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82-509: Rancho Buri Buri was first established as grazing land for Mission Dolores and the Presidio of San Francisco . In 1827, Sub lieutenant José Antonio Sánchez, who was stationed at the Presidio, was granted permission by Mexican governor José María de Echeandía to occupy the rancho for “grazing and agricultural purposes”. The land grant was confirmed in 1835, by Governor Castro. Sánchez worked

164-527: A ceasefire that lasted four weeks. Probably during this interlude Francis and his companion crossed the Muslims' lines and were brought before the Sultan, remaining in his camp for a few days. Reports give no information about what transpired during the encounter beyond noting that the Sultan received Francis graciously and that Francis preached to the Muslims. He returned unharmed. No known Arab sources mention

246-545: A convent and facilities for agriculture and manufacturing. The early 19th century saw the greatest period of activity at Mission San Francisco: At its peak in 1810–1820, the average Indian population at Pueblo Dolores was about 1,100 people. In 1810 the Mission owned 11,000 sheep, 11,000 cows, and thousands of horses, goats, pigs, and mules. Its ranching and farming operations extended as far south as San Mateo and east to Alameda . Horses were corralled on Potrero Hill , and

328-592: A few small huts or cells. This became the first monastery of the Second Franciscan Order, now known as Poor Clares . For those who could not leave their affairs, Francis later formed the Third Order of Brothers and Sisters of Penance , a fraternity composed of either laity or clergy whose members neither withdrew from the world nor took religious vows . Instead, they observed the principles of Franciscan life in their daily lives. Before long,

410-492: A protective reasons. The siding was removed in a later renovation. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake destroyed the brick church and damaged the adobe building. To prevent the huge fire sparked by the earthquake from engulfing the two buildings, firefighters blew up the convent and School of Notre Dame building across the street. In 1913, the archdiocese began constructing the Mission Dolores Church to replace

492-632: A renovation in 1910. Part of the mural depicts the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary. The mural also contains the image of a rooster, a Christian symbol of the resurrection of Jesus. The Junípero Serra statue is located on the grounds of the Mission San Francisco complex. The cast stone sculpture was designed by the American artist Arthur Putnam and completed in 1909. It was cast between 1916 and 1917, and installed in 1918 when

574-540: A tower, situated close to the Ebro River within the city of Logroño as a gift to Saint Francis, where he established the first Spanish convent of his Order there. Although the convent met its demise in the 19th century, the remnants of its walls remain. In the late spring of 1212, he set out for Jerusalem, but was shipwrecked by a storm on the Dalmatian coast, forcing him to return to Italy. On 8 May 1213, he

656-432: A vision of a seraph, a six-winged angel on a cross. This angel gave him the gift of the five wounds of Christ." Suffering from these stigmata and from trachoma , Francis received care in several cities ( Siena , Cortona , Nocera ) to no avail. He began to go blind and the bishop of Ostia ordered that his eyes be operated on which meant cauterizing the eyes with hot irons. Francis claims to have felt nothing at all when this

738-575: A welcoming and friendly environment even to those who succeed us." The same Pope wrote on the occasion of the World Day of Peace, 1 January 1990, that Francis "invited all of creation – animals, plants, natural forces, even Brother Sun and Sister Moon – to give honour and praise to the Lord. The poor man of Assisi gives us striking witness that when we are at peace with God we are better able to devote ourselves to building up that peace with all creation which

820-476: A year Francis had eleven followers. The brothers lived a simple life in the deserted leper colony of Rivo Torto near Assisi. They spent much of their time wandering through the mountainous districts of Umbria , making a deep impression upon their hearers by their earnest exhortations. In 1209 he composed a simple rule for his followers ("friars"), the Regula primitiva or "Primitive Rule", which came from verses in

902-598: Is a historic Catholic church complex in San Francisco, California . Operated by the Archdiocese of San Francisco , the complex was founded in the 18th century by Spanish Catholic missionaries. The mission contains two historic buildings: Located in the Mission District , the mission complex was founded on October 9, 1776, by Frs Francisco Palóu and Pedro Benito Cambón. The Franciscan Order sent

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984-757: Is also the namesake of the city of San Francisco . September 17 is the feast of Francis' stigmatization. Francis ( Italian : Francesco d'Assisi ; Latin : Franciscus Assisiensis ) was baptized Giovanni by his mother. His surname, di Pietro di Bernardone, comes from his father, Pietro di Bernardone. The latter was in France on business when Francis was born in Assisi , a small town in Italy. Upon his return, Pietro took to calling his son Francesco ("Free man" or "Frenchman"), possibly in honour of his commercial success and enthusiasm for all things French. Francis of Assisi

1066-551: Is important in understanding Francis' character, his affinity for the Eucharist and his respect for the priests who carried out the sacrament. He preached: "Your God is of your flesh, He lives in your nearest neighbour, in every man." He and his followers celebrated and even venerated poverty, which was so central to his character that in his last written work, the Testament, he said that absolute personal and corporate poverty

1148-527: Is inseparable from peace among all peoples." In 2015, Pope Francis published his encyclical letter Laudato Si' about the ecological crisis and "care for our common home, which takes its name from the Canticle of the Sun , which Francis of Assisi composed. It presents Francis as "the example par excellence of care for the vulnerable and of an integral ecology lived out joyfully and authentically". This inspired

1230-444: Is now Millbrae. Later, Mills and his brother-in-law, Ansel Ives Easton, acquired almost all of the land between Millbrae and San Bruno, west from El Camino Real, including the land on which San Francisco International Airport (originally Mills Field) presently stands. Charles Lux and a business partner, Alfred Edmondson purchased 1,700 acres (7 km) of Rancho Buri Buri in 1853. Lux bought out Edmonson’s interest in 1856, and founded

1312-618: The Bay Area by the Spanish explorer Juan Bautista de Anza . The Spanish missionaries named the new mission San Francisco de Asís, in honor of Francis of Assisi , founder of the Franciscan Order . It became commonly known as Mission Dolores, after the nearby creek, Arroyo de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores ( Our Lady of Sorrows Creek )" On October 9, 1776, the missionaries dedicated a small chapel in present-day San Francisco as

1394-824: The Mameluke Sultan in 1333 with regard to certain Holy Places in Jerusalem and Bethlehem , and (so far as concerns the Catholic Church) jurisdictional privileges from Pope Clement VI in 1342. The growing order of friars was divided into provinces ; groups were sent to France, Germany, Hungary, and Spain and to the East. Upon receiving a report of the martyrdom of five brothers in Morocco , Francis returned to Italy via Venice . Cardinal Ugolino di Conti

1476-730: The Mexican American War ended in 1848, the Mission San Francisco and the rest of Alta California became part of the United States. With the end of Mexican authority, the rules governing the California missions became defunct. In 1848, the California Gold Rush brought a surge of population and commercial activity to the San Francisco area. In the 1850s, the city constructed two plank roads from

1558-489: The Mexican Secularization Act of 1833 forced the missions in 1834 to start selling their vast commercial properties. In practical terms, this meant that each mission could own its church, its priests residence and small plots of land surrounding the church for gardens. The Mission San Francisco sold most of its property in 1836. By 1842, only eight Native Americans were still residing there. After

1640-544: The Mission Dolores mural painted in 1791 by Ohlone artists. The mural covers the entire rear wall of the building, behind the historic wooden altar. It measures 22 by 20 feet and includes two statuary niches. In 1796, the Franciscans installed a baroque-style relief sculpture called a reredos in front of the mural. In later years, the mural was covered up with wooden boarding. The mural was rediscovered during

1722-510: The Public Land Commission in 1852, and the grant was patented to José de la Cruz Sánchez and siblings in 1872. The heirs to Rancho Buri Buri were forced to sell their land to pay for property taxes, legal fees, and loans. The new owners of Rancho Buri Buri included Darius Ogden Mills , Ansel I. Easton and Charles Lux . Mills bought José de la Cruz Sánchez's one-tenth of his father's estate (1,500 acres (6 km)), which

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1804-534: The Waldensians decades earlier. Though a number of the pope's counsellors considered the mode of life proposed by Francis to be unsafe and impractical, following a dream in which he saw Francis holding up the Lateran Basilica , he decided to endorse Francis's order. This occurred, according to tradition, on 16 April 1210, and constituted the official founding of the Franciscan Order . The group, then

1886-471: The apparition of a Seraphic angel in a religious ecstasy . Francis is associated with patronage of animals and the environment . It became customary for churches to hold ceremonies blessing animals on his feast day of the fourth of October, which became World Animal Day . He was noted for his devotion to the Eucharist . Along with Catherine of Siena , he was designated patron saint of Italy. He

1968-406: The "First Rule" or "Rule Without a Papal Bull " ( Regula prima , Regula non bullata ), which again asserted devotion to poverty and the apostolic life. However, it also introduced a greater institutional structure, though this was never officially endorsed by the pope. Brother Peter was succeeded by Brother Elias as Vicar of Francis. Two years later, Francis modified the "First Rule", creating

2050-771: The "Lesser Brothers" ( Order of Friars Minor also known as the Franciscan Order or the Seraphic Order ), were centred in the Porziuncola and preached first in Umbria, before expanding throughout Italy. Francis was later ordained a deacon, but not a priest. From then on, the new order grew quickly. Hearing Francis preaching in the church of San Rufino in Assisi in 1211, the young noblewoman Clare of Assisi sought to live like them. Her cousin Rufino also sought to join. On

2132-701: The "Second Rule" or "Rule With a Bull", which was approved by Pope Honorius III on 29 November 1223. As the order's official rule, it called on the friars "to observe the Holy Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ, living in obedience without anything of our own and in chastity". In addition, it set regulations for discipline, preaching, and entering the order. Once the rule was endorsed by the pope, Francis withdrew increasingly from external affairs. During 1221 and 1222, he crossed Italy, first as far south as Catania in Sicily and afterwards as far north as Bologna . While he

2214-547: The Bible. The rule was "to follow the teachings of our Lord Jesus Christ and to walk in his footsteps." He then led eleven followers to Rome to seek permission from Pope Innocent III to found a new religious order. Upon entry to Rome, the brothers encountered Bishop Guido of Assisi, who had in his company Giovanni di San Paolo , the Cardinal Bishop of Sabina . The Cardinal, who was the confessor of Pope Innocent III,

2296-464: The Christian doctrine that the world was created good and beautiful by God but suffers a need for redemption because of human sin. As someone who saw God reflected in nature, "St. Francis was a great lover of God's creation ..." In the Canticle of the Sun he gives God thanks for Brother Sun, Sister Moon, Brother Wind, Water, Fire, and Earth, all of which he sees as rendering praise to God. Many of

2378-501: The Kingdom of God is at hand. Francis was inspired to devote himself to a life of poverty. Having obtained a coarse woollen tunic, the dress then worn by the poorest Umbrian peasants, he tied it around himself with a knotted rope and went about exhorting the people of the countryside to penance, brotherly love, and peace. Francis's preaching to ordinary people was unusual as he had no license to do so. His example attracted others. Within

2460-556: The Mission San Francisco. According to some sources, the chapel stood near the present intersection of Camp and Albion Streets . Members of the local Ramaytush Ohlone tribe are recorded as entering the mission in 1785. They would later provide the labor to build the new mission church. The construction of adobe walls for the Mission Dolores church began in 1788, with the Ohlone laborers manufacturing 36,000 bricks. By 1790,

2542-719: The Muslim world had far-reaching consequences, long past his own death, since after the fall of the Crusader Kingdom , it would be the Franciscans, of all Catholics, who would be allowed to stay on in the Holy Land and be recognized as " Custodians of the Holy Land " on behalf of the Catholic Church . At Greccio near Assisi, around 1220, Francis celebrated Christmas by setting up the first known presepio or crèche ( Nativity scene ). His nativity imagery reflected

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2624-671: The Third Order – now titled the Secular Franciscan Order – grew beyond Italy. Determined to bring the Gospel to all peoples and let God convert them, Francis sought on several occasions to take his message out of Italy. In approximately 1211, a captain of the Medrano family held the lordship of the castle and town of Agoncillo , situated near the city of Logroño , in the region of La Rioja , Spain. Medrano's son

2706-572: The apostolic letter "Licet Commissa". Pope Pius also mentioned the two saints in the laudative discourse he pronounced on 5 May 1949, in the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva . Francis is the patron of animals and ecology. As such, he is the patron saint of the Laudato Si' Movement , a network that promotes the Franciscan ecological paradigm as outlined in the encyclical Laudato Si'. He

2788-455: The birds." The birds surrounded him, intrigued by the power of his voice, and not one of them flew away. He is often portrayed with a bird, typically in his hand. Another legend from the Fioretti tells that in the city of Gubbio , where Francis lived for some time, was a wolf "terrifying and ferocious, who devoured men as well as animals" . Francis went up into the hills and when he found

2870-496: The birth of the Laudato Si' Movement , a global network of nearly 1000 organizations promoting the Laudato Si' message and the Franciscan approach to ecology. It is a popular practice on his feast day, 4 October, for people to bring their pets and other animals to church for a blessing. Francis' feast day is observed on 4 October. A secondary feast in honour of the stigmata received by Francis, celebrated on 17 September,

2952-498: The city consuls by his father. The latter, not content with having recovered the scattered gold from San Damiano, sought also to force his son to forego his inheritance by way of restitution. In the midst of legal proceedings before the Bishop of Assisi , Francis renounced his father and his patrimony . Some accounts report that he stripped himself naked in token of this renunciation, and the bishop covered him with his own cloak. For

3034-420: The coins on the floor. In order to avoid his father's wrath, Francis hid in a cave near San Damiano for about a month. When he returned to town, hungry and dirty, he was dragged home by his father, beaten, bound, and locked in a small storeroom. Freed by his mother during Bernardone's absence, Francis returned at once to San Damiano, where he found shelter with the officiating priest, but he was soon cited before

3116-565: The course of two years, he embraced the life of a penitent , during which he restored several ruined chapels in the countryside around Assisi, among them San Pietro in Spina (in the area of San Petrignano in the valley about a kilometre from Rivotorto , today on private property and once again in ruin); and the Porziuncola , the little chapel of St. Mary of the Angels in the plain just below

3198-655: The destroyed brick church. The architect Willis Polk restored the Adobe building in 1917. Construction of the new Mission Dolores Church experienced delays due to the American entry into World War I in 1917. It was finally completed in 1918. The church was remodeled in 1926, with the archdiocese adding churrigueresque ornamentation. These were inspired by exhibits at the 1915 Panama–California Exposition in San Diego, California. In 1952, Archbishop John J. Mitty announced that Pope Pius XII had elevated Mission Dolores to

3280-529: The downtown area to the Mission District. The area soon became a popular resort and entertainment center. The Franciscans sold or leased some of the remaining mission land to developers who built saloons and gambling halls. By 1857, the Franciscans had turned control of the Mission San Francisco to the Archdiocese of San Francisco. During the late 19th century, the archdiocese converted part of

3362-617: The end of the Mexican War of Independence in 1821, the newly independent Mexico took control of Alta California. Relations were strained between the new Mexican Government and the Franciscan overseers of the California missions. Supplies were scarce and over 5,000 Native Americans died from disease and other causes at the Mission San Francisco. The Mexican Government decided to free the Native Americans under mission guardianship and give them mission lands. New regulations under

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3444-1149: The feast of the Stigmata remains in the General Calendar. Francis is honoured with a Lesser Festival in the Church of England , the Anglican Church of Canada , the Episcopal Church USA , the Old Catholic Churches , the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America , and other churches and religious communities on 4 October . On 13 March 2013, upon his election as Pope, Archbishop and Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Argentina chose Francis as his papal name in honor of Francis of Assisi, becoming Pope Francis . At his first audience on 16 March 2013, Pope Francis told journalists that he had chosen

3526-495: The forsaken country chapel of San Damiano , just outside Assisi, in which the Icon of Christ Crucified said to him, "Francis, Francis, go and repair My church which, as you can see, is falling into ruins." He took this to mean the ruined church in which he was presently praying, and so he sold some cloth from his father's store to assist the priest there. When the priest refused to accept the ill-gotten gains, an indignant Francis threw

3608-526: The land from the time it was granted to him until his death in 1843. Upon his death, the rancho lands were divided among his 10 children. With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War , the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, claims for Rancho Buri Buri was filed with

3690-497: The latter half of 1220. Drawing on a 1267 sermon by Bonaventure , later sources report that the Sultan secretly converted or accepted a death-bed baptism as a result of meeting Francis. Whatever transpired as a result of Francis’ and al-Kamil’s meeting the Franciscans have maintained a presence in the Holy Land almost uninterruptedly since 1217 and remain there today (see Custody of the Holy Land ). They received concessions from

3772-439: The menace of the predator. On 29 November 1979, Pope John Paul II declared Francis the patron saint of ecology . On 28 March 1982, John Paul II said that Francis' love and care for creation was a challenge for contemporary Catholics and a reminder "not to behave like dissident predators where nature is concerned, but to assume responsibility for it, taking all care so that everything stays healthy and integrated, so as to offer

3854-598: The milking sheds for the cows were located along Dolores Creek at what is today Mission High School. Twenty looms were kept in operation to process wool into cloth. The circumference of the Mission's holdings was said to have been about 125 miles. In 1817, the Franciscans established the Mission San Rafael Arcángel in San Rafael, California as an a sistencia to act as a hospital for the mission. It became an independent mission in 1822. With

3936-455: The mission was remodeled. Funding for the sculpture came from D.J. McQuarry and it cost $ 500 to cast. It is approximately 6 ft 6 in tall. The sculpture depicts Serra wearing a Franciscan friar's robe belted at the waist with a knotted rope and a rosary around his neck. The sculpture is on a concrete base. It is one of a series of allegorical figures commissioned by the estate of E. W. Scripps to depict California history. In 1993 it

4018-452: The name in honor of Francis of Assisi, and had done so because he was especially concerned for the well-being of the poor. The pontiff recounted that Cardinal Cláudio Hummes had told him, "Don't forget the poor", right after the election; that made Bergoglio think of Francis. It is the first time a pope has taken the name. On 18 June 1939, Pope Pius XII named Francis a joint patron saint of Italy along with Catherine of Siena with

4100-448: The next couple of months, Francis wandered as a beggar in the hills behind Assisi. He spent some time at a neighbouring monastery working as a scullion . He then went to Gubbio , where a friend gave him, as an alms, the cloak, girdle, and staff of a pilgrim. Returning to Assisi, he traversed the city, begging stones for the restoration of St. Damiano. These he carried to the old chapel, set in place himself, and so at length rebuilt it. Over

4182-502: The night of Palm Sunday , 28 March 1212, Clare clandestinely left her family's palace. Francis received her at the Porziuncola and thereby established the Order of Poor Clares. He gave Clare a religious habit , a garment similar to his own, before lodging her, her younger sister Caterina, and other young women in a nearby monastery of Benedictine nuns until he could provide a suitable monastery. Later he transferred them to San Damiano, to

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4264-544: The old convent into a two-story wooden wing for use as a seminary and priests' residence. The rest of the convent building became the Mansion House, a tavern. By 1876, the archdiocese had razed the Mansion House, replacing it with a large Gothic Revival brick church to accommodate more congregants than the adobe church The archdiocese also covered the adobe church with clapboard siding for both cosmetic and

4346-478: The pope laid the foundation stone for the Basilica of St. Francis in Assisi. Francis was buried on 25 May 1230, under the Lower Basilica, but his tomb was soon hidden on orders of Brother Elias, in order to protect it from Saracen invaders. His burial place remained unknown until it was rediscovered in 1818. Pasquale Belli then constructed a crypt for the remains in the Lower Basilica. It was refashioned between 1927 and 1930 into its present form by Ugo Tarchi. In 1978,

4428-431: The remains of Francis were examined and confirmed by a commission of scholars appointed by Pope Paul VI , and put into a glass urn in the ancient stone tomb. In 1935, Dr. Edward Frederick Hartung concluded that Francis contracted trachoma while in Egypt and died of quartan malaria . This data was published in the Annals of Medical History . Francis set out to replicate Christ and literally carry out his work. This

4510-402: The scene in traditional paintings. He used real animals to create a living scene so that the worshipers could contemplate the birth of the child Jesus in a direct way, making use of the senses, especially sight. Both Thomas of Celano and Bonaventure , biographers of Francis, tell how he used only a straw-filled manger (feeding trough) set between a real ox and donkey . According to Thomas, it

4592-450: The site of the industrial city of South San Francisco. Sanchez Street, in San Francisco, remains as a legacy to Jose Antonio Sanchez's influence in the city's early development. 37°36′36″N 122°24′36″W  /  37.610°N 122.410°W  / 37.610; -122.410 Mission San Francisco de As%C3%ADs The Mission San Francisco de Asís ( Spanish : Misión San Francisco de Asís ), also known as Mission Dolores ,

4674-424: The sports and feasts of his former companions. A friend asked him whether he was thinking of marrying, to which he answered: "Yes, a fairer bride than any of you have ever seen", meaning his "Lady Poverty". On a pilgrimage to Rome, he joined the poor in begging at St. Peter's Basilica . He spent some time in lonely places, asking God for divine illumination . He said he had a mystical vision of Jesus Christ in

4756-401: The status of a minor Basilica . This was the first designation of a basilica west of the Mississippi and the fifth basilica named in the United States. Today, the church constructed in 1918 is referred to as the Mission Dolores Basilica while the 1791 adobe chapel is called the Mission Dolores. The mission complex also includes a historic cemetery. The Mission Dolores adobe chapel contains

4838-467: The stories that surround the life of Francis say that he had a great love for animals and the environment. The Fioretti ("Little Flowers") is a collection of legends and folklore that sprang up after his death. One account describes how one day, while Francis was travelling with some companions, they happened upon a place in the road where birds filled the trees on either side. Francis told his companions to "wait for me while I go to preach to my sisters

4920-400: The three Franciscan vows of poverty , chastity , and obedience . In 1219, he went to Egypt in an attempt to convert the sultan al-Kamil and put an end to the conflict of the Fifth Crusade . In 1223, he arranged for the first live nativity scene as part of the annual Christmas celebration in Greccio . According to Christian tradition, in 1224 Francis received the stigmata during

5002-428: The town of Baden (northwest of modern-day South San Francisco). In 1855 Charles Lux bought 1,464 acres (6 km) of Rancho Buri Buri land and became a partner of fellow San Francisco butcher and entrepreneur Henry Miller , forming the firm of Miller & Lux. It was on this property that Charles Lux built his family country home. Through his heirs, the Lux Ranch was sold to Peter E. Iler of Omaha, Nebraska , and became

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5084-411: The town. This later became his favorite abode . By degrees he took to nursing lepers , in the leper colonies near Assisi. One morning in February 1208, Francis was taking part in a Mass in the chapel of St. Mary of the Angels, near which he had by then built himself a hut. The Gospel of the day was the "Commissioning of the Twelve" from the Book of Matthew. The disciples were to go and proclaim that

5166-399: The two priests to the Spanish Province of Alta California to bring in Spanish settlers and evangelize the indigenous Ohlone people . The Mission Dolores Basilica replaced a brick church built in 1876 that was destroyed in the San Francisco earthquake of 1906 . The site of the future Mission San Francisco was scouted by the Spanish missionary Pedro Font in March 1776 during a visit to

5248-428: The visit. Such an incident is alluded to in a scene in the late 13th-century fresco cycle, attributed to Giotto, in the upper basilica at Assisi. According to some late sources, the Sultan gave Francis permission to visit the sacred places in the Holy Land and even to preach there. All that can safely be asserted is that Francis and his companion left the Crusader camp for Acre , from where they embarked for Italy in

5330-418: The walled city of Damietta . He was accompanied by Friar Illuminatus of Arce and hoped to convert the Sultan of Egypt or be martyred in the attempt. The Sultan, al-Kamil , a nephew of Saladin , had succeeded his father as Sultan of Egypt in 1218 and was encamped upstream of Damietta. A bloody and futile attack on the city was launched by the Christians on 29 August 1219, following which both sides agreed to

5412-448: The walls were completed, plastered, and whitewashed . The missionary Junípero Serra is recorded as having celebrated a mass at the chapel while it was still under construction. The Mission Dolores adobe church was finished in 1791. The new church had adobe walls that were four feet thick. The roof beams were redwood and the ceiling displayed traditional Ohlone designs painted in vegetable dyes. The mission complex at this time included

5494-412: The wolf, he made the sign of the cross and commanded the wolf to come to him and hurt no one. Then Francis led the wolf into the town, and surrounded by startled citizens made a pact between them and the wolf. Because the wolf had "done evil out of hunger", the townsfolk were to feed the wolf regularly. In return, the wolf would no longer prey upon them or their flocks. In this manner Gubbio was freed from

5576-436: Was an Italian mystic , poet, and Catholic friar who founded the religious order of the Franciscans . Inspired to lead a Christian life of poverty, he became a beggar and itinerant preacher . One of the most venerated figures in Christianity, Francis was canonized by Pope Gregory IX on 16 July 1228. He is commonly portrayed wearing a brown habit with a rope tied around his waist, featuring three knots symbolizing

5658-406: Was beautiful in its simplicity, with the manger acting as the altar for the Christmas Mass. Some modern commentators and animal rights advocates have mistakenly portrayed Francis as a vegetarian. However, historical records indicate that he did consume meat, and his earliest biographers make no mention of him adhering to a meatless diet. Francis's favourite dish was shrimp pie. Francis preached

5740-423: Was born c.  1181 , one of the children of an Italian father, Pietro di Bernardone dei Moriconi, a prosperous silk merchant, and a French mother, Pica di Bourlemont, about whom little is known except that she was a noblewoman originally from Provence . Indulged by his parents, Francis lived the high-spirited life typical of a wealthy young man. As a youth, Francis became a devotee of troubadours and

5822-413: Was done. In the end, he was brought back to a hut next to the Porziuncola. Here he spent his last days dictating his spiritual testament. He died on the evening of Saturday, 3 October 1226, singing Psalm 141, "Voce mea ad Dominum" . On 16 July 1228, he was declared a saint by Pope Gregory IX (the former cardinal Ugolino di Conti, a friend of Francis and Cardinal Protector of the Order). The next day,

5904-586: Was examined by the Smithsonian Institution 's Save Outdoor Sculpture! program. The program determined that the sculpture was well maintained. The Mission Dolores Basilica contains a stained glass window of Francis of Assisi, created by the German artist Franz Xaver Zettler at the time of the church's construction. Francis of Assisi Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone ( c. 1181 – 3 October 1226), known as Francis of Assisi ,

5986-401: Was fascinated with all things Transalpine . He was handsome, witty, gallant, and delighted in fine clothes. He spent money lavishly. Although many hagiographers remark about his bright clothing, rich friends, and love of pleasures, his displays of disillusionment toward the world that surrounded him came fairly early in his life, as is shown in the "story of the beggar". In this account, he

6068-462: Was given the use of the mountain of La Verna (Alverna) as a gift from Count Orlando di Chiusi, who described it as "eminently suitable for whoever wishes to do penance in a place remote from mankind". The mountain would become one of his favourite retreats for prayer. During the Fifth Crusade in 1219 Francis went to Egypt where a Crusader army had been encamped for over a year besieging

6150-424: Was immediately sympathetic to Francis and agreed to represent Francis to the pope. After several days, the pope agreed to admit the group informally, adding that when God increased the group in grace and number, they could return for an official audience. The group was tonsured . This was important in part because it recognized Church authority and prevented his following from accusations of heresy, as had happened to

6232-745: Was inserted in the General Roman Calendar in 1585 (later than the Tridentine calendar ) and suppressed in 1604, but was restored in 1615. In the New Roman Missal of 1969, it was removed again from the General Calendar, as something of a duplication of the main feast on 4 October, and left to the calendars of certain localities and of the Franciscan Order. Wherever the Tridentine Missal is used, however,

6314-605: Was praying on the mountain of Verna, during a forty-day fast in preparation for Michaelmas (29 September), Francis is said to have had a vision on or about 13 September 1224, the Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross , as a result of which he received the stigmata . Brother Leo, who had been with Francis at the time, left a clear and simple account of the event, the first definite account of the phenomenon of stigmata. "Suddenly he saw

6396-427: Was selling cloth and velvet in the marketplace on behalf of his father when a beggar came to him and asked for alms . At the conclusion of his business deal, Francis abandoned his wares and ran after the beggar. When he found him, Francis gave the man everything he had in his purse. His friends mocked him for his charity; his father scolded him in rage. Around 1202, he joined a military expedition against Perugia and

6478-587: Was suffering from a mysterious and untreatable ailment. In 1211, Saint Francis of Assisi roamed those very paths of Agoncillo. In a saintly manner, he visited Medrano's Agoncillo castle , placed his mystical hands upon the ailing Medrano boy, and miraculously healed him, securing the Medrano lineage in Agoncillo. As a result, the Medrano family are distinguished by their devotion to Saint Francis of Assisi. The Medrano family generously donated some land, including

6560-451: Was taken as a prisoner at Collestrada. He spent a year as a captive, during which an illness caused him to re-evaluate his life. However, upon his return to Assisi in 1203, Francis returned to his carefree life. In 1205, Francis left for Apulia to enlist in the army of Walter III, Count of Brienne . A strange vision made him return to Assisi and lose interest in worldly life. According to hagiographic accounts, thereafter he began to avoid

6642-596: Was the essential lifestyle for the members of his order. He believed that nature itself was the mirror of God. He called all creatures his "brothers" and "sisters", and even preached to the birds and supposedly persuaded a wolf in Gubbio to stop attacking some locals if they agreed to feed the wolf. His deep sense of brotherhood under God embraced others, and he declared that "he considered himself no friend of Christ if he did not cherish those for whom Christ died". Francis's visit to Egypt and attempted rapprochement with

6724-426: Was then nominated by the pope as the protector of the order. Another reason for Francis' return to Italy was that the Franciscan Order had grown at an unprecedented rate compared to previous religious orders, but its organizational sophistication had not kept up with this growth and had little more to govern it than Francis' example and simple rule. To address this problem, Francis prepared a new and more detailed Rule,

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