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70-483: Because the words Rakata and Krakatau are the same in Indonesian, both names are used interchangeably, leading to confusion in languages which distinguish between the two words. In geological usage, Krakatau is the island and Rakata is the main volcanic cone on that island. But Krakatau is also used for the volcanic edifice as a whole, including all four islands ( Krakatau , Anak Krakatau , Verlaten and Lang ) of

140-435: A Somma - stratovolcano system of the late Holocene epoch , and features a pyroclastic cone . The major rock-type components of Anak Krakatau include andesite , dacite , and basalt ; with minor indications of trachyte . The island had reached a maximum elevation of 338 m (1,109 ft) before its collapse during the 2018 eruptive event. The volcano's most recent eruptive episode began in 1994. Quiet periods of

210-468: A Dutch soldier was repeatedly stabbed by a bearded, white-robed man while paying for tobacco in the small town of Serang . The would-be assassin was never captured, but a similarly-dressed man attacked a sentry at the garrison six weeks later, blaming the Dutch for bringing divine vengeance upon the area. The "extreme religious zeal" noted by the man's interrogators seen as widespread, and historians suggest it

280-467: A common source, meaning that they are different vents of a single volcano. The map made by Capt. Ferzaneer from his visit on 11 August shows no eruptive "foci" from Rakata or its slopes (although there are several from the southern part of Danan), but he was not able to investigate the southern or western parts of the island due to the ash cloud blowing in that direction. In his portrayal of the catastrophe, Rogier Verbeek depicts that Rakata's northern half

350-457: A fanciful colony drawing vast wealth from fictional diamond mines on the island until the eruption scatters the inhabitants and destroys the mines. Krakatoa has been featured as a subject and a part of the story in various television and film dramas. In the 1953 film Fair Wind to Java , an American sea captain and a pirate leader race one another to recover a fortune in diamonds hidden on Krakatoa, which begins its final eruption as they search

420-532: A few days have alternated with almost continuous Strombolian eruptions since then. Hot gases, rocks, and lava were released in an eruption in April 2008. Scientists monitoring the volcano warned people to stay out of a 3 km (1.9 mi) zone around the island. On 6 May 2009, the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia raised the eruption alert status of Anak Krakatau to Level 3. An expedition to

490-441: A few months after the catastrophe, Rakata's height is given as 830 m, compared to 820 m before, however this may be due to inaccuracy of the earlier surveys. Verbeek reports that the cleavage was approximately at the old summit. The remnant of Rakata grew rather considerably in area due to falling pumice. However, most of the increased area (largely to the west and southeast) was washed away within several years by wave action. Due to

560-529: A fourth island, Anak Krakatoa , or "Child of Krakatoa", emerged from the caldera formed in 1883. There has been new eruptive activity since the late 20th century, with a large collapse causing a deadly tsunami in December 2018 . The most notable eruptions of Krakatoa culminated in a series of massive explosions over 26–27 August 1883, which were among the most violent volcanic events in recorded history. With an estimated Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6,

630-522: A fresh unweathered lava flow at the northern coast of Perboewatan, which he claimed could not have been more than two centuries old. In February 1780, the crews of HMS  Resolution  (1771) and HMS  Discovery  (1774) , on the way home after Captain James Cook 's death in Hawaiʻi , stopped for a few days on Krakatoa. They found a freshwater and a hot spring on the island. They described

700-399: A large underwater collapse of the volcano, which caused a deadly tsunami in December 2018. There has been subsequent activity since. Owing to its young age the island is one of several in the area that are of interest to, and the subject of extensive study by volcanologists . After the cataclysmic eruption of Krakatoa in 1883 , Krakatoa Island lost approximately two-thirds of its mass on

770-567: A pepper crop was being offered for sale by inhabitants.) Simon Winchester maintains, in his 2003 book Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded: August 27, 1883 , that the 1680 eruption was depicted in an eighteenth-century etching by Dutch cartographer Jan van Schley called Het Brandende Eiland , "The Burning Island," writing that "it was a depiction, without a doubt, of the otherwise little-chronicled eruption that supposedly took place in 1680." In 1880, Verbeek investigated

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840-414: A radius of roughly 2 kilometres (1.2 mi), and a highest point of about 324 metres (1,063 ft) above sea level, growing five metres (16 ft) each year. In 2017, the height of Anak Krakatau was reported as over 400 m (1,300 ft) above sea level; following a collapse in December 2018, the height was reduced to 110 meters (361 ft). One of the earliest mentions of the name Krakatoa

910-414: A secondary ash plume made it to about 11 kilometres (36,000 ft). The eruption was largely magmatic with lava fountains visible. No widespread damage was reported, and the eruption ended several hours later. Anak Krakatau presented a minor eruption on 4 to 5 February 2022. At 8:20 PM on 24 April 2022, Anak Krakatau once again erupted, sending a massive plume of ash 3,157 metres (10,358 ft) above

980-451: A series of four huge explosions almost destroyed the island. The explosions were so violent that they were heard 3,110 km (1,930 mi) away in Perth , Western Australia, and the island of Rodrigues near Mauritius , 4,800 km (3,000 mi) away. The pressure wave from the third and most violent explosion was recorded on barographs around the world. Several barographs recorded

1050-419: A short-lived appearance of a small island that was sunk by sea waves within a week. Several months later volcanic activity began to create a more permanent land formation which, owing to rain and waves, once again collapsed under the sea after its volcanic activity stopped. This process recurred several times during the next three years. On 11 August 1930 the volcanic island permanently rose above sea level and

1120-451: A similar noise from Kapi, lying westward of the modern Bantam [( Banten ) is the westernmost province in Java, so this seems to indicate that Krakatoa is meant]. A great glowing fire, which reached the sky, came out of the last-named mountain; the whole world was greatly shaken and violent thundering, accompanied by heavy rain and storms took place, but not only did not this heavy rain extinguish

1190-519: A strong Strombolian to weak Vulcanian eruption that sent lava bombs into the water. An eruption of the volcano on 22 December 2018 caused a deadly tsunami, with waves up to five meters in height making landfall. On 31 December 2018, the disaster agency stated the tsunami's death toll was 437, with 14,059 injured. The tsunami affected more than 300 kilometers (186 mi) of coastline in Sumatra and Java and 40,000 people were displaced. This made

1260-521: Is a caldera in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in the Indonesian province of Lampung . The caldera is part of a volcanic island group ( Krakatoa archipelago ) comprising four islands. Two of them are known as Lang and Verlaten ; another, Rakata , is the only remnant of an island mostly destroyed by an eruption in 1883 which created the caldera. In 1927,

1330-601: Is in the Old Sundanese text Bujangga Manik , which was probably written in western Java in the late 15th century. Here Krakatoa is referred to as "the island of Rakata, a mountain in the middle of the sea" ( pulo Rakata gunung ti tengah sagara , f. 27v). Although there are earlier descriptions in European sources of an island in the Sunda Strait with a "pointed mountain," the earliest mention of Krakatoa by name in

1400-500: Is no geological evidence presented that substantiates this eruption. David Keys , Ken Wohletz, and others have postulated that a violent volcanic eruption, possibly of Krakatoa, in 535 was responsible for the global climate changes of 535–536 . Drilling projects in Sunda Strait ruled out any possibility that an eruption took place in 535 AD. Thornton mentions that Krakatoa was known as "The Fire Mountain" during Java's Sailendra dynasty, with records of seven eruptive events between

1470-630: Is not known if the two are actually related in origin or just coincidental. Rakata seems to have played a comparatively minor role in the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa . Some reports seem to indicate it started erupting ("venting") in late July, compared to Perboewatan starting in May and Danan in June. (Furneaux mentions an unsourced report that the Peak had collapsed sometime in July.) All eruptive centres of Krakatau have

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1540-672: Is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire . The island is situated approximately 700 km (430 mi) north of the Sunda Trench marking the subduction zone separating the Australian Plate and the fixed Sunda Plate , atop an oceanic crust of less than 25 km (16 mi) in thickness. In geologic terms, it has recently formed within the caldera of the Krakatoa volcanic eruption. The entire island comprises

1610-641: The Indo-Australian Plate . A majority of these volcanoes lie along Indonesia's two largest islands, Java and Sumatra. These two islands are separated by the Sunda Strait located at a bend in the axis of the island arc. Krakatau is directly above the subduction zone of the Eurasian Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate where the plate boundaries make a sharp change of direction, possibly resulting in an unusually weak crust in

1680-512: The Krakatoa Archipelago . Before 1883 (and in many of the eruption reports), Rakata was just referred to as " the Peak (of Krakatau) ." Rakata is a volcanic cone with its northern face being a vertical cliff , exposing much of its eruptive history. More than 25 extrusion dikes have been counted; the largest at the center runs from sea level to 320 meters above and terminates in a large (about 6 meters in diameter), convex form. It

1750-410: The tsunamis that followed the explosion. The eruption destroyed two-thirds of the island of Krakatoa. Eruptions in the area since 1927 have built a new island at the same location, named Anak Krakatau (which is Indonesian for "Child of Krakatoa"). Periodic eruptions have continued since, with recent eruptions in 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012, and a major collapse in 2018. In late 2011, this island had

1820-572: The western world was on a 1611 map by Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer , who labelled the island "Pulo Carcata" ( pulo is the Sundanese word for "island"). About two dozen variants have been found, including Crackatouw, Cracatoa, and Krakatao (in an older Portuguese -based spelling). The first known appearance of the spelling Krakatau was by Wouter Schouten , who passed by "the high tree-covered island of Krakatau" in October 1658. The origin of

1890-490: The "Krakatoa Variant" is a scenario involving an island composed of three volcano tiles. Anak Krakatoa Anak Krakatau is a volcanic island in Indonesia . On 29 December 1927, Anak Krakatau first emerged from the caldera formed in 1883 by the explosive volcanic eruption that destroyed the island of Krakatoa . There has been sporadic eruptive activity at the site since the late 20th century, culminating in

1960-561: The 1883 eruption or whether some indigenous life survived. When the first researchers reached the islands in May 1884, the only living thing they found was a spider in a crevice on the south side of Rakata. Life quickly recolonized the islands, however; Verbeek's visit in October 1884 found grass shoots already growing. The eastern side of the island has been extensively vegetated by trees and shrubs, presumably brought there as seeds washed up by ocean currents or carried in birds' droppings (or brought by natives and scientific investigators). However,

2030-444: The 1883 eruption, the Krakatoa group comprised Lang, Verlaten, and Krakatoa itself, an island 9 km (5.6 mi) long by 5 km (3.1 mi) wide. There were also the tree-covered islet near Lang (Poolsche Hoed) and several small rocky islets or banks between Krakatoa and Verlaten. There were three volcanic cones on Krakatoa island: Rakata , (820 m or 2,690 ft) to the south; Danan , (450 m or 1,480 ft) near

2100-406: The 19th [of November 1681] we again lifted anchor and proceeded first to the north of us to the island of Sleepzie ( Sebesi ), uninhabited, ... and then still north of the island of Krakatou, which erupted about a year ago and also is uninhabited. The rising smoke column of this island can be seen from miles away; we were with our ship very close to shore and we could see the trees sticking out high on

2170-538: The 9th and 16th centuries. These have been tentatively dated as having occurred in 850, 950, 1050, 1150, 1320, and 1530. In February 1681, Johann Wilhelm Vogel , a Dutch mining engineer at Salida, Sumatra (near Padang ), on his way to Batavia (now Jakarta ) passed through the Sunda Strait. In his diary he wrote: ...I saw with amazement that the island of Krakatoa, on my first trip to Sumatra [June 1679] completely green and healthy with trees, lay completely burnt and barren in front of our eyes and that at four locations

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2240-518: The Dutch set up a naval station on the islands and somewhat later a shipyard was built. Sometime in the late 17th century, an attempt was made to establish a pepper plantation on Krakatoa, but the islands were generally ignored by the Dutch East India Company . In 1809, a penal colony was established at an unspecified location, which was in operation for about a decade. By the 1880s, the islands were without permanent inhabitants;

2310-403: The Indonesian name Krakatau is uncertain. The main theories are: The Smithsonian Institution 's Global Volcanism Program cites the Indonesian name, Krakatau, as the correct name, but says that Krakatoa is often employed. Indonesia has over 130 active volcanoes, the most of any nation. They make up the axis of the Indonesian island arc system produced by northeastward subduction of

2380-580: The center; and Perboewatan , (120 m or 390 ft) to the north. The Javanese Book of Kings ( Pustaka Raja ), a 19th-century compilation of historical traditions from Central Java, records that in the year 338 Śaka (416 AD): A thundering sound was heard from the mountain Batuwara [now called Pulosari , an extinct volcano in Bantam , the nearest to the Sunda Strait] which was answered by

2450-556: The character Squidward Tentacles . In the episode Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy V , Squidward adopts the persona of a superhero named Captain Magma whose catchphrase is "Krakatoa". An Indonesian martial arts action film, Krakatau (1977), starring Dicky Zulkarnaen and Advent Bangun , set the story on the mountain. It has been the subject of a 2006 television drama, Krakatoa: Volcano of Destruction and again in 2008 as Krakatoa . In Klaus Teuber's board game Seafarers of Catan ,

2520-487: The development of transoceanic communication cables . Winchester suggests the disaster marks the birth of an era of global awareness. The islands have become a major case study of island biogeography and founder populations in an ecosystem being built from the ground up in an environment virtually cleaned. The islands had been little studied or biologically surveyed before the 1883 catastrophe—only two pre-1883 biological collections are known: one of plant specimens and

2590-420: The eastern half of the island) was to be for 30 years. Handl took up residence on the south coast of Rakata, where he built a house and planted a garden along with "four European families and about 30 coolies ". Handl found un-burned wood below the 1883 ash deposits while digging, and fresh water was found below 5.5 metres (18 ft). He and his entourage stayed there for four years, but left due to "violation of

2660-574: The eruption of the fire of the mountain Kapi, but augmented the fire; the noise was fearful, at last the mountain Kapi with a tremendous roar burst into pieces and sank into the deepest of the earth. The water of the sea rose and inundated the land, the country to the east of the mountain Batuwara, to the mountain Rajabasa [the most southerly volcano in Sumatra], was inundated by the sea; the inhabitants of

2730-405: The eruption the second deadliest volcanic eruption of the 21st century to date. Cone collapse—with tsunami generation—was considered a potential hazard immediately before the eruption. Scientists had modeled the possibility six years before the event, and had identified the western flank as the section of the volcano most likely to fail. Following the December 2018 eruption, it was believed that

2800-467: The eruption was equivalent to 200 megatons of TNT (840 PJ)—about 13,000 times the nuclear yield of the Little Boy bomb (13 to 16 kt) that devastated Hiroshima , Japan, during World War II , and four times the yield of Tsar Bomba , the most powerful nuclear device ever detonated at 50 Mt. The 1883 eruption ejected approximately 25 km (6 cubic miles) of rock. The cataclysmic explosion

2870-444: The floral ecosystem on Rakata is considerably vulnerable to environmental factors, and has been damaged by recent eruptions at Anak Krakatau. In 1914, plans were to set aside Rakata as a nature preserve. In 1916, Johann Handl, a German " pumice collector", obtained a permit to mine pumice, against "strong community objections", apparently to get away from World War I. His lease of 8.7 square kilometres (3.4 sq mi) (basically

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2940-524: The island for the treasure. In 1961, the anthology series One Step Beyond ended its run with the episode "Eye Witness," which dramatized the mysterious reporting of Krakatoa's eruption weeks before the news could have reached the newspaper in Boston. The island was a prominent part of the plot of '"Crack of Doom," episode six of the Irwin Allen television series The Time Tunnel in 1966. It

3010-470: The islands, but was allowed to spend only a few hours there. He was able to collect samples from several places, and his investigation later proved important in judging the geological impact of the 1883 eruption. While seismic activity around the volcano was intense in the years preceding the cataclysmic 1883 eruption, a series of lesser eruptions began on 20 May 1883. The volcano released huge plumes of steam and ash lasting until late August. On 27 August,

3080-557: The morning of 10 April 2020. The first eruption could be heard in the Indonesian capital of Jakarta , over 150 kilometres (93 mi) away, and was spewing out a 200 metres (660 ft) high column of ash and smoke according to the Center for Volcanology and Geological Disaster Mitigation's (PVMBG) magma volcanic activity report, which also said that the first eruption lasted one minute and 12 seconds starting at 9:58 p.m. The eruption spewed ash to about 14 kilometres (46,000 ft) and

3150-413: The mountain, and which looked completely burned, but we could not see the fire itself. The eruption was also reported by a Bengali sea captain, who wrote of the event later, but had not recorded it at the time in the ship's log. Neither Vogel nor Hesse mention Krakatoa in any real detail in their other passages, and no other travellers at the time mention an eruption or evidence of one. (In November 1681,

3220-399: The natives who then lived on the island as "friendly" and made several sketches (In his journal, John Ledyard calls the island "Cocoterra"). Edmund Roberts calls the island Crokatoa in his journal. A paraphrased account follows: On 8 September 1832, US sloop-of-war Peacock anchored off the north end, also visiting Lang Island , in search of inhabitants, fresh water and yams . It

3290-402: The nearest settlement was the nearby island of Sebesi (about 12 km or 7.5 mi away) with a population of 3,000. Several surveys and mariners' charts were made, and the islands were little explored or studied. An 1854 map of the islands was used in an English chart, which shows some difference from a Dutch chart made in 1874. In July 1880, Rogier Verbeek made an official survey of

3360-553: The northern part of the Sunda country to the mountain Rajabasa were drowned and swept away with all property ... The water subsided but the land on which Kapi stood became sea, and Java and Sumatra were divided into two parts. The Pustaka Raja does not draw on primary sources for its description of this event, and its historical reliability is highly dubious. It is therefore impossible to verify its description of this eruption. There

3430-451: The northwest side, obliterating the peaks of Perboewatan and Danan, and leaving only the southern half of the island, including the Rakata volcano, as the last remnant of the original island. The lost area became a shallow sea. In early 1927 volcanic activity began to appear at the point located between where the former peaks of Mount Perboewatan and Mount Danan had been. This was

3500-484: The other part of a shell collection. From descriptions and drawings made by HMS  Discovery , the flora appears to have been representative of a typical Javan tropical climax forest . The pre-1883 fauna is virtually unknown but was probably typical of the smaller islands in the area. From a biological perspective, the Krakatau problem refers to the question of whether the islands were completely sterilized by

3570-511: The region and worldwide. The death toll recorded by the Dutch authorities was 36,417, although some sources put the estimate at more than 120,000. There are numerous documented reports of groups of human skeletons floating across the Indian Ocean on rafts of volcanic pumice and washing up on the east coast of Africa up to a year after the eruption. Summer temperatures in the northern hemisphere fell by an average of 0.4 °C (0.72 °F) in

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3640-404: The region. At some point in prehistory , an earlier caldera-forming eruption had occurred, leaving as remnants Verlaten (or Sertung ); Lang (also known as Rakata Kecil, or Panjang); Poolsche Hoed ("Polish Hat"); and the base of Rakata . Later, at least two more cones ( Perboewatan and Danan ) formed and eventually joined with Rakata, forming the main island of Krakatoa. At the time of

3710-667: The sea level. The volcano had erupted 21 times in the first four months of 2022, with the 24 April eruption being the biggest. On 26 April, Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG) increased the alert level for Anak Krakatau from level 2 to level 3. The agency warned of possible high waves and tsunami following any eruptive event. Anak Krakatau began another eruption cycle on 15 September 2023, with white gas-and-steam plumes as high as 100 m above Krakatau’s summit on most days during 15–21 September and drifting NW, N and NE. White-and-gray plumes rose as high as 100 m and drifted NW on 21 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on

3780-634: The severity of the eruption, leaving very little flora and fauna alive, Rakata has been used as a modern study on biological island colonization. There are no dated reports of eruptions from Rakata since the 1883 catastrophe , although tentative datings have been made from dating ash deposits left. Subsequent activity of Krakatoa seems to be limited to the area that had been between Danan (volcano) and Perboewatan , where Anak Krakatoa has arisen, starting in 1927. Krakatau Krakatoa ( / ˌ k r ɑː k ə ˈ t oʊ ə , ˌ k r æ k -/ ), also transcribed Krakatau ( /- ˈ t aʊ / ),

3850-624: The sound of running water. The boat glided over crystal clear water, over an extensive and highly beautiful submarine garden. Corals of every shape and hue were there, some resembling sunflowers and mushrooms, others cabbages from 1 to 36 inches (3 to 91 cm) in diameter, while a third type bore a striking likeness to the rose. The hillsides were typical of tropical climate; large flocks of parrots, monkeys in great variety, wild-mango and orange groves—a superb scene of plants and flowers of every description, glowing in vivid tints of purple, red, blue, brown, and green—but not water or provisions. In 1620,

3920-534: The southwest sector of the volcano, including the summit, had collapsed during the eruption, triggering the tsunami. On 23 December, this was confirmed by satellite data and helicopter footage, with the main conduit seen erupting from underwater, producing Surtseyan -style activity. The volcano lost over two-thirds of its volume due to this event, and its elevation above sea level was reduced from 338 m (1,109 ft) to just 110 m (360 ft). Satellite radar observations showed that by 10 January 2019,

3990-433: The terms of the lease." It is his party that is believed to have inadvertently introduced the black rat to the island, which quickly proliferated. Krakatoa was declared as a nature reserve in 1921, corresponding to IUCN management category Ia ( strict nature reserve ). Along with several other nature reserves, it was proposed as a national park in 1980. In 1991, "Ujung Kulon National Park and Krakatau Nature Reserve"

4060-437: The volcano had continued to form, with further eruptions beginning to re-model the remnant structure. The crater, which had become open to the sea immediately after the eruption, had a complete rim above sea level. In May 2019, phreatomagmatic activity was observed around the newly reconstructed crater as the volcano continued to increase in height and remodel the areas destroyed in 2018. Anak Krakatau began erupting again on

4130-498: The volcano revealed that a 100 m (330 ft) wide lava dome was growing in its crater. In January 2012, volcanologists at the University of Oregon warned that a tsunami caused by flank collapse of Anak Krakatau was likely, as it had formed on the steep eastern slope of the large caldera formed by the 1883 explosive eruption. A new eruptive phase was observed starting in June 2018; and on 15 October 2018, Anak Krakatau had

4200-522: The waterline a few days later. The eruptions were initially of pumice and ash, and that island and the two islands that followed were quickly eroded away by the sea. Eventually, a fourth island, named Anak Krakatau (meaning "child of Krakatoa" in Indonesian), broke water in August 1930 and produced lava flows more quickly than the waves could erode them. On October 2, 1883, five weeks after the eruption,

4270-528: The wave seven times over the course of five days: four times with the wave travelling away from the volcano to its antipodal point , and three times travelling back to the volcano; the wave rounded the globe three and a half times. Ash was propelled to a height of 80 km (260,000 ft). It was reported that the sound of the eruption was so loud that anyone within 16 kilometres (10 mi) would have gone deaf. The combined effects of pyroclastic flows , volcanic ashes, and tsunamis had disastrous results in

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4340-421: The year following the eruption. Verbeek, in his report on the eruption, predicted that any new activity would manifest itself in the region which had been between Perboewatan and Danan. This prediction came true on 29 December 1927, when a submarine lava dome in the area of Perboewatan showed evidence of eruptions (an earlier event in the same area had been reported in June 1927). A new island volcano rose above

4410-476: Was also featured as the main part of the story line in the 1969 film, Krakatoa, East of Java (retitled Volcano in a re-release in the 1970s; the title contains a rather large geographical error, as Krakatoa is west of Java), which depicts an effort to salvage a priceless cargo of pearls located perilously close to the erupting volcano. Krakatoa is referenced in SpongeBob SquarePants by

4480-496: Was destroyed, along with the central part of the island, during the largest explosion, which occurred at 10:02 am on 27 August. Verbeek surmised that unlike Danan and Perboewatan, Rakata was not directly above the magma chamber , being connected only by a fissure which lay along the cleavage line of the caldera . However, examining the cliff from the air indicates two arcs, the second of which seems to be due to later (post-1883) landslides of unstable cliff material. In surveys made

4550-470: Was exploited by rising Muslim conservatives and anticolonial leaders (such as Abdul Karim Amrullah ) to foment the Banten Peasant's Revolt in 1888, and to prey upon the Dutch conscience made uneasy by Max Havelaar and subsequent revelations of abuses. The explosion was the first natural disaster in history whose effects were definitively felt worldwide and whose cause was known, following

4620-469: Was found difficult to land anywhere, due to a heavy surf and to the coral having extended itself to a considerable distance from the shore. Hot springs boiling furiously up, through many fathoms of water, were found on the eastern side of Krakatoa, 150 feet (46 m) from the shore. Roberts, Captain Geisinger , and marine lieutenant Fowler visited Forsaken island, having mistaken the singing of locusts for

4690-536: Was heard 3,600 km (2,200 mi) away in Alice Springs , Australia , and on the island of Rodrigues near Mauritius , 4,780 km (2,970 mi) to the west. According to the official records of the Dutch East Indies colony, 165 villages and towns were destroyed near Krakatoa, and 132 were seriously damaged. At least 36,417 people died, and many more thousands were injured, mostly from

4760-402: Was inscribed as an UNESCO World Heritage Site , matching Natural criteria (vii) and (x). Ujung Kulon National Park was officially established in 1992, including Krakatoa. A large part of the 1947 children's novel The Twenty-One Balloons by William Pene du Bois takes place on Krakatoa, just before and then during the 1883 eruption. In Pene du Bois's tale, 25 families have established

4830-513: Was locally named Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatoa). It has been the site of repeated eruptive episodes ever since. Anak Krakatau's highest point increased at an average rate of 7–9 meters per year through September 2018. Anak Krakatau is located in the Sunda Strait —between the islands of Java and Sumatra —in the Indonesian province of Lampung . The volcano is contained within the Ujung Kulon National Park , and

4900-533: Was throwing up large chunks of fire. And when I asked the ship's Captain when the aforementioned island had erupted, he told me that this had happened in May 1680 ... He showed me a piece of pumice as big as his fist. Vogel spent several months in Batavia, returning to Sumatra in November 1681. On the same ship were several other Dutch travellers, including Elias Hesse , a writer. Hesse's journal reports: ...on

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