Misplaced Pages

#970029

65-429: The Rand House is a 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 -story wood- frame building with 30 rooms. It stands on a hill southeast of downtown Monticello. Queen Anne architectural features include a polygonal corner tower, wraparound porches, patterned shingles on the gables , irregular plan, and multi-gabled roof. Built as a summer home , the house had open porches and large windows. Exterior window shutters were affixed to help seal

130-435: A funeral home . In 1986 it was acquired by Duffy and Merrill Busch, who renovated the property and began operating it as a bed and breakfast. Framing (construction) Framing , in construction , is the fitting together of pieces to give a structure , particularly a building , support and shape. Framing materials are usually wood , engineered wood , or structural steel . The alternative to framed construction

195-490: A Dimensional number two-by-four to 5 cm by 30 cm (two-by-twelve inches) at the cross-section, and lengths ranging from 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) for walls to 7 metres (23 ft) or more for joists and rafters. Recently, architects have begun experimenting with pre-cut modular aluminum framing to reduce on-site construction costs. Wall panels built of studs are interrupted by sections that provide rough openings for doors and windows . Openings are typically spanned by

260-419: A bottom plate or foundation sill and in turn support the top plate. Studs usually consist of 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 -by- 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 -inch (38 mm × 89 mm) or 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 -by- 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 -inch (38 mm × 140 mm) lumber and are commonly spaced at 16 inches (410 mm) on center. This spacing may be changed to 12 or 24 inches (300 or 610 mm) on center depending on

325-445: A bottom plate which is secured to the structure of a floor, and one, or more often two top plates that tie walls together and provide a bearing for structures above the wall. Wood or steel floor frames usually include a rim joist around the perimeter of a system of floor joists, and often include bridging material near the center of a span to prevent lateral buckling of the spanning members. In two-story construction, openings are left in

390-532: A complicated internal stress distribution. In this way, loads are transferred vertically to the building's foundation. Therefore, there are four critical failure mechanisms; as shown in Figure ;1. The factors determining the failure mechanism include geometry, loading, material properties, restraint, and construction. Shear walls may also be constructed using light-gauge steel diagonal bracing members tied to collector and ancor points. The slenderness ratio of

455-850: A floor and as a support for the structure. Other light-frame buildings are built over a crawlspace or a basement , with wood or steel joists used to span between foundation walls, usually constructed of poured concrete or concrete blocks . Engineered components are commonly used to form floor, ceiling and roof structures in place of solid wood. I-joists (closed-web trusses) are often made from laminated woods, most often chipped poplar wood, in panels as thin as 1 cm (0.39 in), glued between horizontally laminated members of less than 4 cm by 4 cm ( two-by-twos ), to span distances of as much as 9 m (30 ft). Open web trussed joists and rafters are often formed of 4 cm by 9 cm ( two-by-four ) wood members to provide support for floors, roofing systems and ceiling finishes. Platform framing

520-556: A header or lintel that bears the weight of the structure above the opening. Headers are usually built to rest on trimmers , also called jacks. Areas around windows are defined by a sill beneath the window, and cripples, which are shorter studs that span the area from the bottom plate to the sill and sometimes from the top of the window to a header, or from a header to a top plate. Diagonal bracings made of wood or steel provide shear (horizontal strength) as do panels of sheeting nailed to studs, sills and headers. Wall sections usually include

585-401: A nailing base for all covering material and support the upper floor platforms, which provide the lateral strength along a wall. The platforms may be the boxed structure of a ceiling and roof, or the ceiling and floor joists of the story above. In the building trades, the technique is variously referred to as stick framing , stick and platform , or stick and box , as the sticks (studs) give

650-408: A ridge. Valleys are formed when two sloping roof sections drain toward each other. Dormers are small areas in which vertical walls interrupt a roof line, and which are topped off by slopes at usually right angles to a main roof section. Gables are formed when a length-wise section of sloping roof ends to form a triangular wall section. Clerestories are formed by an interruption along the slope of

715-649: A roof is called an A-frame . In North America, roofs are often covered with shingles made of asphalt, fiberglass and small gravel coating, but a wide range of materials are used. Molten tar is often used to waterproof flatter roofs, but newer materials include rubber and synthetic materials. Steel panels are popular roof coverings in some areas, preferred for their durability. Slate or tile roofs offer more historic coverings for light-frame roofs. Light-frame methods allow easy construction of unique roof designs; hip roofs, for example, slope toward walls on all sides and are joined at hip rafters that span from corners to

SECTION 10

#1732802025971

780-550: A roof where a short vertical wall connects it to another roof section. Flat roofs, which usually include at least a nominal slope to shed water, are often surrounded by parapet walls with openings (called scuppers ) to allow water to drain out. Sloping crickets are built into roofs to direct water away from areas of poor drainage, such as behind a chimney at the bottom of a sloping section. Light-frame buildings in areas with shallow or nonexistent frost depths are often erected on monolithic concrete-slab foundations that serve both as

845-484: A separate unit or platform. The use of factory-made walls and floors has shown an increase in popularity due to the time-saving and cost-efficiency. ( Pre-fabrication ) Walls are made usually in facilities and then shipped to the different job sites. This process of framing has improved the speed of framing on site moving the framing of buildings to speed up. Framed construction was rarely used in Scandinavia before

910-583: A structural building that goes diagonally across a wall is called a T-bar. It stops the walls from collapsing in gusty winds. Pressure-treated wood (Green Treated wood) is a type of wood that is used when a bottom plate is exposed to outside moisture, while even when in contact with concrete. Roofs are usually built to provide a sloping surface intended to shed rain or snow, with slopes ranging from 1:15 (less than an inch per linear foot of horizontal span), to steep slopes of more than 2:1. A light-frame structure built mostly inside sloping walls which also serve as

975-532: A sturdy, light skeleton. Builders were reluctant to adopt the new technology; however, by the 1880s, some form of 2×4 framing was standard. Alternatively, a precursor to the balloon frame may have been used by the French in Missouri as much as 31 years earlier. Although lumber was plentiful in 19th-century America, skilled labor was not. The advent of cheap machine-made nails, along with water-powered sawmills in

1040-494: A wall is defined as a function of the effective height divided by either the effective thickness or the radius of the gyration of the wall section. It is highly related to the slenderness limit that is the cut-off between elements being classed "slender" or "stocky". Slender walls are vulnerable to buckling failure modes, including Euler in-plane buckling due to axial compression, Euler out-of-plane buckling due to axial compression and lateral torsional buckling due to bending moment. In

1105-513: A wide variety of architectural styles. Modern light-frame structures usually gain strength from rigid panels ( plywood and other plywood-like composites such as oriented strand board (OSB) used to form all or part of wall sections), but until recently carpenters employed various forms of diagonal bracing to stabilize walls. Diagonal bracing remains a vital interior part of many roof systems, and in-wall wind braces are required by building codes in many municipalities or by individual state laws in

1170-408: Is also likely that, by radically reducing construction costs, balloon framing improved the shelter options of poorer North Americans. However, balloon framing did require very long studs, and as tall trees were exhausted in the 1920s, platform framing became prevalent. Balloon framing presents challenges in firefighting, since many older balloon-framed buildings lack firestops or fire blocking in

1235-580: Is an early form of light framing developed from the heavier timber framing which preceded it. It is defined by the continued use of girts, corner posts, and braces. The pieces are mortised, tenoned, and pegged with the studs nailed to the girts and sills. Due to the early introduction of sawmills (as early as 1635 in New Hampshire), as early as 1637 timber frames in the northeastern English colonies in North America made use of light studs between

1300-650: Is at the floor lines. The balloon wall studs extend from the sill of the first story all the way to the top plate or end rafter of the second story. The platform-framed wall, on the other hand, is independent for each floor. Light-frame materials are most often wood or rectangular steel, tubes or C-channels. Wood pieces are typically connected with nail fasteners, nails, or screws; steel pieces are connected with pan-head framing screws, or nuts and bolts. Preferred species for linear structural members are softwoods such as spruce, pine and fir. Light frame material dimensions range from 38 by 89 mm (1.5 by 3.5 in); i.e.,

1365-466: Is commonly referred to as dead wood or backing. Wall framing in house construction includes the vertical and horizontal members of exterior walls and interior partitions. These members, referred to as studs, wall plates and lintels, serve as a nailing base for all covering material and support the upper floors, ceiling and roof. Exterior wall studs are the vertical members to which the wall sheathing and cladding are attached. They are supported on

SECTION 20

#1732802025971

1430-428: Is defined as the ratio of the gross concrete area for a section taken orthogonal to the reinforcement. Construction codes of practice define maximum and minimum amounts of reinforcement as well as the detailing of steel bars. Common construction methods for in-situ reinforced concrete walls include traditional shuttered lifts, slip form, jump form and tunnel form. The traditional shuttered lifts method should be used when

1495-449: Is generally called mass wall construction, where horizontal layers of stacked materials such as log building , masonry , rammed earth , adobe , etc. are used without framing. Building framing is divided into two broad categories, heavy-frame construction (heavy framing) if the vertical supports are few and heavy such as in timber framing , pole building framing , or steel framing ; or light-frame construction (light-framing) if

1560-420: Is generally used at exterior corners and intersections to secure a good tie between adjoining walls. It provides nailing support for interior finishes and exterior sheathing. Corners and intersections, however, must be framed with at least two studs. Nailing support for the edges of the ceiling is required at the junction of the wall and ceiling where partitions run parallel to the ceiling joists. This material

1625-708: Is not certain who introduced balloon framing in the United States. However, the first building using balloon framing was possibly a warehouse constructed in 1832 in Chicago , Illinois, by George Washington Snow or Augustine Deodat Taylor. Both men arrived in Chicago from New England, where the use of light framing timber was already common. Architectural critic Sigfried Giedion cited Chicago architect John M. Van Osdel 's 1880s attribution, as well as A. T. Andreas' 1885 History of Chicago, to credit Snow as 'inventor of

1690-411: Is preferred and a regular wall arrangement with transverse cross walls between rooms and longitudinal spine walls flanking a central corridor is used. A structure of shear walls in the center of a large building—often encasing an elevator shaft or stairwell—form a shear core . In multi-storey commercial buildings, shear walls form at least one core (Figure 3). From a building services perspective,

1755-497: Is that it enhances the overall flexural stiffness dis-proportionally to shear stiffness, resulting in smaller shear deformation. The location of a shear wall significantly affects the building function, such as natural ventilation and daylighting performance. The performance requirements vary for buildings of different functions. Hotel or dormitory buildings require many partitions, allowing insertions of shear walls. In these structures, traditional cellular construction (Figure 2)

1820-533: The International Building Code and International Residential Code govern the design of shear walls. A shear wall is stiffer in its principal X and Y axes than it is in its Z axis. It is considered as a primary structure which provides relatively stiff resistance to vertical and horizontal forces acting in its plane. Under this combined loading condition, a shear wall develops compatible axial, shear, torsional and flexural strains, resulting in

1885-671: The diaphragm shear to shear walls and other vertical elements of the seismic force resisting system. Shear walls are typically made of light framed or braced wooden walls sheathed in shear-resisting material such as plywood or other structurally rigid panels, reinforced concrete , reinforced masonry , or steel plates. While plywood is the conventional material used in wood (timber) shear walls, advances in technology and modern building methods have produced prefabricated options such as sheet steel and steel-backed shear panels used for narrow walls bracketing an opening that have proven to provide stronger seismic resistance. In many jurisdictions,

1950-524: The load and the limitations imposed by the type and thickness of the wall covering used. Wider 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 -by- 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 -inch studs may be used to provide space for more insulation . Insulation beyond that which can be accommodated within a 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 -inch stud space can also be provided by other means, such as rigid or semi-rigid insulation or batts between 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 -by- 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 -inch horizontal furring strips , or rigid or semi-rigid insulation sheathing to

2015-610: The 20th century because of the abundant availability of wood, an abundance of cheap labour, and the superiority of the thermal insulation of logs. Hence timber framing was used first for unheated buildings such as farm buildings, outbuildings and summer villas, but for houses only with the development of wall insulation. Wall framing in house construction includes the vertical and horizontal members of exterior walls and interior partitions, both of bearing walls and non-bearing walls. These stick members , referred to as studs , wall plates and lintels (sometimes called headers ), serve as

Rand House - Misplaced Pages Continue

2080-536: The Minneapolis Gas Light Company in 1884 when he married Susan Mealey, daughter of state senator Tobias Mealey . As a gift the bride's parents gave a prominent hilltop property near their own house on the outskirts of Monticello, and Rand invited his new wife to design a summer home for them as her wedding gift. As railway connections to the countryside around Minneapolis–Saint Paul emerged, it had become common for wealthy businessmen from

2145-406: The United States. Special framed shear walls are becoming more common to help buildings meet the requirements of earthquake engineering and wind engineering . Historically, people fitted naturally shaped wooden poles together as framework and then began using joints to connect the timbers, a method today called traditional timber framing or log framing . In the United States, timber framing

2210-525: The balloon frame method'. In 1833, Taylor constructed the first Catholic church in Chicago, St. Mary's, using the balloon framing method; this building was moved and rehabbed multiple times before burning in the Great Chicago Fire . In the 1830s, Hoosier Solon Robinson published articles about a revolutionary new framing system, called "balloon framing" by later builders. Robinson's system called for standard 2×4 lumber, nailed together to form

2275-409: The bottom plates nailed through the subfloor to the floor framing members. The braces should have their larger dimension on the vertical and should permit adjustment of the vertical position of the wall. Once the assembled sections are plumbed, they are nailed together at the corners and intersections. A strip of polyethylene is often placed between the interior walls and the exterior wall, and above

2340-599: The cities to construct rural estates for summer getaways. Rand ultimately became president of the Gas Light Company and died in 1921. The house remained in the Rand family for over 60 years. During World War II the U.S. Army Air Corps was training glider pilots in Monticello, and the Rand family loaned them the property for officers' quarters. The house was later converted for use as a nursing home , then

2405-432: The deformation mode. This stress arises whenever a section experiences a flexural or restrained warping stress and its magnitude is dependent on the stiffness of the coupling element. Depending on this stiffness, the performance of a coupled section will fall between that of an ideal uniform element of similar gross plan cross-section and the combined performance of the independent component parts. Another advantage of coupling

2470-440: The design process, structural engineers need to consider all these failure modes to ensure that the wall design is safe under various kinds of possible loading conditions. In actual structural systems, the shear walls may function as a coupled system instead of isolated walls depending on their arrangements and connections. Two neighboring wall panels can be considered coupled when the interface transfers longitudinal shear to resist

2535-506: The early 19th century made balloon framing highly attractive, because it did not require highly skilled carpenters, as did the dovetail joints , mortises and tenons required by post-and-beam construction . For the first time, any farmer could build his own buildings without a time-consuming learning curve. It has been said that balloon framing populated the western United States and the western provinces of Canada. Without it, western boomtowns certainly could not have blossomed overnight. It

2600-546: The first machines developed in the late 1700s in Massachusetts. Jacob Perkins of Newburyport, Massachusetts , invented a machine which could produce 10,000 nails a day. Three-decker buildings in New England were commonly constructed with this form, which is noted on period building permits as "mortised frame." Its use survived into the 1940s in the northeastern United States, when it was gradually replaced by

2665-437: The first top plate of interior walls before the second top plate is applied to attain continuity of the air barrier when polyethylene is serving this function. A second top plate, with joints offset at least one stud space away from the joints in the plate beneath, is then added. This second top plate usually laps the first plate at the corners and partition intersections and, when nailed in place, provides an additional tie to

Rand House - Misplaced Pages Continue

2730-444: The floor level due to the discrete features. Nevertheless, the inclusion of day joints leaves higher chances for defects and imperfections. Tunnel form construction uses a formwork system to cast slabs and walls as a single pour operation. It is suitable for cellular structures with regular repetition of both horizontal and vertical members. The advantage of this method is that the construction can progress vertically and horizontally at

2795-848: The floor system for a stairwell, in which stair risers and treads are most often attached to squared faces cut into sloping stair stringers. Interior wall coverings in light-frame construction typically include wallboard , lath and plaster or decorative wood paneling . Exterior finishes for walls and ceilings often include plywood or composite sheathing, brick or stone veneers , and various stucco finishes. Cavities between studs, usually placed 40–60 cm (16–24 in) apart, are usually filled with insulation materials, such as fiberglass batting, or cellulose filling sometimes made of recycled newsprint treated with boron additives for fire prevention and vermin control. In natural building , straw bales , cob and adobe may be used for both exterior and interior walls. The part of

2860-483: The framed walls. Where the second top plate does not lap the plate immediately underneath at corner and partition intersections, these may be tied with 0.036 in (0.91 mm) galvanized steel plates at least 3 in (76 mm) wide and 6 in (150 mm) long, nailed with at least three 2 + 1 ⁄ 2  in (64 mm) nails to each wall. Braced frame construction , also known as full frame, half frame, New England braced frame, combination frame,

2925-417: The heavier corners. Norman Isham wrote, "sometimes the frame was covered with vertical boarding applied to the sills, plates, and girts without any intermediate framing, but in a greater number of houses the spaces between the heavier timbers are filled with lighter vertical sticks called studs." The growth of a nail-making industry in the early 19th century made the frame even faster to assemble, with some of

2990-412: The house up over the winter. The carriage barn is a 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 -story frame building south of the main house. In 1952 it was converted to a single-family home under separate ownership. The estate grounds once featured an arboretum , swimming pool, windmill, and flower gardens, all ringed by a lilac hedge . Only traces of the gardens and walls remain. Rufus Rand was the vice-president of

3055-401: The loads supported and the type and thickness of the wall finish used. Partitions can be built with 1 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ×  2 + 1 ⁄ 2  in (38 mm × 64 mm) or 1 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ×  3 + 1 ⁄ 2  in (38 mm × 89 mm) studs spaced at 16 or 24 in (410 or 610 mm) on center depending on the type and thickness of

3120-510: The need to scaffold , and again increasing speed and cutting manpower needs and expenses. Some types of exterior sheathing, such as asphalt-impregnated fiberboard , plywood , oriented strand board and waferboard , will provide adequate bracing to resist lateral loads and keep the wall square (construction codes in most jurisdictions require a stiff plywood sheathing). Others, such as rigid glass-fiber, asphalt-coated fiberboard, polystyrene or polyurethane board, will not. In this latter case,

3185-410: The open framing cavities, and a fire can spread vertically in a short time. Since the floor framing and wall framing cavities interconnect, fire can rapidly spread throughout the structure. Many balloon-framed buildings predate the introduction of building codes that mandate fire blocking, and a fire can spread from basement to attic in minutes. The main difference between platform and balloon framing

3250-460: The opening may be bridged with a single piece of 1 + 1 ⁄ 2  in (38 mm) lumber the same width as the studs. These members provide a nailing support for wall finish, door frames and trim . Lintels (or, headers) are the horizontal members placed over window, door and other openings to carry loads to the adjoining studs. Lintels are usually constructed of two pieces of 2 in (nominal) (38 mm) lumber separated with spacers to

3315-637: The outside of the studs. The studs are attached to horizontal top and bottom wall plates of 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 -inch lumber that are the same width as the studs. Interior partitions supporting floor , ceiling or roof loads are called loadbearing walls; others are called non-loadbearing or simply partitions. Interior loadbearing walls are framed in the same way as exterior walls. Studs are usually 1 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ×  3 + 1 ⁄ 2  in (38 mm × 89 mm) lumber spaced at 16 in (410 mm) on center. This spacing may be changed to 12 or 24 in (300 or 610 mm) depending on

SECTION 50

#1732802025971

3380-529: The platform frame. Balloon framing is a method of wood construction used primarily in areas rich in softwood forests such as Scandinavia , Canada , the United States up until the mid-1950s, and around Thetford Forest in Norfolk, England . The name comes from a French Missouri type of construction, maison en boulin , boulin being a French term for a horizontal scaffolding support. It

3445-411: The platforms and walls above the level of its component headers and joists. In some countries, framing lumber is subject to regulated standards that require a grade-stamp, and a moisture content not exceeding 19%. There are four historically common methods of framing a house. Wall sheathing, usually a plywood or other laminate, is usually applied to the framing prior to erection, thus eliminating

3510-969: The same time, thereby increasing the integrity and stability of the structure. Due to functional requirements, the designer may choose non planar sections like C,L as opposed to the planar sections like rectangular/bar bell sections. Nonplanar sections require 3D analysis and are a research area. Modeling techniques have been progressively updated during the last two decades, moving from linear static to nonlinear dynamic, enabling more realistic representation of global behavior, and different failure modes . Different modeling techniques shear walls span from macro models such as modified beam-column elements, to micro models such as 3D finite element models. An appropriate modeling technique should: Different models have been developed over time, including macro-models, vertical line element models, finite-element models , and multi-layer models. More recently, fiber-section beam-columns elements have become popular, as they can model most of

3575-496: The shear core houses communal services including stairs, lifts, toilets and service risers. Building serviceability requirements necessitates a proper arrangement of a shear core. From the structural point of view, a shear core could strengthen the building's resistance to lateral loads, i.e., wind load and seismic load, and significantly increase the building safety. Concrete shear walls are reinforced with both horizontal and vertical reinforcement (Figure 4). A reinforcement ratio

3640-406: The structure its vertical support, and the box-shaped floor sections with joists contained within length-long post and lintels (more commonly called headers ), support the weight of whatever is above, including the next wall up and the roof above the top story. The platform also provides lateral support against wind and holds the stick walls true and square. Any lower platform supports the weight of

3705-464: The supports are more numerous and smaller, such as balloon , platform , light-steel framing and pre-built framing. Light-frame construction using standardized dimensional lumber has become the dominant construction method in North America and Australia due to the economy of the method; use of minimal structural material allows builders to enclose a large area at minimal cost while achieving

3770-438: The surface is rough because of the abrasion of the form on the walls. Jump forming, also known as climbing forming, is a method of construction whereby the walls are cast in discrete lifts. It is a stop-start process with day joints formed at each lift level. Similar to slip forming, jump forming is only efficient for structures with repetition of wall arrangement. Moreover, it is convenient for adding connections and extrusions at

3835-498: The total number of walls is small or the arrangement is irregular. In this method, walls are formed one story at one time together with the columns. Although it is slow, this technique may produce a premium finish quality or texture. Slip forming is method of concrete placement whereby a moving form is used to create a continuous wall extrusion. This method is very efficient for well-suited structures, such as flanged and core wall systems. A very accurate wall thickness can be achieved but

3900-499: The wall finish used. Where a partition does not contain a swinging door, 1 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ×  3 + 1 ⁄ 2  in (38 mm × 89 mm) studs at 16 in (410 mm) on center are sometimes used with the wide face of the stud parallel to the wall. This is usually done only for partitions enclosing clothes closets or cupboards to save space. Since there is no vertical load to be supported by partitions, single studs may be used at door openings. The top of

3965-410: The wall should be reinforced with a diagonal wood or metal bracing inset into the studs. In jurisdictions subject to strong wind storms (hurricane countries, tornado alleys ) local codes or state law will generally require both the diagonal wind braces and the stiff exterior sheathing regardless of the type and kind of outer weather resistant coverings. A multiple-stud post of at least 3 three studs,

SECTION 60

#1732802025971

4030-458: The width of the studs and nailed together to form a single unit. Lintels are predominately nailed together without spacers to form a solid beam and allow the remaining cavity to be filled with insulation from the inside. The preferable spacer material is rigid insulation. The depth of a lintel is determined by the width of the opening and vertical loads supported. The complete wall sections are then raised and put in place, temporary braces added and

4095-482: Was also known as "Chicago construction" in the 19th century. Balloon framing uses long continuous framing members ( wall studs ) that run from the sill plate to the top plate, with intermediate floor structures let into and nailed to them. Here the heights of window sills, headers and next floor height would be marked out on the studs with a story pole . Once popular when long lumber was plentiful, balloon framing has been largely replaced by platform framing . It

4160-484: Was superseded by balloon framing beginning in the 1830s. Balloon framing makes use of many lightweight wall members called studs rather than fewer, heavier supports called posts; balloon framing components are nailed together rather than fitted using joinery . The studs in a balloon frame extend two stories from sill to plate. Platform framing superseded balloon framing and is the standard wooden framing method today. The name comes from each floor level being framed as

4225-450: Was traditionally limited to four floors but some jurisdictions have modified their building codes to allow up to six floors with added fire protection. Shear wall A shear wall is an element of a structurally engineered system that is designed to resist in- plane lateral forces, typically wind and seismic loads. A shear wall resists loads parallel to the plane of the wall. Collectors, also known as drag members, transfer

#970029