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71-414: Randall Claude Weaver (January 3, 1948 – May 11, 2022) was an American survivalist . He was a central actor in the 1992 Ruby Ridge standoff with federal agents at his cabin near Naples, Idaho , during which his wife and son were killed. Weaver was charged with murder, conspiracy, and assault as well as other crimes. He was acquitted of most of the charges, but was convicted of failing to appear in court on

142-533: A Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World Health Organization in early 2020 and the Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present) , survivalism has received renewed interest, even by those who are not traditionally considered preppers. Survivalism is approached by its adherents in different ways, depending on their circumstances, mindsets, and particular concerns for

213-668: A catastrophic failure of society. Use of the term survivalist dates from the early 1980s. The origins of the modern survivalist movement in the United Kingdom and the United States include government policies, threats of nuclear warfare , religious beliefs, and writers who warned of social or economic collapse in both non-fiction and apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction . The Cold War era civil defense programs promoted public atomic bomb shelters, personal fallout shelters , and training for children, such as

284-520: A mantrap foyer at survival retreats, an architectural element that he calls a "crushroom". Economic troubles emerging from the credit collapse triggered by the 2007 US subprime mortgage lending crisis and global grain shortages prompted a wider cross-section of the populace to prepare. The advent of H1N1 Swine Flu in 2009 piqued interest in survivalism, significantly boosting sales of preparedness books and making survivalism more mainstream. These developments led Gerald Celente , founder of

355-583: A mountain range spanning the northern portion of the Idaho Panhandle , eastern Washington , and southeastern British Columbia which are part of a larger grouping of mountains, the Columbia Mountains . They begin at Mica Peak and Krell Hill near Spokane and extend approximately 320 km north (200 miles) from the border to Kinbasket Lake , at the now-deserted location of the onetime fur company post, Boat Encampment . The range

426-524: A cabin there. They paid $ 5,000 in cash ($ 13,000 in 2023) and traded their moving truck for the land, valued at $ 500 an acre. In 1988, Weaver decided to run for county sheriff by using the slogan "Get out of jail – free" and he was adamant about his decision not to pay taxes . While the Weavers subscribed to ideas that broadly fell under the category of Christian Identity , their beliefs were still different. Like many in that movement, Vicki Weaver developed

497-534: A double homicide was committed by survivalist Peter Keller, who admitted to killing his wife and daughter in a video diary. He killed himself while evading capture in a bunker he built in Rattlesnake Ridge in King County, Washington . Both were cited by The Christian Science Monitor as examples of survivalism being tied to violence. During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic , which was declared

568-915: A heavy-duty greenhouse with canned non-hybrid seeds. This group considers an end to society as it exists today under possible scenarios including global warming , global cooling , environmental degradation , warming or cooling of gulf stream waters, or a period of severely cold winters caused by a supervolcano , an asteroid strike , or nuclear warfare . This group is concerned with the spread of fatal diseases, biological agents, and nerve gases, including COVID-19 , swine flu , E. coli , botulism , dengue fever , Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease , SARS , rabies , Hantavirus , anthrax , plague , cholera , HIV , ebola , Marburg virus , Lassa virus , sarin , and VX . In response, they might own NBC (nuclear, biological and chemical) full-face respirators, polyethylene coveralls, PVC boots, nitrile gloves , plastic sheeting and duct tape . Monetary disaster investors believe

639-503: A monetary collapse in 1967, with Don Stephens (an architect) providing input on how to build and equip a remote survival retreat . He gave a copy of his original Retreater's Bibliography to each seminar participant. Articles on the subject appeared in small-distribution libertarian publications such as The Innovator and Atlantis Quarterly . It was during this period that Robert D. Kephart began publishing Inflation Survival Letter (later renamed Personal Finance ). For several years

710-492: A press conference with tax protesters Edward and Elaine Brown on the front porch of their home in Plainfield, New Hampshire . He declared, "I ain't afraid of dying no more. I'm curious about the afterlife , and I'm an atheist ." Weaver's daughter, Sara, posted online that he had died on May 11, 2022, after being sick since at least mid-April. A cause of death was not given. He was 74 years old. A CBS miniseries about

781-733: A previous weapons charge and sentenced to 18 months in prison. He and his family eventually received a total of $ 3.1 million in compensation for the killing of his wife and son by federal agents. Randy Weaver was born on January 3, 1948, to Clarence and Wilma Weaver, a farming couple in Villisca, Iowa . He was one of four children. The Weavers were deeply religious and had difficulty finding a denomination that matched their views; they often moved around among Evangelical , Presbyterian , and Baptist churches. After graduating from Jefferson High School in 1966, he attended Iowa Central Community College for two years. In 1968, he dropped out to enlist in

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852-539: A retreat's exterior walls in any blind spots. Depending on the size of the group needing shelter, design elements of traditional European castle architecture, and Chinese Fujian Tulou and Mexican walled courtyard houses, have been suggested for survival retreats. Bruce D. Clayton and Joel Skousen have both written extensively on integrating fallout shelters into retreat homes, but they put less emphasis on ballistic protection and exterior perimeter security than Cooper and Rawles. Other newsletters and books followed in

923-525: A secretary and then as a homemaker. Partially as a result of reading the 1978 book The Late Great Planet Earth , the couple began to harbor more Christian fundamentalist beliefs, with Vicki believing that the apocalypse was imminent. To follow Vicki's vision of her family surviving the apocalypse away from what they saw as a corrupt civilization, the Weaver family moved to a 20-acre (8.1-hectare) property in remote Boundary County, Idaho , in 1983 and built

994-537: A set of beliefs which were based on her adherence to Old Covenant Laws , and her family referred to God as Yahweh (see Sacred Name Movement ). They also believed themselves to be Israelites . In 1989, Weaver met Kenneth Fadeley at a meeting of the white supremacist group Aryan Nations . Fadeley was actually an undercover ATF agent investigating the Aryan Nation complex under the alias "Gus Magisano". Weaver agreed to sell Fadeley two sawed-off shotguns , and

1065-799: Is bounded on its west, northeast and at its northern extremity by the Columbia River , or the reservoir lakes now filling most of that river's course. From the Columbia's confluence with the Beaver River , they are bounded on their east by the Purcell Trench , which contains the Beaver River, Duncan River , Duncan Lake , Kootenay Lake and the Kootenay River . The Selkirks are distinct from, and geologically older than,

1136-435: Is considered a standard reference on stocking food and household supplies as a hedge against inflation and future shortages. In addition to hardcopy newsletters, in the 1970s survivalists established their first online presence with BBS and Usenet forums dedicated to survivalism and survival retreats. Further interest in the survivalist movement peaked in the early 1980s, with Howard Ruff's book How to Prosper During

1207-501: Is itself a wide spectrum, from survival kits (ready bags, bug-out bags) to entire bunkers in extreme cases. Survivalists often acquire first aid and emergency medical / paramedic / field medicine training, self-defense training ( martial arts , ad hoc weaponry , firearm safety ), and improvisation / self-sufficiency training, and they often build structures ( survival retreats , underground shelters , etc.) or modify/ fortify existing structures etc. that may help them survive

1278-584: The 2016 election and the events leading up to the COVID-19 pandemic . Instead of moving or making such preparations at home, many people also make plans to remain in their current locations until an actual breakdown occurs, when they will—in survivalist parlance—"bug out" or "get out of Dodge" to a safer location. Other survivalists have more specialized concerns, often related to an adherence to apocalyptic religious beliefs. Some evangelical Christians hold to an interpretation of Bible prophecy known as

1349-536: The Duck and Cover films. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) has long directed its members to store a year's worth of food for themselves and their families in preparation for such possibilities, and the current teaching advises beginning with at least a three-month supply. The Great Depression that followed the Wall Street Crash of 1929 is cited by survivalists as an example of

1420-686: The Federal Reserve system is fundamentally flawed. Newsletters suggest hard assets of gold and silver bullion, coins, and other precious-metal-oriented investments such as mining shares. Survivalists prepare for paper money to become worthless through hyperinflation. As of late 2009 this is a popular scenario. Many will stockpile bullion in preparation for a market crash that would destroy the value of global currencies. These individuals study End Times prophecy and believe that one of various scenarios might occur in their lifetime. While some Christians (and even people of other religions) believe that

1491-503: The National Geographic Channel 's Doomsday Preppers emerged to capitalize on what Los Angeles Times entertainment contributor Mary McNamara dubbed "today's zeitgeist of fear of a world-changing event". After the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting , the "prepper" community worried they would face public scrutiny after it was revealed the perpetrator's mother was a survivalist. Earlier that year,

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1562-652: The OODA loop —observe, orient, decide and act), Combatives , martial arts, unarmed combat , Melee weapons, self-defense tactics and tools (both lethal and non-lethal). These survivalist tactics are often firearm-oriented, in order to ensure a method of defense against attackers or home invasion . This group consists of people who live in tornado, hurricane, flood, wildfire, earthquake or heavy snowfall-prone areas and want to be prepared for possible emergencies. They invest in material for fortifying structures and tools for rebuilding and constructing temporary shelters. While assuming

1633-740: The Rapture will follow a period of Tribulation , others believe that the Rapture is imminent and will precede the Tribulation ("Pre-Trib Rapture"). There is a wide range of beliefs and attitudes in this group. They run the gamut from pacifist to armed camp, and from having no food stockpiles (leaving their sustenance up to God's providence) to storing decades' worth of food. Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints are counseled to store up to two years' worth of food and supplies to aid in

1704-636: The Rocky Mountains . The neighboring Monashee and Purcell Mountains , and sometimes including the Cariboo Mountains to the northwest, are also part of the larger grouping of mountains known as the Columbia Mountains . A scenic highway loop, the International Selkirk Loop , encircles the southern portions of the mountain range. The Selkirks were named after Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk . In 1857 gold

1775-646: The September 11, 2001, attacks and subsequent bombings in Bali , Madrid , and London . This resurgence of interest in survivalism appears to be as strong as the 1970s era focus on the topic. The fear of war, avian influenza , energy shortages, environmental disasters , and global climate change , coupled with economic uncertainty and the apparent vulnerability of humanity after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami and Hurricane Katrina , have increased interest in survivalism topics. Many books were published in

1846-874: The United States Army during the height of the Vietnam War . He was stationed at Fort Bragg in North Carolina . While Weaver had told other people that he had been a Green Beret in the Army, his discharge papers showed that he had never been a member of the Green Berets or Special Forces, but may have received some general demolitions training as a combat engineer . In 1970, during a visit to his hometown while on leave, Weaver met his future wife Victoria "Vicki" Jordison. He introduced himself as "Pete", rather than his "hated" given name Randall. He

1917-691: The United States Marshals Service (USMS) initiated action to apprehend and arrest Randy Weaver under a bench warrant after his failure to appear on firearms charges. Weaver refused to surrender and remained at home with his family and friend Kevin Harris. The Hostage Rescue Team of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI HRT) became involved as the siege developed. During the Marshals Service reconnoiter of

1988-407: The post-tribulation rapture , in which the world will have to go through a seven-year period of war and global dictatorship known as the " Great Tribulation ". Jim McKeever helped popularize survival preparations among this branch of evangelical Christians with his 1978 book Christians Will Go Through the Tribulation, and How To Prepare For It . Selkirk Mountains The Selkirk Mountains are

2059-579: The 1970s was the Personal Survival ("P.S.") Letter (circa 1977–1982). Published by Mel Tappan , who also authored the books Survival Guns and Tappan on Survival . The newsletter included columns from Tappan himself and notable survivalists such as Jeff Cooper , Al J Venter , Bruce D. Clayton , Nancy Mack Tappan , J.B. Wood (author of several gunsmithing books), Karl Hess , Janet Groene (travel author), Dean Ing , Reginald Bretnor , and C.G. Cobb (author of Bad Times Primer ). The majority of

2130-562: The Coming Bad Years and the publication in 1980 of Life After Doomsday by Bruce D. Clayton . Clayton's book, coinciding with a renewed arms race between the United States and Soviet Union , marked a shift in emphasis in preparations made by survivalists away from economic collapse, famine, and energy shortages—which were concerns in the 1970s—to nuclear war. In the early 1980s, science fiction writer Jerry Pournelle

2201-485: The Coming Collapse , James Wesley Rawles describes in great detail retreat groups "upgrading" brick or other masonry houses to that of a security compound with steel reinforced window shutters and doors, excavating anti-vehicular ditches, installing gate locks , constructing concertina wire obstacles and fougasses , and setting up listening post/ observation posts (LP/OPs.) Rawles is a proponent of including

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2272-527: The Hostage Rescue Team were dispatched to Ruby Ridge. The team used specified "Rules of Engagement" which allowed them to shoot any armed adult male exiting the cabin. In the subsequent siege of the Weaver residence, led by the FBI, Weaver's wife Vicki was shot and killed by an FBI sniper while standing in her home holding her 10-month-old daughter. Harris was critically wounded and almost died during

2343-702: The Queen of Babylon " and writing, "The stink of your lawless government has reached Heaven , the abode of Yahweh our Yashua ", and "Whether we live or whether we die, we will not bow to your evil commandments." At the time of the Ruby Ridge siege, the Weavers had four children: Sara, 16; Samuel, 14; Rachel, 10; and Elisheba, 10 months. Vicki homeschooled the children. Ruby Ridge was the site of an 11-day police standoff in 1992 in Boundary County, Idaho, near Naples . It began on August 21, when deputies of

2414-614: The Ruby Ridge incident, titled Ruby Ridge: An American Tragedy , aired on May 19 and 21, 1996. It was based on the book Every Knee Shall Bow by reporter Jess Walter . It starred Laura Dern as Vicki, Kirsten Dunst as Sara, and Randy Quaid as Randy. Later that year, the television series was adapted into a full-length TV movie, The Siege at Ruby Ridge . PBS ' American Experience aired an episode titled "Ruby Ridge" on February 14, 2017. Survivalism Survivalism emphasises self-reliance, stockpiling supplies, and gaining survival knowledge and skills. The stockpiling of supplies

2485-536: The Selkirk Mountains was the home of the last naturally occurring caribou herd in the contiguous United States , the South Selkirk mountain caribou. The herd was cross boundary, spending some time in extreme northern Idaho , eastern Washington , and British Columbia , Canada. The South Selkirk mountain caribou is a woodland mountain caribou , an ecotype of the boreal woodland caribou , one of

2556-603: The Selkirks. This area, some of it protected in Washington's Salmo-Priest Wilderness , is also home to mule deer and white-tailed deer , elk , black bears , cougars , bobcats , red fox , bald eagles , golden eagles , osprey , great blue heron , porcupine , badgers , coyote , martens , bighorn sheep , mountain goats, gray wolves and moose . Formerly rarely seen, grizzly bears are also known to roam through this region now in abundance. The southern end of

2627-528: The Trends Research Institute, to identify a trend that he calls "neo-survivalism". He explained this phenomenon in a radio interview with Jim Puplava on December 18, 2009: When you go back to the last depressing days when we were in a survival mode, the last one the Y2K of course, before the 1970s, what had happened was you only saw this one element of survivalist, you know, the caricature,

2698-478: The Weaver property, six Marshals encountered Harris, and Randy's 14-year-old son, Sammy Weaver, in the woods near the family cabin. A shootout took place. Marshals shot the Weavers' dog Striker, then shot Sammy Weaver in the back as he ran away, killing him. During the firefight, Harris shot Deputy U.S. Marshal, William Francis Degan, in the chest, resulting in Degan's death. On August 22, 1992 FBI sniper/observers in

2769-492: The alarm because they thought Y2K code fixes were not being made quickly enough. While a range of authors responded to this wave of concern, two of the most survival-focused texts to emerge were Boston on Y2K (1998) by Kenneth W. Royce , and Mike Oehler's The Hippy Survival Guide to Y2K . Oehler is an underground living advocate, who also authored The $ 50 and Up Underground House Book , which has long been popular in survivalist circles. Another wave of survivalism began after

2840-487: The ban's subsequent passage in 1994. The interest peaked again in 1999 triggered by fears of the Y2K computer bug . Before extensive efforts were made to rewrite computer programming code to mitigate the effects, some writers such as Gary North , Ed Yourdon , James Howard Kunstler , and investments' advisor Ed Yardeni anticipated widespread power outages, food and gasoline shortages, and other emergencies. North and others raised

2911-463: The defense, rather focusing on attacking the credibility of FBI agents and forensic technicians. The judge dismissed two counts after hearing prosecution witness testimony. The jury acquitted Weaver of all remaining charges except two, one of which the judge set aside. He was found guilty of one count, failure to appear, for which he was fined $ 10,000, and sentenced to 18 months in prison. He was credited with time served plus an additional three months, and

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2982-409: The early 1980s, nuclear war became a common fear, and some survivalists constructed fallout shelters. In 1999, many people purchased electric generators , water purifiers, and several months or even years worth of food in anticipation of widespread power outages because of the Y2K computer-bug . Between 2013 and 2019, many people purchased those same items in anticipation of widespread chaos following

3053-407: The event of a natural disaster or long-term economic hardship, such as unemployment. This group believes that peak oil is a near term threat to Western civilization, and take appropriate measures, usually involving relocation to an agriculturally self-sufficient survival retreat. This group has a primary concern with maintaining some form of legal system and social cohesion after a breakdown in

3124-511: The ex-urbans. And it also means becoming more and more tightly committed to your neighbors, your neighborhood, working together and understanding that we're all in this together and that when we help each other out that's going to be the best way forward. This last aspect is highlighted in The Trends Research Journal : "Communal spirit intelligently deployed is the core value of Neo-Survivalism". Television shows such as

3195-767: The future. The following are characterizations, although most (if not all) survivalists fit into more than one category: While some survivalists believe in long-term viability of Western civilization, they learn principles and techniques needed for surviving life-threatening situations that can occur at any time and place. They prepare for such calamities that could result in physical harm or requiring immediate attention or defense from threats. These disasters could be biotic or abiotic. Survivalists combat disasters by attempting to prevent and mitigate damage caused by these factors. This group stresses being able to stay alive for indefinite periods in life-threatening wilderness scenarios, including plane crashes, shipwrecks, and being lost in

3266-508: The guy with the AK-47 heading to the hills with enough ammunition and pork and beans to ride out the storm. This is a very different one from that: you're seeing average people taking smart moves and moving in intelligent directions to prepare for the worst. (...) So survivalism in every way possible. Growing your own, self-sustaining, doing as much as you can to make it as best as you can on your own and it can happen in urban area, sub-urban area or

3337-639: The heart of the Selkirks were among the first national parks created in Canada, along with Yoho and Banff National Parks in the Rockies. Until the completion of the Trans-Canada Highway via the Rogers Pass , automotive traffic between most of British Columbia and the rest of Canada necessarily was forced to follow the path of the Columbia River via its Big Bend , around the north end of

3408-409: The long-term continuity of society, some may have invested in a custom-built shelter, food, water, medicine, and enough supplies to get by until contact with the rest of the world resumes following a natural emergency. This group is concerned with weather cycles of 2–10 years, which have happened historically and can cause crop failures. They might stock several tons of food per family member and have

3479-597: The most critically endangered mammals. In 2009 the herd of 50 animals was declining. Predation from wolves that had been reintroduced to the area negatively effected the herd, and by April 2018, only three remained, and in January 2019, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) announced in its scientific journal, Science , that British Columbia's provincial biologists captured

3550-568: The need to be prepared. The increased inflation rate in the 1960s, the US monetary devaluation , the continued concern over a possible nuclear exchange between the US and the Soviet Union, and perceived increasing vulnerability of urban centers to supply shortages and other systems failures caused a number of primarily conservative and libertarian thinkers to promote individual preparations. Harry Browne began offering seminars on how to survive

3621-463: The newsletter included a continuing section on personal preparedness written by Stephens. It promoted expensive seminars around the US on similar cautionary topics. Stephens participated, along with James McKeever and other defensive investing, " hard money " advocates. In the next decade Howard Ruff warned about socio-economic collapse in his 1974 book Famine and Survival in America . Ruff's book

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3692-461: The newsletter revolved around selecting, constructing, and logistically equipping survival retreats. Following Tappan's death in 1980, Karl Hess took over publishing the newsletter, eventually renaming it Survival Tomorrow . In 1980, John Pugsley published the book The Alpha Strategy . It was on The New York Times Best Seller list for nine weeks in 1981. After 28 years in circulation, The Alpha Strategy remains popular with survivalists, and

3763-402: The next day after being convinced by Gritz that there was no other sensible solution. Weaver was charged with multiple crimes relating to the Ruby Ridge incident — a total of ten counts, including the original firearms charges. Attorney, Gerry Spence , handled Weaver's defense, and successfully argued that Weaver's actions were justifiable as self-defense . Spence did not call any witnesses for

3834-505: The same themes, such as How to Prosper During the Coming Bad Years , a best-seller in 1979. Firearms instructor and survivalist Colonel Jeff Cooper wrote on hardening retreats against small arms fire. In an article titled "Notes on Tactical Residential Architecture" in Issue #30 of P.S. Letter (April 1982), Cooper suggested using the " Vauban Principle", whereby projecting bastion corners would prevent miscreants from being able to approach

3905-423: The separation of races. We wanted to be separated from the rest of the world, to live in a remote area, to give our children a good place to grow up." In 1995, Weaver was interviewed by New York Times reporter Ken Fuson and expressed regret about not appearing in court for his 1991 gun charge: "I'm not totally without fault in this." In April 1996, Weaver accompanied Bo Gritz to Jordan, Montana , where Gritz

3976-568: The stockpiling of non-perishable food, water (i.e. using water canisters ), water-purification equipment, clothing, seed, firewood, defensive or hunting weapons, ammunition, agricultural equipment , and medical supplies. Some survivalists do not make such extensive preparations, and simply incorporate a " Be Prepared " outlook into their everyday life. A bag of gear, often referred to as a " bug out bag " (BOB) or "get out of dodge" (G.O.O.D.) kit, can be created which contains basic necessities and useful items. It can be of any size, weighing as much as

4047-409: The subsequent standoff. Weaver was shot once; he was not holding a weapon at the time. All casualties occurred in the first two days of the operation. The siege and standoff were ultimately resolved by civilian negotiator, Bo Gritz , who was instrumental in getting Weaver to allow Harris to get medical attention. Harris surrendered and was arrested on August 30. Weaver and his three daughters surrendered

4118-479: The technical infrastructure of society. They are interested in works like The Postman by David Brin , Lewis Dartnell 's The Knowledge: How to Rebuild Our World from Scratch , or Marcus B. Hatfield's The American Common Law: The Customary Law of the American Nation . Common preparations include the creation of a clandestine or defensible retreat, haven, or bug out location (BOL) in addition to

4189-410: The term retreater eventually fell into disuse, many who subscribed to it saw retreating as the more rational approach to conflict-avoidance and remote "invisibility". Survivalism , on the other hand, tended to take on a more media-sensationalized, combative, "shoot-it-out-with-the-looters" image. One newsletter deemed by some to be one of the most important on survivalism and survivalist retreats in

4260-483: The term retreater to describe those in the movement, referring to preparations to leave cities for remote havens or survival retreats should society break down. In 1976, before moving to the Inland Northwest , he and his wife authored and published The Survivor's Primer & Up-dated Retreater's Bibliography . For a time in the 1970s, the terms survivalist and retreater were used interchangeably. While

4331-450: The user is able to carry. Survivalists' concerns and preparations have changed over the years. During the 1970s, fears were economic collapse, hyperinflation, and famine . Preparations included food storage and survival retreats in the country which could be farmed. Some survivalists stockpiled precious metals and barterable goods (such as common-caliber ammunition) because they assumed that paper currency would become worthless. During

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4402-511: The wake of Ruff's first publication. In 1975, Kurt Saxon began publishing a monthly tabloid-size newsletter called The Survivor , which combined Saxon's editorials with reprints of 19th century and early 20th century writings on various pioneer skills and old technologies. Kurt Saxon used the term survivalist to describe the movement, and he claims to have coined the term. In the previous decade, preparedness consultant, survival bookseller, and California-based author Don Stephens popularized

4473-628: The wake of the Great Recession from 2008 and later offering survival advice for various potential disasters, ranging from an energy shortage and crash to nuclear or biological terrorism . In addition to the 1970s-era books, blogs and Internet forums are popular ways of disseminating survivalism information. Online survival websites and blogs discuss survival vehicles, survival retreats, emerging threats, and list survivalist groups. In both his book Rawles on Retreats and Relocation and in his survivalist novel, Patriots: A Novel of Survival in

4544-482: The woods. Concerns are: thirst, hunger, climate, terrain, health, stress, and fear. The rule of 3 is often emphasized as common practice for wilderness survival. The rule states that a human can survive: 3 minutes without air, 3 hours without shelter, 3 days without water, 3 weeks without food. This group focuses on surviving brief encounters of violent activity, including personal protection and its legal ramifications, danger awareness, John Boyd 's cycle (also known as

4615-568: Was an editor and columnist for Survive , a survivalist magazine, and was influential in the survivalist movement. Ragnar Benson 's 1982 book Live Off The Land In The City And Country suggested rural survival retreats as both a preparedness measure and conscious lifestyle change. Interest in the movement picked up during the Clinton administration due in part to the debate surrounding the Federal Assault Weapons Ban and

4686-682: Was discharged at the rank of sergeant on October 8, 1971, and married Vicki the following month. A month after leaving the Army, Randy Weaver and Vicki Jordison married in a ceremony at the First Congregationalist Church in Fort Dodge, Iowa , in November 1971. After a semester at the University of Northern Iowa , Randy dropped out after finding well-paying work at a local John Deere factory. Vicki worked first as

4757-560: Was discovered in the Selkirks. Coal , copper , marble , mercury , silver , and zinc were also found in the mountains. During the development of Western Canada , the Selkirks presented a formidable barrier to the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway , until A.B. Rogers discovered the mountain pass that bears his name in 1881–1882. As a result of the railway's construction via that route, Mount Revelstoke and Glacier National Parks (Canada) in

4828-418: Was published during a period of rampant inflation in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis . Most of the elements of survivalism can be found there, including advice on food storage. The book championed the claim that precious metals, such as gold and silver , have an intrinsic worth that makes them more usable in the event of a socioeconomic collapse than fiat currency . Ruff later published milder variations of

4899-551: Was recorded on tape saying he could supply Fadelay with four or five illegal shotguns a week. In December 1990, Weaver received felony weapons charges in connection with the 1989 transaction. During the initial encounter with Fadeley, the Weaver family relocated from a rental house to a cabin near Ruby Ridge, Idaho, in the Selkirk Mountains . After charges were pressed against her husband, Vicki Weaver wrote to U.S. Attorney Maurice O. Ellsworth, addressing him as "Servant of

4970-458: Was then released. Kevin Harris was acquitted of all criminal charges. In August 1995, the US government avoided trial on a civil lawsuit filed by the Weavers by awarding the three surviving daughters $ 1,000,000 each, and Randy Weaver $ 100,000 over the deaths of Sammy and Vicki Weaver. Weaver testified about his racial beliefs before a U.S. Senate Judiciary subcommittee in 1995: "I'm not a hateful racist as most people understand it. But I believe in

5041-579: Was to attempt to negotiate a conclusion to the Montana Freemen standoff. However, Weaver was not allowed by the FBI to enter the Freemen's holdout. In 1998, Weaver published The Federal Siege at Ruby Ridge: In Our Own Words , which he partly sold in person at gun shows . In 1999, Weaver married Linda Gross, a [legal secretary]], in Jefferson, Iowa . On June 18, 2007, Weaver participated in

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