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23-649: Raspail was born in Carpentras , Vaucluse . A member of the republican Carbonari society and Freemasonry , where he met François Arago , Victor Schoelcher and Auguste Blanqui , Raspail was imprisoned during Louis Philippe 's reign (1830–1848) and was a candidate for presidency of the Second Republic in December 1848. However, he was then involved in the attempted revolt of 15 May 1848 and in March 1849

46-421: A [preexisting] cell") later attributed to Rudolf Karl Virchow . He was an early proponent of the use of the microscope in the study of plants. He was also an early advocate of the use of antiseptic(s) and better sanitation and diet. His "Manuel annuaire de la santé 1834" is portrayed in the painting "Nature morte avec oignons/ Still life with a plate of onions " by Vincent van Gogh (1889 Kroller-Muller). After

69-566: A role in the 1789-1799 French Revolution , particularly during the rule of the French Directory . After the 'Anti-Royalist' September 4, 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor , on October 22, 1797, counter-revolutionaries take the city's government and hold it in protest for 24 hours. Into the 20th and 21st centuries, Carpentras has been an important centre of French Judaism and is home to the oldest synagogue in France, which opened in 1367 and

92-587: A variety of Provençal since a part of the Gavot area (near Digne and Sisteron) belongs to historical Provence. When written in the Mistralian norm (" normo mistralenco "), definite articles are lou in the masculine singular, la in the feminine singular and li in the masculine and feminine plural ( lis before vowels). Nouns and adjectives usually drop the Latin masculine endings, but -e remains;

115-949: Is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France . As capital of the Comtat Venaissin , it was frequently the residence of the Avignon popes ; the Papal States retained possession of the Venaissin until the French Revolution . Nowadays, Carpentras is a commercial center for Comtat Venaissin and is famous for the black truffle markets held from winter to early spring. Carpentras briefly held France's all-time high-temperature record, during

138-524: Is a variety of Occitan , spoken by people in Provence and parts of Drôme and Gard . The term Provençal used to refer to the entire Occitan language, but more recently it has referred only to the variety of Occitan spoken in Provence. However, it can still be found being used to refer to Occitan as a whole, e.g. Merriam-Webster states that it can be used to refer to general Occitan, though this

161-641: Is going out of use. Provençal is also the customary name given to the older version of the Occitan language used by the troubadours of medieval literature , when Old French or the langue d'oïl was limited to the northern areas of France. Thus, the ISO 639-3 code for Old Occitan is [pro]. In 2007, all the ISO 639-3 codes for Occitan dialects, including [prv] for Provençal, were retired and merged into [oci] Occitan. The old codes ([prv], [auv], [gsc], [lms], [lnc]) are no longer in active use, but still have

184-716: Is still active today . The Jewish cemetery was desecrated by members of the French and European Nationalist Party in May 1990, causing a public uproar and a demonstration in Paris that was attended by 200,000 people, including then-president François Mitterrand . Carpentras stands on the banks of the river Auzon , a tributary of the Sorgue . It is 23 km southwest of Mont Ventoux , and 23 km northeast of Avignon . Carpentras station has rail connections to Sorgues and Avignon. In

207-458: Is the berlingot , a small hard candy with thin white stripes, originally made from the syrup left over from conservation of fruits. Carpentras was the birthplace of (chronologically): Carpentras is twinned with: Proven%C3%A7al dialect Provençal ( / ˌ p r ɒ v ɒ̃ ˈ s ɑː l / , also UK : /- s æ l / , US : / ˌ p r oʊ -, - v ən -/ ; Occitan : provençau or prouvençau [pʀuvenˈsaw] )

230-544: The French Second Republic in December 1848, but came in fourth, losing to Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (later Napoleon III). He had been involved in the attempted revolt of 15 May 1848, and in March 1849 was again imprisoned as a result. In 1853, Napoleon III commuted his sentence of imprisonment to one of exile. He returned to France from exile in 1862. In 1869 he was elected deputy from Lyon and in 1875 from Marseille . He remained popular and respected during

253-635: The French Third Republic . The longest boulevard in Paris, in the 7th , 6th and 14th arrondissements , was named Boulevard Raspail in his honor, after which the Raspail Métro station takes its name. Carpentras Carpentras ( French pronunciation: [kaʁpɑ̃tʁa] , formerly [kaʁpɑ̃tʁas] ; Provençal Occitan : Carpentràs in classical norm or Carpentras in Mistralian norm; Latin : Carpentoracte )

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276-483: The Köppen climate classification , Carpentras has a borderline humid subtropical ( Cfa ), and hot-summer mediterranean climate ( Csa ) with cool winters and hot summers. The rainiest seasons are spring (April–May) and autumn (September–October), where heavy downpours may happen. Carpentras is famous for the truffle market that takes place every Friday morning during the winter months. Its traditional confectionery

299-686: The Porte d'Orange . For the history of the bishopric of Carpentras, see Ancient Diocese of Carpentras . At the beginning of the Avignon Papacy , Pope Clement V took up residence, along with the Roman Curia , in Carpentras in 1313. His successor, Pope John XXII , settled definitively at Avignon . Joseph-Dominique d'Inguimbert , Bishop of Carpentras from 1735 to 1754, established a great scholarly library which Jean-François Delmas ,

322-409: The heatwave of June 2019 . Carpentras was a commercial site used by Greek merchants in ancient times, and known to Romans at first as Carpentoracte Meminorum , mentioned by Pliny , then renamed Forum Neronis ("Forum of Nero"); the city retains an impressive Roman triumphal arch , that has been enclosed by the bishops' palace, rebuilt in 1640, now a law court, and a machicolated city gate ,

345-545: The revolution of 1830 , Raspail became involved in politics. He was President of the Human Rights Society, and was imprisoned for that role. While in prison, he tended sick inmates and studied their diseases. He became convinced of the value of camphor , which he believed worked by killing extremely small parasites – a version of the germ theory of disease . Raspail was a candidate for the Presidency of

368-457: The Latin masculine endings, but -e [e] remains; the feminine ending is -a [ɔ]. Nouns inflect for number, all adjectives ending in vowels ( -e or -a ) become -ei/-eis [ej/ejz = i/iz] in some syntactic positions, and most plural adjectives take -s . Pronunciation remains the same in both norms (Mistralian and classical), which are only two different ways to write the same language. The IETF language tags register oc-provenc-grmistr for

391-420: The Mistralian orthography and oc-provenc-grclass for the classical one. Modern Provençal literature was given impetus by Nobel laureate Frédéric Mistral and the association, Félibrige , which he founded with other writers, such as Théodore Aubanel . The beginning of the 20th century saw other authors like Joseph d'Arbaud , Batisto Bonnet and Valère Bernard . It has been enhanced and modernized since

414-471: The Third Republic. His daughter, Marie Raspail (1837-1876), was a freethinker and republican; she was a staunch supporter of her father and died from an illness contracted while caring for him during his time as a political prisoner towards the end of his life. Raspail was one of the founders of the cell theory in biology . He coined the phrase omnis cellula e cellula ("every cell is derived from

437-596: The Western Occitan Alps, around Digne , Sisteron , Gap , Barcelonnette and the upper County of Nice , but also in a part of the Ardèche , is not exactly a subdialect of Provençal, but rather a closely related Occitan dialect, also known as Vivaro-Alpine . So is the dialect spoken in the upper valleys of Piedmont , Italy ( Val Maira , Val Varaita , Val Stura di Demonte , Entracque , Limone Piemonte , Vinadio , Sestriere ). Some people view Gavòt as

460-629: The chief librarian as of 2009, has called "the oldest of our municipal libraries"; known as the Bibliothèque Inguimbertine and now holding around 140,000 books, it is known to bibliophiles all over France and is scheduled to move into roomier quarters in the former Hôtel-Dieu in 2013. Until 1791, Carpentras was part of the Papal States, not of the Kingdom of France. Like most communities across France, Carpentras played

483-457: The feminine ending is -o (this is the opposite of the neighbouring Italian masculine gender). Nouns do not inflect for number, but all adjectives ending in vowels ( -e or -o ) become -i , and all plural adjectives take -s before vowels. When written in the classical norm (" nòrma classica "), definite articles are masculine lo [lu], feminine la [la], and plural lei/leis [lej/lejz = li/liz]. Nouns and adjectives usually drop

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506-545: The meaning assigned to them when they were established in the Standard. Some groups have called for Provençal's recognition as a full language, distinct from Occitan. The Regional Council of Provence has variously labelled Provençal as a dialect of Occitan or as a distinct language, depending on different lobbies and political majorities. The main subdialects of Provençal are: Gavòt (in French Gavot ), spoken in

529-777: Was again imprisoned as a result. After Louis Napoleon 's 2 December 1851 coup, his sentence was commuted to exile, from which he returned to France only in 1862. In 1869, during the liberal phase of the Second Empire (1851–1870), he was elected deputy from Lyons . He remained a popular republican during the French Third Republic after the short-term Paris Commune in 1871. Raspail died in Arcueil . His sons, Benjamin Raspail (1823), Camille Raspail (1827), Émile Raspail  [ fr ] (1831), and Xavier Raspail  [ fr ] (1840) were also all notable figures in

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