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43-712: The Rampin Rider or Rampin Horseman ( c. 550 BC) is an equestrian statue from the Archaic Period of Ancient Greece . The statue was made of marble and has traces of red and black paint. The head of the rider was found on the Acropolis of Athens in 1877 and donated to the Louvre . Parts of the body of the rider and horse were found ten years earlier in a Perserschutt ditch filled with statues broken during

86-493: A bomb attack in the nearby Palazzo Senatorio damaged the marble base of the statue. The statue appears on the reverse of an aureus of Marcus Aurelius struck in 174 AD. It is depicted on the reverse of the modern Italian €0.50 coin , designed by Roberto Mauri  [ it ] . The statue was formerly clad in gold. An old local myth says that it will turn gold again on the Day of Judgment . In 1981 work began on producing

129-459: A bringer of peace rather than a military hero, for this is how he saw himself and his reign. The emperor is shown riding without the use of stirrups , which had not yet been introduced to the West. While the horse has been meticulously studied in order to be recreated for other artists' works, the saddle cloth was copied with the thought that it was part of the standard Roman uniform. The saddle cloth

172-473: A conquered enemy was originally part of the sculpture (based on medieval accounts, including in the Mirabilia Urbis Romae , which suggest that a small figure of a bound barbarian chieftain once cowered underneath the horse's front right leg). Such an image was meant to portray the emperor as victorious and all-conquering. However, shown without weapons or armour, Marcus Aurelius seems to be

215-729: A number of times, and an equestrian statue of Queen Victoria features prominently in George Square , Glasgow). In America, the late 1970s and early 1980s witnessed something of a revival in equestrian monuments, largely in the Southwestern United States . There, art centers such as Loveland, Colorado , Shidoni Foundry in New Mexico , and various studios in Texas once again began producing equestrian sculpture. These revival works fall into two general categories,

258-552: A pedestal for it. The original bronze statue is now in the Palazzo dei Conservatori of the Musei Capitolini ; that in the square is a modern replica . On the night of 29 November 1849, at the inception of the revolutionary Roman Republic , a mass procession set up the red–white–green tricolore (now the flag of Italy , then a new and highly "subversive" flag) in the hands of the mounted Marcus Aurelius. In 1979,

301-788: A pre-Christian Roman emperor; the Regisole , destroyed after the French Revolution , may have been another. The equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome owes its preservation on the Campidoglio to the popular mis-identification of Marcus Aurelius, the philosopher-emperor, with Constantine the Great , the Christian emperor; indeed, more than 20 other bronze equestrian statues of various emperors and generals had been melted down since

344-446: A relatively small scale. No Chinese portrait equestrian statues were made until modern times; statues of rulers are not part of traditional Chinese art, and indeed even painted portraits were only shown to high officials on special occasions until the eleventh century. Such statues frequently commemorated military leaders, and those statesmen who wished to symbolically emphasize the active leadership role undertaken since Roman times by

387-684: Is a small version in the Louvre . The near life-size equestrian statue of Charles I of England by Hubert Le Sueur of 1633 at Charing Cross in London is the earliest large English example, which was followed by many. The equestrian statue of King José I of Portugal , in the Praça do Comércio , was designed by Joaquim Machado de Castro after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and is a pinnacle of Absolutist age statues in Europe. The Bronze Horseman ( Russian : Медный всадник , literally "The Copper Horseman")

430-567: Is a well-known relief including an equestrian portrait. As the twentieth century progressed, the popularity of the equestrian monument declined sharply, as monarchies fell and the military use of horses virtually vanished. The statue of Queen Elizabeth II riding Burmese in Canada , and statues of Rani Lakshmibai in Gwalior and Jhansi , India, are some of the rare portrait statues with female riders. (Although Joan of Arc has been so portrayed

473-588: Is actually Sarmatian in origin, suggesting that the horse is a Sarmatian horse and that the statue was created to honour the victory over the Sarmatians by Marcus Aurelius, after which he adopted "Sarmaticus" to his name. The statue was erected around 175 AD. Its original location is debated: the Roman Forum and Piazza Colonna (where the Column of Marcus Aurelius stands) have been proposed. However, it

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516-495: Is an iconic equestrian statue, on a huge base, of Peter the Great of 1782 by Étienne Maurice Falconet in Saint Petersburg , Russia . The use of French artists for both examples demonstrates the slow spread of the skills necessary for creating large works, but by the nineteenth century most large Western countries could produce them without the need to import skills, and most statues of earlier figures are actually from

559-510: Is memorialised, mounted passant , outside the Palace of Westminster by Carlo Marochetti ; the former died 11 days after his wound, sustained in siege, turned septic. A survey of 15 equestrian statues in central London by the Londonist website found that nine of them corresponded to the supposed rule, and considered it "not a reliable system for reading the fate of any particular rider". In

602-547: Is the world's tallest equestrian statue of a polo player. It depicts ancient Meitei deity Marjing ,a Meitei horse (Manipuri pony) and Sagol Kangjei ( Meitei for ' polo '). The world's largest equestrian sculpture, when completed, will be the Crazy Horse Memorial in South Dakota , at a planned 641 feet (195 m) wide and 563 feet (172 m) high, even though only the upper torso and head of

645-524: The Liber Pontificalis , an unpopular prefect of the city under Pope John XII (d. 964) was hung from it by the hair by the mob. By order of Pope Paul III , it was moved to the Piazza del Campidoglio ( Capitoline Hill ) during Michelangelo 's redesign of the hill in 1538, to remove it from the main traffic of the square. Though Michelangelo disagreed with the central positioning, he designed

688-592: The condottiere , erected in Padua . In fifteenth-century Italy, this became a form to memorialize successful mercenary generals, as evidenced by the painted equestrian funerary monuments to Sir John Hawkwood and Niccolò da Tolentino in Florence Cathedral , and the statue of Bartolomeo Colleoni (1478–1488) cast by Verrocchio in Venice . Leonardo da Vinci had planned a colossal equestrian monument to

731-728: The American Revolutionary War . Some fragments survived and in 2016 the statue was recreated for a museum. In the United States, the first three full-scale equestrian sculptures erected were Clark Mills' Andrew Jackson (1852) in Washington, D.C. ; Henry Kirke Brown 's George Washington (1856) in New York City ; and Thomas Crawford 's George Washington in Richmond, Virginia (1858). Mills

774-777: The Bamberg Horseman (German: Der Bamberger Reiter ), in Bamberg Cathedral . Another example is the Magdeburg Reiter , in the city of Magdeburg , that depicts Emperor Otto I . This is in stone, which is fairly unusual at any period, though the Gothic statues at less than life-size at the Scaliger Tombs in Verona are also in stone. There are a few roughly half-size statues of Saint George and

817-510: The Battle of the Wilderness the following year. This is not a traditional statue, as it does not place him on a pedestal . One writer claims that any correlation between the positioning of hooves in a statue and the manner in which a Gettysburg soldier died is a coincidence. There is no proper evidence that these hoof positions correlate consistently with the rider's history but some hold to

860-527: The 480 BC Persian sack of Athens . The head was not associated with the rest of the statue until 1936. The statue is displayed with a plaster cast of the head at the Acropolis Museum , while the head remains at the Louvre where it is displayed with a cast of the rest of the statue. The rider has many of the features typical of an Archaic kouros , but has several asymmetrical features that break with

903-642: The Dragon , including the famous ones in Prague and Stockholm . A well-known small bronze equestrian statuette of Charlemagne (or another emperor) in Paris may be a contemporary portrait of Charlemagne , although its date and subject are uncertain. After the Romans, no surviving monumental equestrian bronze was cast in Europe until 1415–1450, when Donatello created the heroic bronze equestrian statue of Gattamelata

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946-595: The Italian Renaissance but destroyed in 1796 in the wake of the French Revolution . It was originally erected at Ravenna , but moved to Pavia in the Middle Ages, where it stood on a column before the cathedral. A fragment of an equestrian portrait sculpture of Augustus has also survived. Equestrian statues were not very frequent in the Middle Ages . Nevertheless, there are some examples, like

989-643: The Middle Ages this was one of the few Roman statues to remain on public view, in the Campus Lateranensis, to the east of the Lateran Palace in Rome, from 1474 on a pedestal provided by Pope Sixtus IV . Its placement next to the Lateran Palace was due the fact that this site used to contain the house of Marcus Aurelius's grandfather Marcus Annius Verus , which was where the emperor's birth and early education took place. According to

1032-617: The Milanese ruler, Francesco Sforza , but was only able to create a clay model. The bronze was reallocated for military use in the First Italian War . Similar sculptures have survived in small scale: The Wax Horse and Rider ( c.  1506 –1508) is a fragmentary model for an equestrian statue of Charles d'Amboise . The Rearing Horse and Mounted Warrior in bronze was also attributed to Leonardo. Titian's equestrian portrait of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , of 1548 applied

1075-860: The Renaissance. The riders in these may not be portraits, but figures from classical mythology or generic figures such as Native Americans . Equestrian statuary in the West dates back at least as far as Archaic Greece . Found on the Athenian acropolis , the sixth-century BC statue known as the Rampin Rider depicts a kouros mounted on horseback. A number of ancient Egyptian , Assyrian and Persian reliefs show mounted figures, usually rulers, though no free-standing statues are known. The Chinese Terracotta Army has no mounted riders, though cavalrymen stand beside their mounts, but smaller Tang dynasty pottery tomb Qua figures often include them, at

1118-555: The United States, the rule is especially held to apply to equestrian statues commemorating the American Civil War and the Battle of Gettysburg . One such statue was erected in 1998 in Gettysburg National Military Park , and is of James Longstreet , who is featured on his horse with one foot raised, even though Longstreet was not wounded in that battle. However, he was seriously wounded in

1161-515: The age of Absolutism , especially in France , equestrian statues were popular with rulers; Louis XIV was typical in having one outside his Palace of Versailles , and the over life-size statue in the Place des Victoires in Paris by François Girardon (1699) is supposed to be the first large modern equestrian statue to be cast in a single piece; it was destroyed in the French Revolution , though there

1204-500: The belief regardless. Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius The Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius ( Italian : statua equestre di Marco Aurelio ; Latin : Equus Marci Aurelii ) is an ancient Roman equestrian statue on the Capitoline Hill , Rome , Italy. It is made of bronze and stands 4.24 m (13.9 ft) tall. Although the emperor is mounted, the sculpture otherwise exhibits many similarities to

1247-554: The end of the Imperial Roman era. It has been speculated that its misidentification stems from the prior existence of an equestrian statue of Constantine which had stood beside the Arch of Septimius Severus , and which had been most likely taken on the orders of the emperor Constans II during his visit to Rome in 663. With its removal, the people eventually mistakenly identified Marcus Aurelius's statue for Constantine's. In

1290-455: The equestrian class, the equites (plural of eques ) or knights. There were numerous bronze equestrian portraits (particularly of the emperors) in ancient Rome , but they did not survive because they were melted down for reuse of the alloy as coin , church bells , or other, smaller projects (such as new sculptures for Christian churches); the standing Colossus of Barletta lost parts of his legs and arms to Dominican bells in 1309. Almost

1333-527: The form again to a ruler. The equestrian statue of Cosimo I de' Medici (1598) by Giambologna in the center of Florence was a life size representation of the Grand-Duke, erected by his son Ferdinand I. Ferdinand himself would be memorialized in 1608 with an equestrian statue in Piazza della Annunziata was completed by Giambologna's assistant, Pietro Tacca . Tacca's studio would produce such models for

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1376-639: The form is essentially a tradition in Western art , used for imperial propaganda by the Roman emperors, with a significant revival in Italian Renaissance sculpture , which continued across Europe in the Baroque, as mastering the large-scale casting of bronze became more widespread, and later periods. Statues at well under life-size have been popular in various materials, including porcelain , since

1419-658: The memorialization of a particular individual or the portrayal of general figures, notably the American cowboy or Native Americans . Such monuments can be found throughout the American Southwest. In Glasgow, the sculpture of Lobey Dosser on El Fidelio, erected in tribute to Bud Neill , is claimed to be the only two-legged equestrian statue in the world. The monument to general Jose Gervasio Artigas in Minas, Uruguay (18 meters tall, 9 meters long, 150,000 kg),

1462-517: The nineteenth or early twentieth century. In the colonial era, an equestrian statue of George III by English sculptor Joseph Wilton stood on Bowling Green in New York City . This was the first such statue in the United States, erected in 1770 but destroyed on July 9, 1776, six days after the Declaration of Independence . The 4,000-pound (1,800 kg) gilded lead statue was toppled and cut into pieces, which were made into bullets for use in

1505-406: The only sole surviving Roman equestrian bronze, the equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome, owes its preservation on the Campidoglio , to the popular misidentification of Marcus Aurelius , the philosopher-emperor, with Constantine the Great , the Christian emperor. The Regisole ("Sun King") was a bronze classical or Late Antique equestrian monument of a ruler, highly influential during

1548-701: The period's conventions. The statue was originally thought to be a part of a set of statues, perhaps paired with another as a mounted presentation of Castor and Pollux common on vases from this period. According to another theory, the statue represents the winner of a race. This theory is supported by the crown of lovage , given to winners of the Nemean Games and the Isthmian Games , on the statue. 37°58′07″N 23°43′41″E  /  37.9687°N 23.7281°E  / 37.9687; 23.7281 Equestrian statue Although there are outliers,

1591-720: The rider and front half of the horse will be depicted. Also on a huge scale, the carvings on Stone Mountain in Georgia , the United States, are equestrian sculpture rather than true statues, the largest bas-relief in the world. The world's largest equestrian bronze statues are the Juan de Oñate statue (2006) in El Paso, Texas ; a 1911 statue in Altare della Patria in Rome ; and the statue of Jan Žižka (1950) in Prague . In many parts of

1634-542: The rulers in France and Spain. His last public commission was the colossal equestrian bronze of Philip IV , begun in 1634 and shipped to Madrid in 1640. In Tacca's sculpture, atop a fountain composition that forms the centerpiece of the façade of the Royal Palace, the horse rears, and the entire weight of the sculpture balances on the two rear legs, and discreetly, its tail, a novel feat for a statue of this size. During

1677-540: The standing statues of Augustus . The original is on display in the Capitoline Museums , while the sculpture now standing in the open air at the Piazza del Campidoglio is a replica made in 1981 when the original was taken down for restoration. The statue projects an impression of power and god-like grandeur: the emperor is over life-size and extends his hand in a gesture of adlocutio used by emperors when addressing their troops. Some historians assert that

1720-460: The world, an urban legend states that if the horse is rearing (both front legs in the air), the rider died in battle; one front leg up means the rider was wounded in battle; and if all four hooves are on the ground, the rider died outside battle. A rider depicted as dismounted and standing next to their horse often indicates that both were killed during battle. For example, Richard the Lionheart

1763-410: Was noted that the site where it had originally stood had been converted into a vineyard during the early Middle Ages. Although there were many equestrian imperial statues , they rarely survived because it was the common practice to melt down bronze statues for reuse as material for coins or new sculptures in the late empire. Indeed, that of Marcus Aurelius is one of only two surviving bronze statues of

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1806-649: Was the first American sculptor to overcome the challenge of casting a rider on a rearing horse. The resulting sculpture (of Jackson) was so popular he repeated it for New Orleans , Nashville , and Jacksonville . Cyrus Edwin Dallin made a specialty of equestrian sculptures of American Indians: his Appeal to the Great Spirit stands before the Museum of Fine Arts , Boston . The Robert Gould Shaw Memorial in Boston

1849-400: Was the world's largest equestrian statue until 2008. The current largest is the 40-meter-tall equestrian statue of Genghis Khan at Boldog, 54 km from Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia , where, according to legend, Genghis Khan found the golden whip . The Marjing Polo Statue , standing in the Marjing Polo Complex , Imphal East , Manipur (122 feet (37 m) tall ), completed in 2022–23,

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