially active in the peace movement . The counterculture in

8829-405: The night until dawn, treating the evening as a magical (or alchemical) working. Sound is not limited to drumming alone; there is also chanting, singing, poetry, and spoken word pieces. This type of drum circle is not usually facilitated. This type of group tends to center around Native American Cultural drums and rattles but is primarily focusing on the spiritual rather than the musical aspects of

8938-653: The only goals are set by each individual, as no individual can claim to represent all Rainbows in word or deed. Also contained within the philosophy are the ideals of creating an intentional community, embodying spirituality and conscious evolution, and practicing non-commercialism. The Rainbow Family is best known for its large annual American Gatherings (i.e., U.S. "Nationals" or "Annuals") which are held on U.S. Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management (or B.L.M.) land. These U.S. Annual Gatherings usually attract between 8,000 and 20,000 participants. In addition to these larger U.S. Annuals, individuals practice this throughout

9047-566: The permit had been signed, this attitude was unchanged." After the 2005 Rainbow Gathering in the National Forest near Richwood, West Virginia , Mayor Bob Henry Baber stated: "I never saw one bit of any activity that required any Forest Service legal intervention." He calls the Incident Management Team "bizarre and unnecessary," and adds that he was not put off by the Rainbows or their behavior. In an effort at self-policing and conflict resolution, Rainbow attendees have created

9156-567: The politics were radical, anti-racist , and anti-capitalist in nature. In order to achieve such liberation, consciousness raising and direct action were employed. At the outset of the 20th century, homosexual acts were punishable offenses in these countries. The prevailing public attitude was that homosexuality was a moral failing that should be punished, as exemplified by Oscar Wilde 's 1895 trial and imprisonment for "gross indecency". But even then, there were dissenting views. Sigmund Freud publicly expressed his opinion that homosexuality

9265-407: The purposes of building musical skills and knowledge. Drum ensembles are performance-oriented groups who practice and perform music on drums, often for dance. There's clinical improvisation of drumming groups within a music therapy session, led by certified therapists. An inclusive way of life that is focused on creating a positive enhancement of self of identity while enforcing a no harm to

9374-613: The quality of existing works led to parody, such as how the Russian anecdotal joke tradition turned the setting of War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy into a grotesque world of sexual excess. Another well-known example is black humor (mostly in the form of short poems) that dealt exclusively with funny deaths and/or other mishaps of small, innocent children. Drum circle The origins of contemporary drum circles in North America can be traced back to Congo Square in New Orleans,

9483-549: The site, said Bob Swensen, environmental director for the agency: "My opinion is, it looks as if no one had been there," Swensen concluded. "I'd have to give them an 'A' for their cleanup." At the California National Gathering in 2004, in Modoc County, after public health officials reported speaking with their counterparts in Utah, opted to take preventive measures apart from law enforcement, which

9592-403: The sixties counterculture—most of whose members were young, White, and middle class . In the United States, the movement divided the population. To some Americans, these attributes reflected American ideals of free speech , social equality , world peace , and the pursuit of happiness ; to others, they reflected a self-indulgent, pointlessly rebellious, unpatriotic, and destructive assault on

9701-458: The sometimes rainy weekend to an audience of half a million people. ( Michael Lang stated 400,000 attended, half of which did not have a ticket.) It is widely regarded as a pivotal moment in popular music history—with Rolling Stone calling it one of the 50 Moments That Changed the History of Rock and Roll . According to Bill Mankin, "It seems fitting… that one of the most enduring labels for

9810-548: The status quo and those not. Since many minority groups are already considered countercultural, the music they create and produce may reflect their sociopolitical realities and their musical culture may be adopted as a social expression of their counterculture. This is reflected in dancehall with the concept of base frequencies and base culture in Julian Henriques 's "Sonic diaspora", where he expounds that "base denotes crude, debased, unrefined, vulgar, and even animal" for

9919-493: The themes behind them. A great example can be found in Dismaland , the biggest project of " anarchism " to be organised and exhibited which showcases multiple works such as an "iconic Disney princess's horse-drawn pumpkin carriage, [appearing] to re-enact the death of Princess Diana ". Counterculture is very much evident in music particularly on the basis of the separation of genres into those considered acceptable and within

10028-447: The theoretical arguments that can be raised against the sociological value of counterculture as a meaningful term for categorising social action, like subculture , the term lives on as a concept in social and cultural theory … [to] become part of a received, mediated memory". However, "this involved not simply the utopian but also the dystopian and that while festivals such as those held at Monterey and Woodstock might appear to embrace

10137-595: The use of explicit language; graphical descriptions of sex, violence and illicit activities; and uncopyrighted use of "safe" characters involved in such activities. During the early 1970s, the Soviet government rigidly promoted optimism in Russian culture. Divorce and alcohol abuse were viewed as taboo by the media. However, Russian society grew weary of the gap between real life and the creative world, and underground culture became "forbidden fruit". General satisfaction with

10246-579: The volume, accents, and when to play/not play are often given by the facilitator. Facilitators with training and experience in other areas and professions, such as music education, music therapy , and corporate training, may use a range of tools and approaches that enable them to work with diverse populations. These types of experiences are more accurately referred to as 'drumming programs'. Guided Interactive Drumming consists of highly structured drumming-based programs that are led by an individual or group to reach non-musical goals. There exists drum classes for

10355-461: The way back to the world of ordinary consciousness. Note that in these cultures, the term "Drum Circle" would certainly not be used. Rather, the terms 'drumming ceremony" or "ceremonial drumming" would be more accurate. Practiced by various groups, "the medicine wheel group drumming prayer ceremony" recognizes the cardinal directions as spiritual powers that can help balance and heal. The ceremony has four rounds, with drumming by all participants at

10464-462: The women of Landdyke communities value "self-sufficiency, bodily strength, autonomy from men and patriarchal systems, and the development of lesbian-centered community". Members of the Landdyke movement enjoy bodily freedoms that have been deemed unacceptable in the modern Western world—such as the freedom to expose their breasts, or to go without any clothing at all. An awareness of their impact on

10573-402: The year in dozens of other countries. "World Gatherings" are also held from time to time in various countries. Other activities include regional Gatherings (or Regionals) and retreats. There are also small, local activities such as local drum circles , potlucks , music related events, and campouts . The first European Rainbow gathering took place in 1983. In 1992, American immigrants organized

10682-427: Was "assuredly no advantage, but it is nothing to be ashamed of, no vice, no degradation; it cannot be classified as an illness; we consider it to be a variation of the sexual function, produced by a certain arrest of sexual development". According to Charles Kaiser's The Gay Metropolis , there were already semi-public gay-themed gatherings by the mid-1930s in the United States (such as the annual drag balls held during

10791-610: Was a powerful weapon. Rock music, which had first been introduced from the US in the 1950s, became a key instrument in the social uprisings of the young generation and Britain soon became a groundswell of musical talent thanks to groups like the Beatles , Rolling Stones , the Who , Pink Floyd , and more in coming years. The antiwar movement in Britain closely collaborated with their American counterparts, supporting peasant insurgents in

10900-809: Was attributed to poor hygiene. The county sheriff requested outside law enforcement assistance. NC Governor Jim Martin ordered deployment of 50 NC state troopers, 25 state game wardens, and additional SBI agents. Dozens of deputies and police officers from surrounding jurisdictions, and over 75 US Forest Service law enforcement officers and agents responded from as far away as Alabama. State and federal criminal charges included hundreds of traffic and alcohol citations, with impoundment of dozens of vehicles. Hundreds of criminal charges included disorderly conduct, indecent exposure, DWI, alcohol violations, revoked licenses, stolen tags, stolen vehicles, drug charges, child neglect, weapons violations, assault, interfering with peace officers and at least one kidnapping. A prison department bus

11009-471: Was called to handle the volume of arrestees. County jails in all of the southwestern NC counties were filled on July 4 weekend. Federal, state and local officers eventually charged a remaining group that refused to leave with trespassing on federal land, to bring the event to a close. A parvovirus outbreak among the dogs at a 2006 Rainbow Gathering in Big Red Park required 200 doses of vaccine and cost

11118-546: Was described by Newsweek at the time as an alternate mainstream to the traditional masculine/heterosexual rock music in the United States. In 2003, the United States Supreme Court officially declared all sodomy laws unconstitutional in Lawrence v. Texas . Bill Osgerby argues that: the counterculture's various strands developed from earlier artistic and political movements. On both sides of

11227-428: Was exciting. The old conservative world was ending and a new Australia was beginning. The demonstration was almost silent. The atmosphere was electric. The protesters were committed to making their presence felt … It was clear they wanted to show the government that they were mighty unhappy". Political upheaval made its way into art in the country: film, music and literature were shaped by the ongoing changes both within

11336-566: Was first published in Sydney 1969. Its "discontinuous narrative" was said to reflect the "ambience of the counter-culture". Helen Garner 's Monkey Grip (1977), released eight years later, is considered a classic example of the contemporary Australian novel, and captured the thriving countercultural movement in Melbourne's inner-city in the mid 1970s, specifically open relationships and recreational drug use. Years later, Garner revealed it

11445-751: Was held at the Strawberry Lake , Colorado, on the Continental Divide , in 1972. Use of this site was offered by Paul Geisendorfer, a local developer, after a court order was issued against their gathering at the original location on nearby Table Mountains . Regional Rainbow Gatherings are held throughout the year in the United States , as are annual and regional gatherings in dozens of other countries. These Gatherings are non-commercial, and all who wish to attend peacefully are welcome to participate. There are no leaders, and traditionally

11554-710: Was initially an unexpected blow to the movement, especially in North America. There was speculation that the disease would permanently drive gay life underground. Ironically, the tables were turned. Many of the early victims of the disease had been openly gay only within the confines of insular "gay ghettos" such as New York City's Greenwich Village and San Francisco's Castro ; they remained closeted in their professional lives and to their families. Many heterosexuals who thought they did not know any gay people were confronted by friends and loved ones dying of "the gay plague" (which soon began to infect heterosexual people also). LGBT communities were increasingly seen not only as victims of

11663-697: Was like Dalí , with many colors and revolutionary ways. The youth of today must go there to find themselves." — Carlos Santana Rejection of mainstream culture was best embodied in the new genres of psychedelic rock music, pop art , and new explorations in spirituality . Musicians who exemplified this era in the United Kingdom and United States included The Beatles , John Lennon ,   Neil Young , Bob Dylan , The Grateful Dead , Jefferson Airplane , Jimi Hendrix , The Doors , Frank Zappa , The Rolling Stones , Velvet Underground , Janis Joplin , The Who , Joni Mitchell , The Kinks , Sly and

11772-478: Was strongly autobiographical and based on her own diaries. Additionally, from the 1960s, surf culture took rise in Australia given the abundance of beaches in the country, and this was reflected in art, from bands such as The Atlantics and novels like Puberty Blues as well as the film of the same name . As delineations of gender and sexuality have been dismantled, counter-culture in contemporary Melbourne

11881-468: Was that these "Neo Hippies" experience and encourage such a spiritual commitment to the community. Australia's countercultural trend followed the one burgeoning in the US, and to a lesser extent than the one in Great Britain. Political scandals in the country, such as the disappearance of Harold Holt , and the 1975 constitutional crisis , as well as Australia's involvement in Vietnam War , led to

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