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51-439: Modern raincoats are often constructed from waterproof fabrics that are breathable , such as Gore-Tex or Tyvek and DWR -coated nylon . These fabrics and membranes allow water vapor to pass through, allowing the garment to 'breathe' so that the sweat of the wearer can escape. The amount of pouring rain a raincoat can handle is sometimes measured in the unit millimeters, water gauge . One of oldest examples of rainwear recorded

102-591: A differential pressure forcing the heat and humidity toward the outside. The greater the difference between the heat and humidity inside the clothing system and the outside, the greater the Differential Pressure to push that heat and humidity out. Also known as JIS L 1099, JIS Z 0208, ISO 2528, Desiccant Method of ASTM E96, JIS K 6328 (JIS is short for Japanese Industry Standards). The A-1 method uses Calcium Chloride solution to simulate sweat while A-2 method uses just water. A desiccant, calcium chloride,

153-543: A B1 of 10,000gr, but one can be 10,000 A1 and the other 4,000 A1. It all depends on the type of coating or lamination and how it moves moisture. Typically hydrophobic coatings perform better than hydrophilic laminations on the Ret and A1 Test. And vice versa, the hydrophilic laminations will perform better on the B1 test. Below is very generalized positioning of technologies. Ficus religiosa Ficus religiosa or sacred fig

204-489: A distinctive extended drip tip ; they are 10–17 centimetres (3.9–6.7 in) long and 8–12 centimetres (3.1–4.7 in) broad, with a 6–10 centimetres (2.4–3.9 in) petiole . The fruits are small figs 1–1.5 centimetres (0.39–0.59 in) in diameter, green ripening to purple. F. religiosa has a lifespan ranging between 900 and 1,500 years. The Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi tree in the city of Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka

255-467: A fabric has a fairly quick release of moisture, but may not be the best over longer periods of use. Also known as JIS L 1099 is similar to the ASTM E96-BW test method. A desiccant, potassium acetate, is put into a cup and sealed with a piece of ePTFE ( Teflon /Stedfast/ Gore-Tex film). The fabric to be tested is then placed over the cup with the fabric side to the cup. The cup is then inverted into

306-499: A lower apron. Materials varied, and were usually locally sourced. Each set took two to three days to craft and was typically paired with a matching straw hat . Raindrops that fell on such garments would run along the fibers and not penetrate into the interior, keeping the wearer dry. They were a common sight among farmers and fishermen on rainy and snowy days, as well as travelers during the rainy season. The raincoat being an absolutely indispensable asset, famed writer Xu Guangqi recorded

357-520: A non-rubberized cotton or wool lining to improve comfort. Popular 1920s raincoat colors were tan, navy blue, and grey. Some of these coats were hooded, but often were not and instead accompanied by a matching rain hat. In the 1930s, cellophane and PVC rainwear was preferred by many due to the poor economy during the Depression. They were economical, since only one covering had to be purchased instead of buying multiple fashion raincoats. They came in

408-414: A pan of water. Then after period of time the cup is weighed to see how much water has been “pulled” into the cup through the fabric. The weight is then extrapolated to yield the number of grams of fluid passing through a square meter of fabric in 24 hours. The B-1 variant of test method puts membrane in direct contact with water while B-2 variant adds an ePTFE film between the water and the fabric. While B-2

459-729: A popular proverb during the Ming : "No raincoat, no going out." When hunting or traveling at night, the coat could be used as a sleeping pad, and the smell of the leaves would drive away insects and snakes. When worn in wetlands or forests, these cloaks often blended in with the surrounding landscape, making the wearer more difficult to see . As garments made with pre-modern technology, they were extremely waterproof and breathable, but also bulky, and vulnerable to fire. While no longer used as raingear in modern times, traditional straw raincoats are still being made for special purposes such as religious events, tourist souvenirs, and interior decorations. During

510-459: A result, rubber remained an impractical curiosity to Europeans until their redevelopment of the vulcanization process about 300 years later. One of the first modern waterproof raincoats was created following the patent by Scottish chemist Charles Macintosh in 1824 of new tarpaulin fabric, described by him as "India rubber cloth," and made by sandwiching a core of rubber softened by naphtha between two pieces of fabric. The Mackintosh raincoat

561-520: A risk assessment prepared for the species' invasiveness in Hawaii by PIER. Such a high score predicts it will become a major pest in suitable climate zones. The major reasons for its invasive behaviour are its fast-growing nature, tolerance to various climate zones and soil types, reported lifespan of over 3,000 years, and its suffocating growth habit as it often begins life as an epiphyte . The earliest known record of Ficus religiosa in human culture

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612-608: A saffron cloth wrapped around the base. A yearly ritual involving the Bo Trees at wats is the purchasing of "mai kam sii" ไม้คำ้ศริ, which are "supports" that look like crutches and are placed under the spreading branches as if holding them up. The purchase money helps fund the wat, a central part of Thai life. Ficus religiosa is used in traditional medicine for about fifty types of disorders including asthma, diabetes, diarrhea, epilepsy, gastric problems, inflammatory disorders, infectious and sexual disorders. The trunk of this tree

663-519: A variety of animals to create waterproof clothes, sometimes covered in fringe , to stay warm and dry. In addition to the decorative function, fringe would pull water off the main portion of their clothes so that the garment dried quicker. The particularities of the Arctic climate gave rise to a distinctive culture of waterproof clothing. The Inuit, Aleuts, and many other peoples in the Arctic region have traditionally worn shirts, coats, and parkas made from

714-618: A variety of styles, including clear translucent. In the 1940s and 1950s, DuPont Nylon emerged in the US as a durable synthetic material that was both lightweight and water-resistant; well-suited to rainwear. New coat styles using tightly woven cotton or rayon gabardine , and a treated shiny “paratroop” twill rayon for extra water resistance were also popular. Raincoats were offered in larger variety of colors like varying shades of blue, gray, bright greens, brown, or natural and could be purchased with taffeta and other synthetic blend linings. Between

765-524: A wide variety of soils but preferably needs deep, alluvial sandy loam with good drainage . It is also found on shallow soils including rock crevices. Ficus religiosa is associated with Blastophaga quadriceps , an agaonid wasp which acts as its pollinator as this wasp lays its eggs only on trees of this species. Ficus religiosa is tolerant to various climate zones ( Köppen climate classification categories of Af , Am , Aw/As , Cfa , Cwa and Csa ) and various types of soils. In Paraguay

816-423: Is a good test, it eliminates the effect of fabric when in direct contact with water. When sweat condenses on the inside of a fabric with a hydrophilic laminate, the lamination will actively pull the water through the fabric reducing condensation. This can be a tremendous addition to the comfort of the user. The B-2 test is also best used for non-waterproof fabrics, so the water in the pan does not pass directly through

867-629: Is a species of fig native to the Indian subcontinent and Indochina that belongs to Moraceae , the fig or mulberry family. It is also known as the bodhi tree , peepul tree , peepal tree , pipala tree or ashvattha tree (in India and Nepal). The sacred fig is considered to have a religious significance in four major religions that originated on the Indian subcontinent: Hinduism , Buddhism , Sikhism and Jainism . Hindu and Jain ascetics consider

918-586: Is estimated to be more than 2,250 years old. Ficus religiosa is native to most of the Indian subcontinent – Bangladesh , Bhutan , Nepal , Pakistan and India including the Assam region , Eastern Himalaya and the Nicobar Islands , as well as part of Indochina – the Andaman Islands , Thailand , Myanmar and Peninsular Malaysia . It has been widely introduced elsewhere, particularly in

969-519: Is in present-day Bodh Gaya in Bihar, India . The original tree was destroyed, and has been replaced several times. A branch of the original tree was rooted in Anuradhapura , Sri Lanka in 288 BCE and is known as Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi ; it is the oldest living human-planted flowering plant (angiosperm) in the world. In Theravada Buddhist Southeast Asia , the tree's massive trunk is often

1020-538: Is likely the woven grass cape/mat of Ötzi , around 3230 BCE . The Olmec Native Americans first invented rubber sometime before 1600 BCE. They developed methods to extract natural latex resin from the rubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis ), and cure the latex resin into stabilized rubber using the sulfuric compounds of the morning glory in order to create some of the world's first waterproof textile fabrics using cotton and other plant fibers. These rubberized fabrics were crafted into waterproof cloaks, direct precursors to

1071-414: Is needed to keep the plate at a constant temperature. Ret is the measurement of the resistance to evaporative heat loss. The lower the Ret value, the less resistance to moisture transfer and therefore higher breathability. Hohenstein added a unique aspect to their testing. They had real people wear garments made with the fabrics of varying Ret values and work out on a treadmill. They gathered the comments of

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1122-528: Is put into a cup. A piece of fabric is then secured over the cup and placed in a controlled environment. Then after period of time the cup is weighed to see how much water has been “pulled” into the cup through the fabric. The weight is then extrapolated to show the number of grams of sweat passing through a square meter fabric in 24 hours. Typical maximum with current technologies are in 15,000 range. High-performance fabrics may get A1 test scores in 10,000 to 15,000 g m  d range and usually shows that

1173-515: Is the best. When planting, use soil with a pH of 7 or below. While it is possible for the plant to grow indoors in a pot, it grows best outside. Young peepul needs proper nourishment . It requires full sunlight and proper watering. Sacred fig occurs naturally in submontane forest regions . As with many Ficus trees, these are well suited for Bonsai training. In the Middle East , it is preferably planted as an avenue or road verge tree. In

1224-427: Is the difference in the level of heat and humidity on one side of the material compared to the other side. Also known as the Differential Pressure. By the second law of thermodynamics moisture will move towards dry. Therefore, warm, moist air will flow towards cold, dry air until there is an equilibrium. Due to body heat and moisture there is almost always higher heat and humidity inside a clothing system. This creates

1275-586: Is the use of peepal leaf motifs in the pottery of the Helmand culture , found at Mundigak site, in Kandahar , Afghanistan, dating back to third millennium BCE. The Indus Valley Civilisation venerated this tree and its leaf and drew religious art of it. The peepal tree is considered sacred by the followers of Hinduism , Jainism , Sikhism and Buddhism . In the Bhagavad Gita , Krishna says, "I am

1326-816: The Himalayas . According to Vamana Purana 32.1–4, the Sarasvati was rising from the Plaksa tree (Pipal tree). Plaksa Pra-sravana denotes the place where the Sarasvati appears. In the Rigveda Sutras, Plaksa Pra-sravana refers to the source of the Sarasvati. Ficus religiosa is grown by specialty tree plant nurseries for use as an ornamental tree , in gardens and parks in tropical and subtropical climates . Peepul trees are native to Indian subcontinent and thrive in hot, humid weather. They prefer full sunlight and can grow in all soil types , though loam

1377-491: The Jenckes Spinning Company , creating rubberized, waterproof fabrics that were softer, more pliable and more comfortable. Stiff raincoats made completely of rubber called "slickers" were also available, as well as raincoats made of heavy oilcloth. These raincoats and "slickers" mimicked the coat fashion of the time; long length, loose belt, high roll/convertible collar, large pockets, and were often sewn with

1428-685: The Philippines and in Nicaragua the species is cultivated in parks and along roadsides and pavements , while in Paraguay it occurs in forests at lower elevations . In Thailand โพ or "Pho" trees grow everywhere, but in the Wats (temples) they are revered, and usually are several hundred years old, with trunks up to 20 feet (6.1 meters) wide. As with all sacred trees in Thailand, they have

1479-664: The Qing dynasty , emperors and officials wore raincoats made out of the pipal tree . Yellow garments were for the exclusive use of the emperor, red ones for princes and the highest court officials, and cyan ones for the second-ranking officials. Raincoats were made out of felt for winter use, with sateen and camlet for spring through autumn. Rain capes made of straw have many indigenous names in modern Mexico, but they are most well known as capotes de plumas (also chereque , cherépara , or chiripe ) as they are known in Michoacan and

1530-544: The Zhou dynasty in China, the main materials for making raincoats and capes was rice straw, sedge , burlap , and coir . In southern China, hydrangeas were also used. Since at least 200 BCE, lightweight silk hanfu were rubbed with vegetable oils such as Tung oil to repel the rain. During the Ming dynasty , wealthy men and women could wear a “jade needle cape” made of Chinese silvergrass , considered soft and waterproof. During

1581-457: The capisallo from Tlaxcala , so named for the palm leaves' resemblance to bird feathers . In some regions, such as Colima , these rain capes are called china de palma trenzada because of their presumed Filipino origins . These capes can still be found today, in the most traditional indigenous corners of the country. In New Zealand, the pākē or hieke are made from New Zealand Flax . In Polynesian Hawaii , Kui la’i or Ahu La`i are made from

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1632-417: The 1950s and 1960s, PVC rainwear experienced a resurgence in popularity for the plastic's bright and diverse colors and futuristic look. In the early 1960s, raincoats were introduced in high visibility colors for outdoor workwear and later were offered with retroreflective accents. Raincoats can also be used as a personal protective equipment , particularly in areas where PPEs are in short supply. However,

1683-527: The Cancer constellation). Plaksa is a possible Sanskrit term for Ficus religiosa . However, according to Macdonell and Keith (1912), it denotes the wavy-leaved fig tree ( Ficus infectoria ) instead. In Hindu texts, the Plaksa tree is associated with the source of the Sarasvati River . The Skanda Purana states that the Sarasvati originates from the water pot of Brahma flows from Plaksa on

1734-703: The Peepal tree among the trees, Narada among the Deva Rishi (Divine sages), Bhrigu among the Saptha-Maharishis, Chitraratha among the Gandharvas , And sage Kapila among the Siddhas." In India, the medal for the highest civilian award, Bharat Ratna , is modelled on the leaf of a Peepal tree. Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment ( bodhi ) while meditating underneath a Ficus religiosa . The site

1785-578: The coat in 1843, solving many of the problems. In 1853, Aquascutum introduced a woolen fabric that was chemically treated to shed water. From then on into the early 20th century, the treated wool trench coat was popular fashion rainwear in Europe and the colder regions of the United States, especially among their military circles. In the 1910s and 1920s, gas and vapor fabric rubberization techniques were patented at textile finishing mills such as

1836-513: The effectiveness depends on the style and materials used. Breathability Breathability is the ability of a fabric to allow moisture vapor to be transmitted through the material. Air permeability is the ability of a fabric to allow air to pass through it. While air permeable fabrics tend to have relatively high moisture vapor transmission, it is not necessary to be air permeable to be breathable. Moisture Vapor Transfer (MVT) in waterproof fabrics occurs by two processes: Driving Force

1887-465: The later Medieval period. Wool was known for its ability to keep the wearer warm even when soaked, especially wool that had been fulled during the manufacturing process. If wool was made without stringent cleaning, it would retain some of the sheep's lanolin and be naturally somewhat water-resistant although not fully waterproof. Waxing of garments was known in England, but seldom done elsewhere due to

1938-535: The leaves of the Ti plant , used not only to protect people from the rain, but also from the sun in hotter parts of the islands. Fishermen would wear them for protection from foul weather and ocean spray, similar in purpose to oilskins . Furs were popular rainwear in Europe for much of its history, although the modest means of peasants and poor laborers limited the fur to cheaper varieties of goat or cat. Eventually, wool rainwear replaced fur as popular attitudes changed in

1989-492: The modern raincoat, as well as other waterproof clothing like shoes. The indigenous peoples of the Northwest Pacific Coast wore raincoats and other clothing made of woven cedar fiber which, depending on the tightness of the weave, could be dense and watertight, or soft and comfortable. Throughout much of Eastern and Midwestern regions of North America, many Native American nations used treated leather from

2040-952: The region receives more than 60 millimetres (6.0 cm) of precipitation per month, Tropical monsoon climate where average precipitation ranges from 60 millimetres (6.0 cm) in the driest month to 100 millimetres (10 cm), Tropical savanna climate with dry summer where average precipitation ranges from 60 millimetres (6.0 cm) per month in summers to 100 millimetres (10 cm) per month in winters , Tropical savanna climate with dry winter where average precipitation ranges from to 60 millimetres (6.0 cm) per month in winters to 100 millimetres (10 cm) per month in summers , Warm temperate climate with dry winter where average temperature ranges from 0 to 10 °C (32 to 50 °F) and winters are dry, as well as Warm temperate climate with dry summer where average temperature ranges from 0 to 10 °C (32 to 50 °F) and summers are dry. Unlike most epiphytic jungle figs, which ring

2091-545: The rest of tropical Asia, but also in Iran (Balochistan), Florida and Venezuela . Ficus religiosa suitably grows at altitudes ranging from 10 metres (33 ft) up to 1,520 metres (4,990 ft). Due to the climatic conditions which are prevalent throughout different heat zones, it can grow at latitudes ranging from 30°N to 5°S. It can tolerate air temperatures ranging between 0 to 35 °C (32 to 95 °F), beyond this upper limit its growth diminishes. It grows on

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2142-442: The sacred fig tree as a mark of worship. Usually seven pradakshinas are done around the tree in the morning time chanting " vriksha rajaya namah ", meaning "salutation to the king of trees". It is claimed that the 27 stars (constellations) constituting 12 houses ( rasis ) and 9 planets are specifically represented precisely by 27 trees—one for each star. The Bodhi Tree is said to represent Pushya (Western star name γ, δ and θ Cancri in

2193-591: The scarcity and expense of wax. In the 15th and 16th century CE , Europeans arriving to the Americas recorded for themselves that the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica and the Amazon basin had created waterproof rubber-impregnated fabrics, although the Native American procedure of curing rubber was not well conveyed to them, and the tropical rubber tree did not grow well in the colder climates of Europe. As

2244-459: The site of Buddhist or animist shrines. Not all Ficus religiosa are ordinarily called a Bodhi Tree . A true Bodhi Tree is traditionally considered a tree that has as its parent another Bodhi Tree, and so on, until the first Bodhi Tree, which is the tree under which Gautama is said to have gained enlightenment. Sadhus ( Hindu ascetics) meditate beneath sacred fig trees, and Hindus do pradakshina (circumambulation, or meditative pacing) around

2295-628: The skins of seal, sea otter, fish, and birds. Birdskin shirts, with the feathers on the outside, provide excellent protection from rain as they repel moisture. In Aleut culture, a kamleika is worn as the outermost garment on top of the parka when necessary. In East Asian cultures such as Vietnam, China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, the use of naturally water-repellent plant fibers, such as rice straw , to create waterproof raincoats and cloaks has been known since ancient times. This raincoat style often consisted of both an upper rainjacket and

2346-453: The species to be sacred and often meditate under it. Gautama Buddha is believed to have attained enlightenment under a tree of this species. The sacred fig is the state tree of the Indian states of Odisha , Bihar and Haryana . Ficus religiosa is a large dry season - deciduous or semi-evergreen tree up to 30 metres (98 ft) tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 3 metres (9.8 ft). The leaves are cordate in shape with

2397-479: The stems of dicotyledonous support trees from the outside, the epiphytic bushes of F. religiosa are not true stranglers. Their roots penetrate inside the stem of the support, eventually splitting it from within. Ficus religiosa has been listed as an " environmental weed " or "naturalised weed" by the Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2012). It has been assigned an invasiveness high risk score of 7 in

2448-422: The testers and correlated this to the Ret values of the fabrics and came up with a Comfort Rating System. The testers could not perceive a difference in the garments made with fabrics within these ranges. So, a garment made with a 40 Ret fabric and one made with 55 Ret fabric did not have a perceivable comfort difference in use. Ret, A1, B1 and B2 test results do not correlate with each other. Two fabrics may have

2499-431: The tree species occurs in forests at lower elevations, and in China the species has been reported growing at altitudes ranging from 400 to 700 metres (1,300 to 2,300 ft). In India, being a native species , it occurs both naturally in wild as well as cultivated up to altitudes of 1,520 metres (4,990 ft). Ficus religiosa is tolerant to widely varying climatic conditions such as Tropical rainforest climate where

2550-464: The uncoated fabric. Current upper range is 30,000 g m  d . Also known as ISO – 11092 or the Ret or Hohenstein test . In this test, fabric is placed above a porous ( sintered ) metal plate. The plate is heated and water is channeled into the metal plate, simulating perspiration. The plate is then kept at a constant temperature. As water vapor passes through the plate and the fabric, it causes Evaporative Heat Loss and therefore more energy

2601-406: Was made out of a fabric impregnated with impermeable rubber, although lacking the better curing methods of earlier Mesoamerican rainwear, the early coats suffered from odor, stiffness, and a tendency to deteriorate from natural body oils and hot weather. Many tailors were reluctant to use his new fabric, and had no interest in it. Charles set up his own company and eventually added vulcanized rubber to

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