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101-606: Raja Ali Haji bin Raja Haji Ahmad (1808/9–1869/75) was a 19th-century Bugis-Malay historian, poet and scholar who wrote Tuhfal al-Nafis . He was elevated to the status of National Hero of Indonesia in 2004. Haji has been described as one of the most important Malay writers of the 19th century. Raja Ali Haji was born in Selangor (although some sources stated that he was born in Penyengat) in 1808 or 1809, and

202-655: A belt, paired with a kain selish (a type of sarong). This attire highlights the fusion of Malay and Bugis styles, reflecting the craftsmanship and cultural blending. A prominent textile in Bugis-Malay attire is the Kain Tenun Pahang , introduced from Riau or Sulawesi around the 16th century. Renowned for its weaving and intricate patterns, refined by the Bugis leader Tok Tuan or Keraing Aji, Kain Tenun Pahang

303-471: A crucial role in shaping the demographics and cultural landscapes of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. The Bugis-Malays are descendants of various waves of migration from Sulawesi to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and western Borneo. This movement began in the 17th century and continued through the 20th century. It is part of a broader pattern of Bugis migration across the region, which led to

404-542: A distinct origin rooted in socio-linguistic adaptation. The title emerged during the reign of Sultan Abdul Jalil, whose wife, Encik Nusamah, was of Acehnese descent. The term "Tengku," derived from the Acehnese "Teuku," was initially used to honor the maternal Acehnese heritage of their son. However, as Bugis settlers integrated into the Johor-Riau society, they found it difficult to pronounce "Teuku" correctly, leading to

505-560: A double 's', despite the fact that the Indonesian language does not have geminate consonants (although the Makassar and Bugis languages do). On 1 September 1971, the city was renamed after a variant of the pre-colonial name of the city's Fort Rotterdam , Ujung Pandang (Makassarese: Jumpandang ). The action was taken at the time Makassar was expanding from its original 21 km to encompass neighbouring regions to de-emphasise

606-492: A fleet' was seen around 1866. Sholl believed that they did not venture south into other areas such as Nickol Bay (where the European pearling industry commenced around 1865) due to the absence of trepang in those waters. The Macassan voyages appear to have ceased sometime in the late nineteenth century, and their place was taken by other sailors operating from elsewhere in the Indonesian archipelago. A radio documentary on

707-538: A genealogical record of the Bugis nobility and their roles within the Malay sultanates. The manuscript traces the ancestry and influence of Bugis families over generations, documenting significant historical events and social customs. Though often attributed to Raja Ali Haji, research has focused on its transcription and translation, revealing its importance in understanding the integration of Bugis culture and its impact on Malay society. Both manuscripts are crucial for studying

808-535: A key figure in the administration of the kingdom, working alongside the Sultan to manage political affairs. This arrangement effectively positioned the Bugis as co-rulers and influential decision-makers, thereby reshaping the political landscape of the Johor-Riau Malay kingdom and demonstrating the evolving nature of regional alliances and power structures during this period. The pledge of allegiance included

909-571: A monopoly of Malukan nutmeg and cloves and came close to succeeding at the expense of English, Portuguese and Muslims from the 1620s. The Makassar kings maintained a policy of free trade, insisting on the right of any visitor to do business in the city, and rejecting the attempts of the Dutch to establish a monopoly. Makassar depended mainly on the Muslim Malay and Catholic Portuguese sailors communities as its two crucial economic assets. However

1010-605: A monopoly over the region following the Bongaya Agreement and the conquest of Makassar . This Dutch dominance, marked by the imposition of Dutch currency and forced labor practices, created economic and social pressures that led to widespread resentment among the local population. The forced labor system, particularly burdensome for lower-ranking Bugis nobles, contributed to widespread dissatisfaction and resistance. In response to these economic and political pressures, many Bugis migrated to other parts of Indonesia and

1111-525: A notable impact on these regions. Through their roles in governance, defense, and economic activities, the Bugis played a significant part in shaping regional dynamics and maintaining a lasting legacy across Southeast Asia. Bugis-Malay traditional literature encompasses significant works that capture the historical, cultural, and social interactions between the Bugis and Malay communities. Two notable examples are Tuhfat al-Nafis and Silsilah Melayu dan Bugis . Tuhfat al-Nafis, attributed to Raja Ali Haji, details

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1212-622: A pivotal role in the migration of the Bugis. The mid-19th century brought substantial economic growth to the Malay Archipelago, particularly in land cultivation and trade. This expansion created new opportunities that drew Bugis settlers, for instance in regions like Johor, where the authorities actively encouraged migration to boost economic development. The promise of economic advancement was a strong incentive for many Bugis families. Political changes further influenced Bugis migration patterns. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) established

1313-552: A population of around 2,795,639 according to the mid 2023 official estimates. According to the National Development Planning Agency , Makassar is one of the four main central cities of Indonesia , alongside Medan , Jakarta , and Surabaya . According to Bank Indonesia , Makassar has the second-highest commercial property values in Indonesia, after Greater Jakarta . The name Makassar

1414-918: A significant role in the Riau-Lingga-Johor-Pahang Sultanate and surrounding areas in the late 17th century. During this period, many Bugis people migrated from their homeland in South Sulawesi to the Malay regions along the Malacca Strait , Karimata Strait and the South China Sea . Among those who migrated was the Bugis noble family of Opu Tentriborong Daing Rilaka (Rilekke) with his five sons: Daing Parani, Daing Manambun, Daing Marewah, Daing Cellak, and Daing Kemasi (Kemase). They initially arrived in Negeri Siantan (now Anambas Regency , Riau Islands) in

1515-455: A single 's') have appeared. The trade in spices figured prominently in the history of Sulawesi, which involved frequent struggles between rival native and foreign powers for control of the lucrative trade during the pre-colonial and colonial period when spices from the region were in high demand in the West. Much of South Sulawesi's early history was written in old texts that can be traced back to

1616-631: A swift Bugis response. The Bugis mobilized a formidable fleet and military force, led by Daeng Chelak, to retake Riau. Their campaign proved successful, restoring Riau under Sultan Sulaiman's authority. This victory solidified the Bugis' reputation as formidable military strategists and essential allies in the region. Post-victory, Daeng Chelak relocated to Kuala Selangor , where local residents requested him to remain as their ruler. Despite initial intentions to return to Riau , Daeng Chelak appointed Raja Lumu as his successor in Kuala Selangor, laying

1717-491: Is 175.77 square kilometres (67.87 sq mi), and it had a population of around 1.474 million (732,391 males and 742,002 females) in mid 2023 within Makassar City's fifteen administrative districts. Its official metropolitan area , known as Mamminasata , with the addition of thirty-three further districts of neighbouring regencies, covers an area of 2,666.63 square kilometres (1,029.59 sq mi) and had

1818-538: Is a warm black hue, streaked with tan or brown tones, and highly prized for use in making fine cabinetry and veneers . Nowadays, as the largest city in Sulawesi and Eastern Indonesia, the city's economy depends highly on the service sector, which makes up approximately 70% of activity. Restaurant and hotel services are the most significant contributor (29.14%), followed by transportation and communication (14.86%), trading (14.86), and finance (10.58%). Industrial activity

1919-519: Is also widely spoken in the city. The adjective form of the city's name and the eponymous ethnic group has varied over time. In English, Macassarese , Makassarese , and Macassan have all been used, although the latter is usually used in the historical context of trepangers in northern Australia (the Macassan contact with Australia ) and may include people not from Makassar. More recently, forms such as Makasarese and simply Makasar (both with

2020-706: Is around 32.5 °C (90.5 °F) and the average low around 22.5 °C (72.5 °F) all year long. In contrast to the virtually consistent temperature, rainfall shows wide variation between months due to the movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone . Makassar averages around 3,086 mm (121.50 in) of rain on 163 days during the year, but during the month with least rainfall – August – only 15 mm (0.59 in) on one day of rain can be expected. In contrast, during its wet season , Makassar can expect more than 500 mm (20 in) per month between December and February. During

2121-433: Is characterized by their influential presence across various sultanates and regions. This migration led to the Bugis establishing significant settlements and playing key roles in the socio-political landscapes of several Malay sultanates, including Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang, Selangor and Kalimantan during periods of political instability. Known for their strategic alliances with local Malay rulers and their military capabilities,

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2222-487: Is denoted by the letter on the windshield. Makassar is also known for its becak ( pedicabs ), which are smaller than the " becak " on the island of Java . In addition to becak and pete-pete, the city has a government-run bus system, taxis and ride-hailing services such as Gojek . A bus rapid transit (BRT), which is known as "Trans Mamminasata" was started in 2014. It has some routes through Makassar and connects to nearby cities including Maros, Takallar, and Gowa. Run by

2323-428: Is divided into 15 administrative districts ( kecamatan ) and subdivided into 153 urban villages ( kelurahan ). The districts are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the number of administrative villages (all classed as urban kelurahan ) in each district. Note (a) The 2010 population of

2424-408: Is one of Indonesia's primary ports, with regular international and domestic shipping connections. It is nationally famous as an essential port of call for the pinisi ships, wooden sailing ships which are among the last in use for regular long-distance trade. During the colonial era, the city was widely known as the namesake of Makassar oil , which it exported in substantial quantity. Makassar ebony

2525-467: Is the capital of the Indonesian province of South Sulawesi . It is the largest city in the region of Eastern Indonesia and the country's fifth-largest urban center after Jakarta , Surabaya , Medan , and Bandung . The city is located on the southwest coast of the island of Sulawesi, facing the Makassar Strait . Throughout its history, Makassar has been an important trading port, hosting

2626-780: Is the next most important after the service sector, with 21.34% of overall activity. The Makassar Industrial Estate ( Kawasan Industri Makassar ), located within the city's boundaries, measures at 270.84 hectares. Makassar is also a significant fishing center in Sulawesi . One of its major industries is the trepang ( sea cucumber ) industry. Trepang fishing brought the Makassan people into contact with Indigenous Australian peoples of northern Australia, long before European settlement (from 1788). C. C. MacKnight in his 1976 work entitled Voyage to Marege: Macassan Trepangers in Northern Australia has shown that they began frequenting

2727-721: Is used for both men's samping and women's sarongs or dresses. It often features gold thread, adding delicate motifs, and is favored for ceremonial attire, including weddings. The Bugis keris , originating from South Sulawesi and extending to the Malay Peninsula, southern Sumatra and the Riau-Lingga archipelago, is a distinctive dagger known for its unique blade and hilt designs. Primarily forged for self-defense and combat, these krises are recognized for their thicker and heavier blades that provide enhanced strength and durability. They are often decorated with intricate pamor patterns and embellishments, including tuli-tuli and batir, reflecting

2828-463: The ethnic connotations of the name, enlarged to its present area. Ujung Pandang remained locally unpopular and, on 13 October 1999, the name reverted to Makassar under President B. J. Habibie , himself a native of South Sulawesi. In the local language , the city is known as Mangkasara′ , written ᨆᨀᨔᨑ in the Lontara script traditionally used to write Makassarese as well as Buginese , which

2929-486: The 13th and 14th centuries. Makassar is mentioned in the Nagarakretagama , a Javanese eulogy composed in 14th century during the reign of Majapahit king Hayam Wuruk . In the text, Makassar is mentioned as an island under Majapahit dominance, alongside Butun , Salaya and Banggawi . The 9th King of Gowa Tumaparisi Kallonna (1512–1546) is described in the royal chronicle as the first Gowa ruler to ally with

3030-410: The 18th century, the Bugis made substantial contributions to Perak by combating piracy and integrating into the local ruling elite. Leaders such as Daeng Selili were instrumental in maintaining coastal security and forming strategic alliances through marriage, which facilitated their integration into Perak's socio-political framework. Their military and administrative contributions significantly impacted

3131-413: The Bugis integrated into local Malay societies, contributing to the region's political, economic and cultural development. The migrations represent a significant historical movement of peoples from Sulawesi , Indonesia, to various regions across Southeast Asia spanning from the 17th to the 20th centuries. These migrations were driven by a combination of economic, political and cultural factors and played

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3232-570: The Bugis played pivotal roles in supporting local Malay kingdoms. In Matan , for instance, the intervention of the Five Bugis Brothers during a succession crisis restored Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin to power. This alliance was solidified through strategic marriages, such as that between Puteri Kesumba and Daeng Menambun, who established a new kingdom in Mempawah . These strategic alliances through marriage and political support highlighted

3333-469: The Bugis presence began with Daeng Tuagik, a prominent leader who played a critical role in establishing and consolidating the Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura. His leadership was essential in stabilizing the region amid conflicts, and his descendants, including figures like Datuk Bandar Jamal and Datuk Ibrahim, continued to shape the area's governance, fostering economic growth and political stability. In

3434-464: The Bugis were granted considerable political influence, including the creation of the hereditary position of Yang Dipertuan Muda (YDM). This position was unprecedented in traditional Malay governance and allowed the Bugis to take on significant administrative and political responsibilities within the kingdom. The Sumpah Setia Melayu Bugis had profound implications for the governance of Johor-Riau. The Yang Dipertuan Muda, as established by this oath, became

3535-442: The Bugis were important in shaping regional politics and defense strategies. Their settlements in places like Linggi and Siak highlighted their expansion and integration into the socio-political fabric of the Malay Archipelago, making them notable figures in the region's historical development. Their presence in these regions contributed to the historical dynamics and development of the Malay Archipelago. Bugis migrants began to play

3636-522: The Bugis' ability to integrate and influence local politics, ensuring their presence and authority in Kalimantan. Similarly, in Sambas , alliances through marriage, like that of Daeng Kemasi with Raden Tengah, strengthened Bugis influence. Daeng Kemasi eventually ascended as Raja Sambas, consolidating Bugis power in the region. Their influence extended beyond mere military support, embedding deeply into

3737-651: The Bugis' determination to maintain their influence despite external opposition, further entrenching their presence in the region. The Bugis exerted significant influence in the Kedah Sultanate during the 18th century, marked by their strategic engagements amidst political upheaval and external pressures. Following initial diplomatic overtures and alliances, including marriages that solidified their position within local courts, Bugis leaders such as Daeng Parani and Daeng Marewah played pivotal roles in navigating Kedah's turbulent political landscape. Their military prowess

3838-592: The Bugis-Malay people reflect a blend of cultural influences and historical evolution, showcasing a unique sartorial heritage. For men, the traditional outfit includes the Baju Melayu , a traditional Malay shirt worn with a samping (a type of sarong) around the waist. This is complemented by a jacket and headgear, such as the Tanjak . Notable styles include the Tanjak Bugis Tak Balik , symbolizing

3939-587: The Bugis-Malays of Sulawesi but also the Bugis, Makassar and Mandarese people. The political and economic upheavals following the Makassar War and the subsequent Treaty of Bongaya, which disadvantaged the Gowa Kingdom, drove many Bugis and other inhabitants of Sulawesi to seek new opportunities and refuge from the turbulent political climate. The historical narrative of the Bugis in the Malay lands

4040-530: The Dutch in Melaka due to Linggi's proximity. The Dutch, recognizing the Bugis' growing power, expressed their concerns to the Sultan of Johor on October 6, 1701. Similar apprehensions had arisen during Raja Kecik's rule, leading to attempts to block Bugis movements through Naning to prevent attacks on Rembau. The Bugis presence in the region signaled their strategic intent to expand and solidify their influence, much to

4141-566: The Dutch, the Arabs, Malays and Buddhist returned to trade outside the fortress walls and were joined later by the Chinese. The town again became a collecting point for the produce of eastern Indonesia – the copra , rattan , Pearls , trepang and sandalwood and the famous oil made from bado nuts used in Europe as men's hairdressing – hence the anti-macassars (embroidered cloths protecting

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4242-712: The English East India Company also established a post there in 1613, the Danish Company arrived in 1618, and Chinese, Spanish and Indian traders were all important. When the Dutch conquered Portuguese Melaka in 1641, Makassar became the most extensive Portuguese base in Southeast Asia. The Portuguese population had been in the hundreds but rose to several thousand, served by churches of the Franciscans, Dominicans and Jesuits as well as

4343-572: The Indonesian Transportation Department, each bus can accommodate 20 standing passengers in addition to 20 seats. A 35-kilometer monorail in the areas of Makassar, Maros Regency , Sungguminasa ( Gowa Regency ), and Takalar Regency (the Mamminasata region) was proposed in 2011, with operations commencing in 2014, at a predicted cost of Rp.4 trillion ($ 468 million). The memorandum of understanding

4444-822: The Maduppa Busarak is a traditional welcome dance performed at palatial ceremonies to honor royalty and distinguished guests, showcasing the Bugis tradition of hospitality. Its contemporary adaptation, the Mappa Duppa, reflects the dance's influence in Pontian, Johor, and is performed during similar welcoming occasions. In addition to these ceremonial dances, the Poja Dance and the Tarian Zapin Cemara are notable elements of Bugis performing arts. The Poja Dance, performed during significant events like

4545-428: The Malay Peninsula have evolved to incorporate local architectural styles and practical considerations, such as the shift from the steeply pitched roofs of South Sulawesi to the 'limas' roof form, which is more suitable for the region's climate. The layout of Bugis-Malay houses in the Malay Peninsula typically features multiple sections or lontang, reflecting the traditional Bugis emphasis on spatial organization. Unlike

4646-459: The Malay Peninsula reflect an adaptation of Bugis architectural traditions from South Sulawesi, Indonesia, illustrating the cultural adaptability of the Bugis people. These traditional homes preserve essential elements of Bugis architecture, such as the cosmological layering of the house into three distinct zones: the upper layer for valuables, the central living space and the lower section for waste and domestic animals. However, Bugis-Malay houses in

4747-562: The Malay Peninsula, driven by the search for improved living conditions and economic opportunities, as well as a desire to escape oppressive circumstances. This migration resulted in the formation of Bugis communities across Southeast Asia, contributing to the region's cultural and demographic diversity. The fall of Makassar had a significant impact, prompting a large-scale migration towards the Malay regions and other areas including Bali , Java , Borneo and Aceh . This exodus included not only

4848-528: The Portuguese in 1511), then Portuguese from at least the 1540s, began to make this port their base for trading to the Spice Islands (Maluku), further east. The growth of Dutch maritime power over the spice trade after 1600 made Makassar more vital as an alternative port open to all traders, as well as a source of rice to trade with rice-deficient Maluku. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) sought

4949-573: The Sangkarrang Islands District ( Kecamatan Kepulauan Sangkarrang ) is included in the figure for the Ujung Tanah district, from which it was cut out. Makassar is a multi-ethnic city, populated mostly by Makassarese and Buginese . The remainder are Torajans , Mandarese , Butonese , Chinese and Javanese . The current population in mid 2023 is approximately 1,474,393, with a Metropolitan total of 2,795,639. The city

5050-640: The South China Sea. Prior to this migration, Bugis traders had already established a presence in the Malay regions during the Malacca Sultanate period, being recognized as prominent merchants in the eastern islands. The Bugis first became prominently involved in the Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang Sultanate during a period of political instability following the "Tragedi Seulas Nangka" in 1699. This event, marked by

5151-629: The Sultanate, underscored their strategic importance in regional politics. Through their adept military strategy and adaptive leadership, the Bugis not only bolstered Kedah's defenses but also contributed to its economic stability through maritime trade and resource management. Their legacy in Kedah highlights the enduring impact of Bugis influence on shaping the Sultanate's political trajectory and fostering alliances crucial for regional stability and growth. In Borneo, specifically in Sambas, Matan and Mempawah,

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5252-459: The Tallo River, Jeneberang River, and Pampang River) all of which flow into the city. Makassar City is a stretch of lowland at an altitude of between 0-25 meters above sea level. Makassar has a tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen : Am ). The average temperature for the year in Makassar is 27.5 °C (81.5 °F), with little variation due to its near-equatorial latitude: the average high

5353-425: The adoption of the title "Raja" by Bugis-Malay descendants originated from a unique socio-political adaptation. Raja Haji, born to a Bugis father, Daeng Cella’, and a Malay mother, Tengku Madak, was the first from his lineage to adopt the "Raja" title. Traditionally, Bugis nobility used titles like "Daeng" or "Andi." This shift to "Raja" symbolized the integration and acculturation between Malay and Bugis cultures within

5454-471: The alliance with Tallo by declaring he would be his own Chancellor. Conflicts within the kingdom quickly escalated, the Bugis rebelled under the leadership of Bone, and the Dutch VOC seized its long-awaited chance to conquer Makassar with the help of the Bugis (1667–69). Their first conquest in 1667 was the northern Makassar fort of Ujung Pandang, while in 1669 they conquered and destroyed Sombaopu in one of

5555-481: The arrival of the Dutch, there was an important Portuguese community, also called a bandel , that received the name of Borrobos. Around 1660 the leader of this community, which today would be equivalent to a neighbourhood, was the Portuguese Francisco Vieira de Figueiredo. The character of this old trading center changed as a walled city known as Vlaardingen grew. Gradually, in defiance of

5656-465: The assassination of Sultan Mahmud Shah II , plunged the Sultanate into turmoil. Raja Kecik , claiming descent from Sultan Mahmud, seized power and established himself as Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah (1717–1722). Amidst these power struggles, the Bugis leaders, including Daing Parani and Daing Marewah, formed strategic alliances with local Malay rulers against Raja Kecik. Their military prowess and strategic acumen were crucial in these alliances, providing

5757-408: The best-known evidences was a letter written in 1872 when Raja Ali Haji wrote a letter to Herman Von De Wall, a Dutch cultural expert, who later died at Tanjung Pinang in 1873. Bugis-Malay These migrations, which took place from the 17th to the early 20th centuries, led to the establishment of significant Bugis communities in regions such as Johor, Riau, Selangor and Singapore. Over time,

5858-416: The books that came his way in Portuguese, Spanish or Latin. A French Jesuit, Father Alexandre de Rhodes , described Pattingalloang's passion for mathematics and astronomy, on which he pestered the priest endlessly, while even one of his Dutch adversaries conceded he was "a man of great knowledge, science and understanding". After Pattingalloang's death in 1654, a new king of Gowa, Sultan Hasanuddin, rejected

5959-617: The broader social and cultural fabric of the Johor-Riau Sultanate, blending their Bugis heritage with the prevailing Malay aristocratic traditions. However, it is important to note that not all individuals bearing the titles "Tengku" and "Raja" are of Bugis-Malay descent, as these titles are also used by other Malay aristocratic families. Makassar Makassar ( / m ə ˈ k æ s ə r / muh- KASS -uhr ), formerly Ujung Pandang ( / ˈ u ˌ dʒ u ŋ p ɑː n ˈ d ɑː ŋ / oo- JOONG PAHN -dahng ),

6060-650: The capital of the State of East Indonesia , part of the United States of Indonesia . In 1950, it was the site of fighting between pro-Federalist forces under Captain Kahar Muzakkar and Republican forces under Colonel Sunkono during the Makassar uprising . Makassar is the capital of the province of South Sulawesi , located in the southern part of Sulawesi Island, formerly known as Ujung Pandang, bordered to

6161-735: The center of the Gowa Sultanate and a Portuguese naval base before its conquest by the Dutch East India Company in the 17th century. It remained an important port in the Dutch East Indies , serving Eastern Indonesian regions with Makassarese fishers going as far south as the Australian coast. For a brief period after Indonesian independence , Makassar became the capital of the State of East Indonesia , during which an uprising occurred . The city's area

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6262-721: The concern of colonial powers. The Bugis presence in Rembau lasted until October 1756, when Daeng Kemboja assembled forces to attack Melaka. They built fortresses in Klebang as bases for their operations, with support from Tengku Raja Said of Selangor. After nine months of conflict, the Bugis retreated to Linggi and Rembau Hilir following their defeat. Eventually, Daeng Kemboja and his forces relocated to Pedas, where they faced local resistance but ultimately secured their position. This persistent effort to establish dominance in Linggi exemplified

6363-672: The establishment of significant Bugis diaspora communities in Southeast Kalimantan, Kutai, Java, Lombok, Aceh and Bali. In some locations, such as Pagatan in South Kalimantan, the Bugis established a distinct diaspora identity, while in other areas, including Batavia (now Jakarta), Central Java, and Siam (now Thailand), their descendants assimilated into the larger local communities. The Bugis are renowned for their exceptional seafaring skills, as celebrated in their epic literary work, La Galigo . This epic recounts

6464-406: The first time an external ethnic group was formally integrated into the existing Malay political structure. The Bugis, who were initially outsiders, achieved a prominent status within the kingdom through this agreement. The oath was established following the Bugis' crucial role in aiding Raja Sulaiman of Johor-Riau in regaining his throne and restoring his authority. In recognition of their support,

6565-579: The following words: ...جكالاو توان كڤد بوڬيس توانله كڤد ملايو دان جكالاو توان كڤد ملايو توانله كڤد بوڬيس دان جكالاو موسوه كڤد بوڬيس موسوهله كڤد ملايو دان جكالاو موسوه كڤد ملايو موسوهله كڤد بوڬيس مك بارڠسياڤا موڠكير ...jikalau tuan kepada Bugis, tuanlah kepada Melayu dan jikalau tuan kepada Melayu tuanlah kepada Bugis dan jikalau musuh kepada Bugis musuhlah kepada Melayu dan jikalau musuh kepada Melayu musuhlah kepada Bugis maka barangsiapa mungkir dibinasakan Allah sampai anak cucunya... "... if he

6666-762: The foreign traders. The conversion of the citizens to Islam was followed by the first official Friday Prayer in the city, traditionally dated to 9 November 1607, which is celebrated today as the city's official anniversary. John Jourdain called Makassar in his day "the kindest people in all the Indias to strangers". Matoaya's eldest son succeeded him on the throne of Tallo, but as Chancellor, he had evidently groomed his brilliant second son, Karaeng Pattingalloang (1600–54), who exercised that position from 1639 until his death. Pattingalloang must have been partly educated by Portuguese, since as an adult he spoke Portuguese "as fluently as people from Lisbon itself", and avidly read all

6767-549: The greatest battles of 17th century Indonesia. The VOC moved the city center northward, around the Ujung Pandang fort they rebuilt and renamed Fort Rotterdam . From this base, they managed to destroy the strongholds of the Sultan of Gowa, who was then forced to live on the outskirts of Makassar. Following the Diponegoro War (1825–30), Prince Diponegoro was exiled to Fort Rotterdam until his death in 1855. After

6868-647: The groundwork for the Selangor Sultanate's establishment. Raja Lumu's rule marked the formal establishment of the Selangor Sultanate , further expanding Bugis influence in the Malay Peninsula. This strategic move not only secured their power but also ensured the stability and growth of Selangor under Bugis leadership, making it a significant political entity in the region. The Bugis influence extended to Linggi , where 600 Bugis warriors under Daeng Marewah agreed to settle. This development worried

6969-519: The head-rests of upholstered chairs). Although the Dutch controlled the coast, it was not until the early 20th century that they gained power over the southern interior through a series of treaties with local rulers. Meanwhile, Dutch missionaries converted many of the Toraja people to Christianity. By 1938, the population of Makassar had reached around 84,000 – a town described by writer Joseph Conrad as "the prettiest and perhaps, cleanest looking of all

7070-410: The history of the Malay-Bugis political structure during the 18th century, focusing on key events, alliances and conflicts within the Johor-Riau-Lingga Sultanate. Completed in the 1860s, this manuscript offers valuable insights into the political dynamics and cultural exchanges between the Bugis and Malay peoples. Silsilah Melayu dan Bugis , transcribed by Haji Abdullah bin Khairuddin in 1866, provides

7171-623: The integration of traditional Bugis design with local customs. One staircase is used for male guests, while the other provides access for females and connects to the kitchen and back areas. This adaptation aligns with cultural norms and practical needs, demonstrating how the Bugis community in the Malay Peninsula has successfully preserved key aspects of their heritage while blending with local traditions and environmental conditions. In general, Bugis-Malay descendants do not frequently use ancestral names unless they have inherited noble titles from their paternal side. Some Bugis-Malay families continue to use

7272-400: The island's inhabitants. Their involvement was crucial in transforming Singapore into a major trading hub within the Malay Archipelago, underscoring their economic and cultural significance. The Bugis also extended their presence to Melaka, Terengganu, Sarawak, Jambi, Palembang, Bangka-Belitung and Patani. Their strategic alliances, military campaigns, and integration into local societies left

7373-403: The legendary voyages of Sawerigading, reflecting the Bugis' deep-rooted inclination towards exploration and travel. The cultural value of siri, which encompasses pride, honor and dignity, significantly motivated the Bugis to seek new opportunities. Maintaining their social status and personal honor through siri drove them to strive for self-improvement and resilience. Economic factors also played

7474-483: The mispronunciation "Tengku." This adaptation was further complicated by the Malays' occasional use of "Tengku" in a satirical manner. To preserve their dignity and assert their noble status, the Bugis nobility began to use the title "Engku" as an alternative. This title not only distinguished them from the purely Malay nobility, who used titles like "Tun" and "Tengku," but also signified their adaptation and integration into

7575-467: The nearby trade-oriented polity of Tallo, a partnership which endured throughout Makassar's apogee as an independent kingdom. The center of the dual kingdom was at Sombaopu, near the then mouth of the Jeneberang River about 10 km south of the present city center, where an international port and a fortress were gradually developed. First Malay traders (expelled from their Melaka metropolis by

7676-487: The neighboring Bugis states. Karaeng Matoaya (c.1573–1636) was the ruler of Tallo from 1593, as well as Chancellor or Chief Minister ( Tuma'bicara-butta ) of the partner kingdom of Gowa. He managed the succession to the Gowa throne in 1593 of the 7-year-old boy later known as Sultan Alaud-din, and guided him through the acceptance of Islam in 1603, numerous modernizations in military and civil governance, and cordial relations with

7777-419: The north by Maros Regency and Pangkajene and Islands Regency, to the east by Maros Regency , to the south by Gowa Regency , and to the west by Makassar Strait . The area of Makassar City is recorded as 175.77 square kilometers. Makassar City is a city located near the coast that stretches along the western and northern corridors and is also known as the "Waterfront City" which contains several rivers such as

7878-632: The north of Australia around 1700 in search of trepang (sea-slug, sea cucumber, Beche-de-mer), an edible Holothurian . They left their waters during the Northwest Monsoon in December or January for what is now Arnhem Land , Marriage or Marega and the Kimberley region or Kayu Djawa. They returned home with the south-east trade winds in April. A fleet of between 24 and 26 Macassan perahus

7979-458: The open-plan designs found in South Sulawesi, houses in the Malay Peninsula often include partitions, catering to local preferences for privacy and functional separation. Additionally, these houses commonly have a front section, known as ri saliweng, for receiving visitors, and a veranda or lego-lego, which serves as a communal space for relaxation and social interaction. The presence of two separate staircases in Bugis-Malay houses further highlights

8080-579: The opening of the Sultan Alam Shah Museum, is structured into three segments that celebrate and honor guests through specific movements and gestures. Meanwhile, the Tarian Zapin Cemara, believed to have originated from Sabak Bernam, is celebrated for its distinctive style and meaningful connection to local cultural traditions. These performances illustrate the richness of Bugis-Malay artistic expression and its role in preserving cultural heritage through dance and music. Bugis-Malay houses in

8181-777: The owner's social status. Among the various types of Bugis krises are the Selayar Bugis , the Bugis Semenanjung and the Bugis Terengganu keris. Each type represents a regional variant of this iconic weapon, highlighting the diversity and cultural significance of the Bugis kris across different areas. The Bugis-Malay performing arts are characterized by a rich variety of traditional dance and music, reflecting their cultural heritage. Traditional dances often serve ceremonial purposes, such as welcoming esteemed guests or celebrating significant events. For instance,

8282-494: The regular clergy. By the 16th century, Makassar had become Sulawesi 's principal port and center of the powerful Gowa and Tallo sultanates which between them had a series of 11 fortresses and strongholds and a fortified sea wall that extended along the coast. Portuguese rulers called the city Macáçar . Makassar was very ably led in the first half of the 17th century when it effectively resisted Dutch pressure to close down its trade to Maluku and made allies rather than enemies of

8383-644: The remembrance of their ancestral land in South Sulawesi, and the Sumange Oge headgear, linked to the Malay Bugis descendants. The Tanjak Nakhoda Trong, named after a prominent Bugis captain from Pulau Trong in the Riau Islands, represents another significant variation of traditional Bugis headgear. For women, traditional attire typically features the Baju Bodo , distinguished by its Bugis cuts and

8484-424: The rich history and interactions of these communities in the Malay Archipelago. The Sumpah Setia Melayu Bugis (Malay-Bugis Oath of Allegiance) refers to a historic political pact and oath of loyalty formed between the Malay and the Bugis in the Johor-Riau Malay kingdom during the 18th century. This alliance marked a significant event in the history of the Malay Peninsula and the wider Archipelago, as it represented

8585-502: The socio-political fabric of these kingdoms. The Bugis' ability to navigate and dominate the complex political landscapes of Kalimantan underscored their strategic acumen and adaptability, making them indispensable allies and powerful rulers in these regions. The Bugis significantly impacted various regions in Southeast Asia, notably influencing the political and economic landscapes of Siak, Perak, Singapore, Melaka, Jambi, Palembang, Bangka-Belitung, Terengganu, Sarawak and Patani. In Siak ,

8686-661: The state's stability and governance, leaving a lasting influence on its historical development. Following the British establishment of a trading post in Singapore in 1819, the Bugis played a key role in the island's development. A group of 500 Bugis, led by Chieftain Arong Bilawa, settled in Singapore shortly after the British arrival. By 1824, the Bugis population had grown to around 1,851, constituting over 10 percent of

8787-413: The strength needed to challenge Raja Kecik's authority. With the assistance of the Bugis, Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah I emerged victorious in 1722, reclaiming Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang from Raja Kecik's rule. This victory was not only a testament to the Bugis' military capabilities but also marked the beginning of their significant influence in the region. As a reward for their support, Daing Marewah

8888-412: The sultanate, aiming to harmonize their social structures and reduce ethnic distinctions. Over time, Bugis descendants in Johor-Riau embraced Malay culture and customs, including the use of "Raja," leading to a unified noble identity that increasingly aligned with Malay heritage while diminishing their distinct Bugis roots. The title "Engku," used by Bugis-Malay descendants in the Johor-Riau Sultanate, has

8989-572: The towns in the islands". During World War II , the Makassar area was defended by approximately 1000 men of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army commanded by Colonel M. Vooren. He decided that he could not defend the coast, and was planning to fight a guerrilla war inland. The Japanese landed near Makassar on 9 February 1942. The defenders retreated but were soon overtaken and captured. In 1945, Indonesia proclaimed its Independence , and in 1946, Makassar became

9090-488: The trade between Makassar and North-East Arnhem Land, entitled "Trepang Trade" , was made by the historian and film-maker Tom Murray for ABC Radio National in 2000. This work included descriptions of the trade made by Yolngu Aboriginal people who had visited Makassar with the trading boats, including a man called Djalatjerri (variously spelt as Djalatjirri or Djaladjari) who was interviewed by the anthropologists Ronald Berndt and Catherine Berndt . Other Yolngu recollections of

9191-463: The trade featured in this work are by Charlie Matjuwi Burarrwanga , a Gumatj man from Elcho Island, and Mowarra Ganambarr OAM , a Dätiwuy man from Rorruwuy in NE Arnhem Land. Makassar has a public transportation system called pete-pete . A pete-pete (known elsewhere in Indonesia as an angkot ) is a share taxi that has been modified to carry passengers. The route of Makassar's pete-petes

9292-437: The traditional title "Daeng," which reflects their Bugis heritage. However, others have adopted titles such as "Raja" and "Engku," which are more aligned with Malay aristocratic traditions. This variation in title usage reflects the blending of Bugis and Malay cultures and the adaptation of titles that signify noble status within the context of the Johor-Riau Sultanate's social structure. In the Johor-Riau and Selangor Sultanate,

9393-412: The wettest month of January, 734 mm (28.90 in) can be expected to fall on twenty-seven rainy days. The executive head of the city is the mayor, who is elected by direct vote for a period of five years. The mayor is assisted by a deputy mayor, who is also an elected official. There is a legislative assembly for the city, members of which are also elected for a period of five years. Makassar City

9494-453: Was 19 years old. Haji undertook a diverse education and he eventually became renowned for his learning. He was 32, Haji became a joint regent who helped administer Lingga for the young Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar Shah . Most sources stated that Raja Ali Haji died in 1872 at Penyengat Island in Riau, but the date of his death was being debated as scattered evidences surfaced to oppose this claim. Among

9595-420: Was an ally to the Bugis he shall then be an ally to the Malays and if he was an ally to the Malays he shall then be an ally to the Bugis and if he was a nemesis to the Bugis he shall then be a nemesis to the Malays and if he was a nemesis to the Malays he shall then be a nemesis to the Bugis if one ever betrayed calamity by Allah till his descendants..." The traditional attire and textiles of

9696-684: Was appointed Yang Dipertuan Muda, a position crucial to maintaining stability and unity within the Sultanate. This appointment underscored the pivotal role the Bugis played in the political landscape of the Sultanate, establishing them as key power brokers and protectors of the Sultan's authority. Following their success in Johor-Riau, the Bugis leaders sought to consolidate their influence in Selangor. Their migration aimed to bolster military capabilities and gather resources to confront remaining adversaries, particularly Raja Kecik. During their absence, however, Raja Kecik reasserted control over Riau, prompting

9797-496: Was crucial in supporting Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah in defending against Siamese encroachments and internal rivalries, securing the Sultanate's sovereignty during periods of colonial confrontations and dynastic disputes. The Bugis intervention in Kedah was characterized by a series of military campaigns aimed at preserving royal authority and territorial integrity. Their alliances with local Malay rulers against external threats, including Siamese ambitions and rival factions within

9898-515: Was long spelled Macassar in English and many other European languages, although the Portuguese spelled it Macáçar during their presence there in the 17th century. The Dutch spelled the name both Makasser and Makassar during their rule over the city as part of the Dutch East Indies . With the independence following World War II, the Indonesians kept the Dutch spelling of Makassar with

9999-474: Was noted by Phillip Parker King in the vicinity of Port Essington in the Arafura Sea. In 1865, R.J. Sholl, then Government Resident for the British settlement at Camden Sound (near Augustus Island in the Kimberley region) observed seven 'Macassan' perahus with a total of around 300 men on board. He believed that they made kidnapping raids and ranged as far south as Roebuck Bay (later Broome) where 'quite

10100-625: Was seen in 1803 by French explorers under Nicolas Baudin on the Holothuria Banks in the Timor Sea . In February 1803, Matthew Flinders in the Investigator met six perahus with 20–25 men each on board and was told by the fleet's chief Pobasso , that there were 60 perahus then on the north Australian coast. They were fishing for trepang and appeared to have only a small compass as a navigation aid. In June 1818 Macassan trepang fishing

10201-596: Was the son of Raja Ahmad, who was titled Engku Haji Tua after accomplishing the pilgrimage to Mecca. He was the grandson of Raja Ali Haji Fisabilillah (the brother of Raja Lumu, the first Sultan of Selangor). Fisabilillah was a scion of the royal house of Riau , who were descended from Bugis warriors who came to the region in the 18th century. His mother, Encik Hamidah binti Malik was a cousin of his father and also of Bugis descent. Raji Ali Haji soon relocated to Penyengat as an infant, where he grew up and received his education. He went on pilgrimage to Mecca in 1828 when he

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