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18-781: It was given in 1841 by acting Governor Manuel Jimeno to William (Julian) Pope. The name originated from the Miwok name Lakáa-yomi , meaning "place of the cottonwood". William Pope (1805–1843) was born in Kentucky and became a trapper living in New Mexico . Pope went to California on the Gila route in 1827, and returned to New Mexico. In 1835, Pope and his wife Maria Juliana Salazar (1810–1900) joined an overland party led by Isaac Slover and came to Los Angeles . William Pope joined with Cyrus Alexander , William Knight and William Gordon on

36-630: A 110-yard (100 m) playing field called poscoi a we'a . A unique game was played with young men and women. Similarly to soccer , the object was to put an elk hide ball through the goalpost. The girls were allowed to do anything, including kicking the ball and picking it up and running with it. The boys were only allowed to use their feet, but if a girl was holding it he could pick her up and carry her towards his goal. In 1770, there were an estimated 500 Lake Miwok, 1,500 Coast Miwok, and 9,000 Plains and Sierra Miwok, totaling about 11,000 people, according to historian Alfred L. Kroeber , although this may be

54-545: A serious undercount; for example, he did not identify the Bay Miwok. History professors from California estimate the total Miwok population was 25,000 people, prior to 1769. The 1910 Census reported only 671 Miwok total, and the 1930 Census, 491. See history of each Miwok group for more information. Today there are about 3,500 Miwok in total. The Star Wars films feature a fictional species of forest-dwelling creatures known as Ewoks , who are ostensibly named after

72-509: A trip to the Napa Valley in 1841. They stayed at George C. Yount ’s home, before the four split up, each claiming a valley for his own. Pope petitioned General Vallejo and the acting governor of California, Manuel Jimeno for a two square league parcel on the east side of Howell Mountain. Juliana and the four children moved from Los Angeles and stayed at Yount’s ranch while her husband built their first home on his new property. In 1843,

90-685: Is now Northern California , who traditionally spoke one of the Miwok languages in the Utian family. The word Miwok means people in the Miwok languages. Anthropologists commonly divide the Miwok into four geographically and culturally diverse ethnic subgroups. These distinctions were not used among the Miwok before European contact. The United States Bureau of Indian Affairs officially recognizes eleven tribes of Miwok descent in California. They are as follows: The predominant theory regarding

108-587: The California Black Oak . In fact, the modern-day extent of the California Black Oak forests in some areas of Yosemite National Park is partially due to cultivation by Miwok tribes. They burned understory vegetation to reduce the fraction of Ponderosa Pine . Nearly every other kind of edible vegetable matter was used as a food source, including bulbs, seeds, and fungi. Animals were hunted with arrows, clubs or snares, depending on

126-524: The forest canopy without penetrating it to any great extent, but above the forest floor . Only a small percentage of light penetrates the canopy so understory vegetation is generally shade-tolerant . The understory typically consists of trees stunted through lack of light, other small trees with low light requirements, saplings, shrubs, vines and undergrowth. Small trees such as holly and dogwood are understory specialists. In temperate deciduous forests , many understory plants start into growth earlier in

144-699: The settlement of the Americas dates the original migrations from Asia to around 20,000 years ago across the Bering Strait land bridge , but anthropologist Otto von Sadovszky claims that the Miwok and some other northern California tribes descend from Siberians who arrived in California by sea around 3,000 years ago. The Miwok lived in small bands without centralized political authority before contact with European Americans in 1769. They had domesticated dogs and cultivated tobacco, but were otherwise hunter-gatherers . The Sierra Miwok harvested acorns from

162-558: The Miwok. The Miwok people are encountered in Kim Stanley Robinson 's book The Years of Rice and Salt . In an alternate history scenario depicted in the book, they are the first group of Native Americans encountered by the first Chinese to discover the continent. Understory In forestry and ecology , understory ( American English ), or understorey ( Commonwealth English ), also known as underbrush or undergrowth , includes plant life growing beneath

180-751: The Pope family moved wagons and livestock from Yount’s ranch to their adobe house. But William Pope died in an accident in 1843. With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War , the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho Locoallomi was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1852, and

198-405: The canopy, and the shaded ground does not vary in temperature as much as open ground. This causes a proliferation of ferns , mosses , and fungi and encourages nutrient recycling , which provides favorable habitats for many animals and plants. The understory is the underlying layer of vegetation in a forest or wooded area, especially the trees and shrubs growing between the forest canopy and

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216-538: The course of the year. As a rule forest understories also experience higher humidity than exposed areas. The forest canopy reduces solar radiation, so the ground does not heat up or cool down as rapidly as open ground. Consequently, the understory dries out more slowly than more exposed areas do. The greater humidity encourages epiphytes such as ferns and mosses, and allows fungi and other decomposers to flourish. This drives nutrient cycling , and provides favorable microclimates for many animals and plants , such as

234-425: The end of the leafless season, understory plants take advantage of the shelter of the still leafless canopy plants to "leaf out" before the canopy trees do. This is important because it provides the understory plants with a window in which to photosynthesize without the canopy shading them. This brief period (usually 1–2 weeks) is often a crucial period in which the plant can maintain a net positive carbon balance over

252-399: The forest floor. Plants in the understory comprise an assortment of seedlings and saplings of canopy trees together with specialist understory shrubs and herbs. Young canopy trees often persist in the understory for decades as suppressed juveniles until an opening in the forest overstory permits their growth into the canopy. In contrast understory shrubs complete their life cycles in

270-867: The grant was patented to the heirs of William Pope (Jose Pope, María Pope, Luciana Pope, Isabella Pope, and Delavina Pope) in 1862. A separate claim was filed by John Conn in 1853, but was rejected. Juliana Pope married neighbor Elias Barnett (1805–1880), a Missouri pioneer. Barnett had come to California in 1841 with the Bartleson-Bidwell Party . He stayed with George C. Yount until 1843, then squatted in Pope Valley, before marrying Juliana Pope. 38°37′12″N 122°25′48″W  /  38.620°N 122.430°W  / 38.620; -122.430 Miwok The Miwok (also spelled Miwuk , Mi-Wuk , or Me-Wuk ) are members of four linguistically related Native American groups indigenous to what

288-724: The shade of the forest canopy. Some smaller tree species, such as dogwood and holly , rarely grow tall and generally are understory trees. The canopy of a tropical forest is typically about 10 m (33 ft) thick, and intercepts around 95% of the sunlight. The understory therefore receives less intense light than plants in the canopy and such light as does penetrate is impoverished in wavelengths of light that are most effective for photosynthesis. Understory plants therefore must be shade tolerant —they must be able to photosynthesize adequately using such light as does reach their leaves. They often are able to use wavelengths that canopy plants cannot. In temperate deciduous forests towards

306-1112: The species and the situation. Grasshoppers were a highly prized food source, as were mussels for those groups adjacent to the Stanislaus River . Coastal Miwok were known to have predominantly relied on food gathered from the inland side of the Marin peninsula (modern San Pablo bay, lakes, and land based foods), but to have also engaged in diving for abalone in the Pacific Ocean . The Miwok ate meals according to appetite rather than at regular times. They stored food for later consumption, primarily in flat-bottomed baskets. The Miwok creation story and narratives tend to be similar to those of other natives of Northern California. Miwok had totem animals, identified with one of two moieties , which were in turn associated respectively with land and water. These totem animals were not thought of as literal ancestors of humans, but rather as predecessors. Miwok people played mixed-gender games on

324-472: The year than the canopy trees, to make use of the greater availability of light at that particular time of year. A gap in the canopy caused by the death of a tree stimulates the potential emergent trees into competitive growth as they grow upwards to fill the gap. These trees tend to have straight trunks and few lower branches. At the same time, the bushes, undergrowth, and plant life on the forest floor become denser. The understory experiences greater humidity than

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