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44-441: The headquarters of Rapti were Tulsipur and the largest city was Tribhuvannagar (Ghorahi). Other main cities and towns of Rapti zone were Pyuthan Khalanga , Bijuwar , Liwang , Lamahi, Musikot , Rukumkot (Shova), and Chaurjahari . Rapti was divided into five districts; since 2015 the three eastern districts (and the eastern part of Rukum District) have been redesignated as part of Lumbini Province , while Salyan District and

88-542: A diaspora sending Nepalese youth and fathers off to India, the Middle East, Europe and even the U.S. for employment and education. Another effect was to foster invidious comparison between increasing amenities of bazaar towns along the spur roads versus unchanged austerity in the hinterlands above that were mainly populated by Kham Magar janajatis . This added to historic grievances from government neglect and favoritism toward upper-caste hill Hindus , so Kham living in

132-581: A history of radical politics since the mid-20th century and in the 1990s became a center of the Maoist rebellion against the royal government and the fragile democracy that the late King Birendra eventually supported. Historically, geographic isolation inhibited economic development in Rapti Zone. Trans-himalayan trade routes lay to the east along the Kaligandaki River and to the west along

176-566: A major source of marine salt with access to expansive hinterlands in need of it was the wetlands region in Languedoc called the Camargue ; from the salt pans called salines , convoys of boatloads of salt could be carried up the Rhone to Seyssel where it had to be off-loaded and carried by mule train inland to the little village of Regonfle near Geneva, where it rejoined a waterway. Of

220-687: A rugged 3-4,000 meter ridgeline marking the limits of the Rapti Basin. Kham Magar live in Big Area throughout these highlands up to about 2,500 meters. They herd sheep, goats and cattle in high summer pastures as far north as the western Dhaulagiri Himalaya in Rukum district, moving south to the Mahabharat Range in winter. Kham also cultivate subtropical and temperate fruit trees such as mulberry, citrus and Asian pear as cash crops. Until it

264-428: Is an online news provider channel that is Tulsipur online. Some newspapers which are publishing from Tulsipur are Gorakshya daily, Rapti Aawaj daily, Tharkot weekly, etc. All the media in the city is listed below for reference. The, then zonal headquarter of Rapti zone hosts various Government, Public-Private and Private educational institutions. Nepal Sanskrit University, NSU (formerly Mahendra Sanskrit University),

308-649: Is located in Beljhundi whereas the campus is in Bijauri. Other prominent institutions include Rapti Babai Campus, which offers various educational streams up to the master's degree level. Central Ayurvedic College and Rapti Life Care Hospital's Staff Nurse program are also well known in the region. Similarly, Tulsi Boarding School is consistently ranked No. 1 in the entire Mid-Western and Far-Western Region for its SLC results and iswell reputed in Nepal, having been awarded

352-428: Is provincial level hospital named Rapti Provincial Hospital for the general medical need. Tulsipur is home to the renowned Rapti Eye Hospital , recognized as one of the foremost specialized eye care facilities in the region. Additionally, the town boasts several private hospitals and clinics catering to both general medical requirements and specialized treatments. Tulsipur boasts several notable attractions, including

396-440: Is the district's second most populous city after Ghorahi . It was established in 1992 by merging the former village development committees (VDCs) Tulsipur and Amritpur . In 2014, it was expanded with the addition of VDCs of Urahari , Tarigaun , Pawannagar and Halwar . At the 2011 Nepal census , it had a population of 141,528 people in 31,243 households. Tulsipur Old Peepal bot best place The House of Tulsipur ruled one of

440-516: Is the first community radio station. Tulsipur Radio Prakriti 93.4  MHz which is the first environment-friendly community radio station, Radio Hamro Pahuncha - 89  MHz Which is a Community radio Station, Radio Tulsipur - 100.2  MHz which is a private radio station and Radio Sanjhibani-91.0. In addition, there are also two local TV (Television) station STV and STN channels which broadcasts local events and news. Along with these, many daily and weekly local newspapers have been publishing. There

484-516: Is the only Sanskrit university and the second- oldest University of Nepal which is well known all over Nepal and India for the quality of education it provides promoting ancient Sanskrit , Vedic Astrology , Nepali literature . Students from all over Nepal, from Mechi to Mahakali used to come for Vedic language study. It is mainly famous for its cost-effective education in Sanskrit, which is often considered nearly free. Its main administrative office

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528-714: The Bheri and Karnali . Compared to these, a hypothetical transhimalayan trade route through Rapti would have been impeded by a wide Inner Terai malarial belt, by ridges up to 4,000 meters exiting the Rapti watershed, then by the Dhaulagiri Himalayas and the only comparatively lower Kagmara and Tibetan border ranges before reaching the Tibetan Plateau. Elsewhere in Nepal the Outer Terai began developing in

572-637: The Kingdom of Kaffa . Before the People's Republic of China annexed Tibet and closed the borders in the 1950s, salt trade between Nepal and Tibet crossed passes through the Himalayas such as the gorges of the upper Karnali and Gandaki rivers. Caravans of pack animals brought rice up from Nepal's Terai and lower hills in exchange for salt from dry lakes on the Tibetan Plateau . In

616-627: The United Kingdom an ancient road known as the Salt Way runs from Droitwich Spa , passing Banbury and onto Princes Risborough . The Salt Way is managed by the Salt Way Activity Group. The Vienna Road, later also known as Southern Railway (Austria) that succeeded the road as a railway connection between Vienna and Trieste , was a salt road connecting the two cities via Graz , Maribor and Ljubljana . While salt

660-676: The early modern period in Europe, Fernand Braudel remarked that in spite of the flux and reflux of economics: "no salt mine was ever abandoned and the scale of the equipment needed put these mines in the hands of merchants from very early days. Salt-marshes on the other hand, were exploited by artisanal methods: the merchants took control only of transport and marketing, both in Setúbal in Portugal and in Peccais in Languedoc . Salt marketing

704-574: The navigable rivers , where by medieval times shipments of salt coming upstream passed rafts and log-trains of timber, which could only be shipped downstream. And even along Europe's coasts, once long-distance trade was revived in the 11th century, the hot and sunny south naturally outproduced the wet north. By the Late Middle Ages , the expanding fishing fleets of the Low Countries required more salt than could be produced locally;

748-540: The salterns surrounding the town. Traders shipped salt via Lauenburg to Lübeck, which supplied all the coasts of the Baltic Sea . Lüneburg and its salt were major factors of power and wealth of the Hanseatic League . After a long period of prosperity, its importance declined after 1600. The last of the salt mines was closed in 1980, ending the thousand-year tradition. In medieval Bosnia , via Narenta

792-554: The Babai and Bheri rivers. Rukum is Rapi Zone's northernmost, most mountainous district including the western part of Dhaulagiri Himalaya drained by the Bheri River. At lower elevations it is populated by Hindu Khas people said to be ancestral to most of Nepal's Bahuns and Chhetris living further east. Kham Magars live higher up. A notable valley called Rukumkot lies near the district's geographical center. Rapti Zone has

836-676: The Museum of Tharu Civilization at Sukaurakot, which showcases one of Nepal's oldest human civilizations and its influence on the culture and history of southern Nepal. The Ambikeshwari Temple stands out as the city's most popular religious site, complemented by other notable places like the Sawarikot Temple and the Radha-Krishna Temple. Nature enthusiasts flock to the Chameri Cave, located on the northern outskirts of

880-632: The SS4 highway, runs 51 kilometres (32 mi) from Rome to Osteria Nuova in Orvieto . The Old Salt Route , about 100 kilometres (62 mi), was a medieval route in northern Germany , linking Lüneburg (in Lower Saxony) with the port of Lübeck (in Schleswig-Holstein), which required more salt than it could produce itself. Lüneburg, first mentioned in the 10th century, grew rich on

924-541: The balance was made up with salt from the Iberian Peninsula . "The United Provinces could have been brought to their knees if their supplies of salt had been blocked at the end of the sixteenth century. Spain did no more than dream of this," Fernand Braudel has written. In Ming China , salt as well as rice was shipped from south to north, along the Imperial Canal as far as Beijing . In France,

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968-625: The city, while the Rapti Peace Park in Ganeshpur draws numerous visitors with its array of attractions, ranging from a small zoo to a water park. This park is a favored destination for family outings, offering a respite from bustling city life. Moreover, Tulsipur's charm extends to its ancient temples, significant historical sites, diverse ethnic communities, linguistic variety, varied landscapes, lakes, rich flora and fauna, and enchanting waterfalls, all of which entice visitors from across

1012-1191: The country with the migration of the people of this community towards the east. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census , Tulsipur Submetropolitan City had a population of 142,869. Of these, 74.8% spoke Nepali , 23.3% Tharu , 0.7% Magar , 0.5% Hindi , 0.1% Bhojpuri , 0.1% Chantyal , 0.1% Kham , 0.1% Maithili , 0.1% Newar , 0.1% Urdu In terms of ethnicity/caste, 31.8% were Chhetri , 25.0% Tharu , 14.3% Hill Brahmin , 7.8% Magar , 6.9% Kami , 3.6% Damai /Dholi, 2.8% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 2.1% Sarki , 1.5% Thakuri , 0.9% Newar , 0.5% Musalman , 0.4% Badi , 0.4% Gurung , 0.4% Halwai , 0.3% Kumal , 0.2% Chamar /Harijan/Ram, 0.2% Gaine , 0.1% Chhantyal , 0.1% other Dalit , 0.1% Kathabaniyan, 0.1% Rai , 0.1% Tamang , 0.1% other Terai and 0.1% others. In terms of religion, 97.8% were Hindu , 0.9% Buddhist , 0.7% Christian , 0.5% Muslim and 0.1% others. In terms of literacy, 74.5% could read and write, 1.7% could only read and 23.7% could neither read nor write. Dang Airport lies in Old-Tarigaun offering flights to Kathmandu . Roads go north into Salyan District and all

1056-424: The crest of the Mahabharat Range. Pyuthan has a rice -growing alluvial plain along Jhimruk Khola , surrounded by villages of rice-growing Bahun and Chhetri farmers served by bazaar towns of Newar merchants. Rolpa district mainly lies along Mardi Khola, the other large Rapti tributary that is more eroded into an inner gorge and less suited to traditional irrigation projects. Pyuthan and Rolpa extend north to

1100-452: The district extends to the crest of the higher Mahabharat Range . The two valleys have abundant level and gently-sloping land with fair to good soil development, and abundant groundwater. Malaria made them nearly uninhabitable except to the Tharu ethnic group that had evolved resistance. In the 1960s DDT came into use to suppress the mosquito vectors and the way was open to settlers from

1144-550: The early industrialisation of salt mining. "Galleries and shafts were now dug to a depth of 300 metres, and enormous winches powered by teams of horses brought blocks of salt to the surface. At its peak, production stood at 40,000 tons a year and the mines employed 3,000 workers. By 1368, the cooperation of the Polish state had been obtained." Since pre-Inca times, salt has been obtained in Maras , Peru, by evaporating salty water from

1188-589: The head of the valley, or from Ventimiglia inland through the Roya Valley , over the Col de Tende pass and into Piedmont . In Ethiopia blocks of salt, called amoleh , were carved from the salt pans of the Afar Depression , especially around Lake Afrera , then carried by camel west to Atsbi and Ficho in the highland , whence traders distributed them throughout the rest of Ethiopia, as far south as

1232-531: The highlands became ripe for recruitment by the Maobadi movement and the national government was virtually pushed out of Rolpa and Rukum during the 1996–2006 Nepalese Civil War . 28°20′N 82°30′E  /  28.333°N 82.500°E  / 28.333; 82.500 Tulsipur, Rapti Tulsipur is a Sub-Metropolitan City in Dang District of Lumbini Province of Nepal . It

1276-473: The hills who used debt and lawsuits to displace and even enslave Tharus. Dang is the most developed and most rapidly developing of the zone's five districts. Mahendra Highway , Nepal's main east-west route, follows Deukhuri Valley. Dang Valley has two important towns, Tribuvan nagar and Tulsipur, and an all-weather airport. Pyuthan, Rolpa and Salyan Districts are in the Middle Hills extending north from

1320-569: The hills. Otherwise there was limited local trade, no industry and hardly any agriculture beyond subsistence to tax, so the national government found little incentive for involvement in Rapti zone. By the 1960s land-hungry hill people began to settle in the Dang and Deukhuri valleys and in the 1980s the east-west Mahendra Highway was built across the country, followed by spur roads south to Koilabas and north to Pyuthan, Rolpa, Dang Valley, Swargadwari and Salyan. This enabled ordinary Nepalis to reach

1364-520: The largest Taluqs of Oudh , India , which then included the Dang and Deukhuri Valleys . Therefore, it also counted as one of the Baise Rajya ( Nepali : बाइसे राज्य ; 22 Principalities), a confederation in what became western Nepal . The Tharu civilization of sukaurakot (at the northern bank of Babai River) is one of the oldest human civilization s which was further extended to the eastern part of

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1408-622: The maritime Liguria with the alpages , long before any purposely-constructed roadways formed the overland routes by which salt-rich provinces supplied salt-starved ones. The Via Salaria , an ancient Roman road in Italy , eventually ran from Rome (from Porta Salaria in the Aurelian Walls ) to Castrum Truentinum ( Porto d'Ascoli ) on the Adriatic coast - a distance of 242 kilometres (150 mi). A modern road by this name, part of

1452-546: The mid 1930s because the Rana dynasty sought limited industrial development and because development could easily spread from India across a border with little impediment. However, in Rapti Zone the border turned north to follow the base of the first range of foothills. Areas suited for development were confined to valleys beyond these low but rugged mountains. Furthermore, these valleys remained dangerously malarial until USAID began spraying DDT in 1954. In Rapti's Middle Hills

1496-539: The nation. Citations Bibliography Salt road A salt road (also known as a salt route , salt way , saltway , or salt trading route ) refers to any of the prehistoric and historical trade routes by which essential salt was transported to regions that lacked it. From the Bronze Age (in the 2nd millennium BC ) fixed transhumance routes appeared, like the Ligurian drailles that linked

1540-534: The only economic activity of interest to the government in Kathmandu was cottage hashish production from scattered plantings of Cannabis indica . Government agents carried marijuana and balls of charas to Kathmandu for retail and export to India. This trade ended in 1974 in response to U.S. pressure and inducements. USAID promoted temperate climate fruit and food crops as replacement cash crops, but this program failed due to lack of adequate transportation out of

1584-606: The prize for the best School in the Mid-Western Region (best among 15 districts). There educational Institutions in Tulsipur include Nepal Sanskrit University , Gorkha Higher Secondary School, Hamro Pahunch Secondary School, Divine Temple Academy, Himal Academy, Chandrodaya Vidya Kunj boarding school, Aadarsh Academy,Rapti Vidya Mandir Secondary School, Novex College and Gyan Jyoti Education Foundation under which many school and college are running. In Tulsipur, there

1628-580: The rest of the country in a day or two by inexpensive buses instead of by limited, expensive air service out of Dang airport or roundabout routes through India using trains and buses going east or west as well as several days on foot, so Rapti Zone's historic condition of isolation largely ended and then connection increased with the arrival of landline and cellular telephones, radio broadcasts and Internet. The growing highway network replaced human porterage and greatly reduced transport costs. More goods were on sale locally, at lower prices. It also helped feed

1672-446: The transportation hub of whole rapti zone. The major source of transportation here are buses and jeeps. Nowadays electric auto rikshaw are also running as local transportation in market and town-side area. For the transportation of goods in villages, tractors are rampantly used though trucks are used in the major highways. To promote local culture, Tulsipur has currently four FM radio stations. Out of which, Radio Tulsipur 100.2MHZ

1716-687: The way to Rukum (also called Rapti-Babai Highway) giving its connectivity to Pahadi Lokmarg (Pan Nepal National highway being built up in districts in mountain, parallel to the Mahendra Highway of Terai), 29 km south to the Mahendra Highway Amiliya in Deukhuri Valley and east to Ghorahi and west to Purandhara all the way connecting to Chhinchu, Surkhet . It is the major transit point of southern and western dang, Salyan, Rolpa and Rukum districts and serves as

1760-801: The western part of Rukum District have been redesignated as part of Karnali Province . Dang District begins at the border with India . Since the border follows the southern edge of the Dudhwa Range —a subrange of the Siwaliks , here there is no Nepalese Outer Terai extending onto the main Indo-Gangetic Plain . Dang has two Inner Terai Valleys . Deukhuri lies beyond the Dudhwas, then a second low subrange—the Dang Range—separates Deukhuri from Dang Valley. Beyond Dang Valley

1804-555: Was not the primary good traded on this road (roughly 7% of the trade), the historic salt connection is a significant part of Slovenian culture and tradition due to a folk hero Martin Krpan - a story based on oral tradition taking place on the Vienna Road. In medieval Japan, the landlocked and mountainous Shinano Province was supplied with salt by two routes collectively called Shio no Michi . The salt highways of Europe were

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1848-462: Was outlawed in the 1970s they cultivated hemp and made hashish bought by government agents to be sold in monopoly stores. Termination of these arrangements increased Kham outmigration in search of employment and contributed to discontent with the Shah regime. Salyan resembles Pyuthan in having a mix of rice-growing lowlands inhabited by caste Hindus, and uplands inhabited by Kham peoples. It is drained by

1892-622: Was probably quite big business along the Atlantic seabord or the Rhône valley." The vast interior of Poland was salt-starved, its maritime districts lying under rainy skies and fronting the Baltic Sea . By medieval times the process of mining for fossil salt supplemented the age-old techniques of evaporating sea salt in tidal pans. By the 14th century, at Wieliczka near Kraków , Braudel reports that peasant extraction of salt from brine evaporated in large shallow iron pans had been eliminated by

1936-475: Was used as a trade route between Podvisoki and Dubrovnik . It is recorded that 600 horses delivered around 1500 modius of salt to Podvisoki. In France , the salt route was longer than a portage between navigable streams. Salt unloaded at the ports of Nice and Ventimiglia could travel by two salt roads leading away from the coastal area, from Nice up the Vésubie valley, via Saint-Martin-Vésubie at

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