Revoluční odborové hnutí (Czech; Slovak : Revolučné odborové hnutie ; lit. ' Revolutionary Trade Union Movement ' ) (ROH) was a communist national trade union centre in Czechoslovakia from 1946 to 1990. In Communist Czechoslovakia (1948–1989) it was a monopolistic trade union, wherein the membership was often mandatory for employees of state industries.
23-686: ROH was founded in the Czech Lands in 1946, emerging out of the factory councils and workers militias that evolve out of the wake of the Second World War . After World War II, communists became dominant in the trade union movement once the war ended. They were however not the sole political force in the initial phase of ROH, the Trade Union Department of the Communist Party was wary of ' syndicalist ' tendencies in
46-521: The Ukrainian SSR . Oblast of Ukraine . 49°45′N 15°30′E / 49.750°N 15.500°E / 49.750; 15.500 List of rulers of Bohemia The Duchy of Bohemia was established in 870 and raised to the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 . Several Bohemian monarchs ruled as non-hereditary kings beforehand, first gaining the title in 1085. From 1004 to 1806, Bohemia
69-681: The 1920 constitution . Annexed by Nazi Germany . ČSR; included the autonomous regions of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia. Annexed by Hungary (1939–1945). ČSR; declared a "people's democracy" (without a formal name change) under the Ninth-of-May Constitution following the 1948 coup . ČSSR; from 1969, after the Prague Spring , consisted of the Czech Socialist Republic (ČSR) and Slovak Socialist Republic (SSR). Oblast of
92-887: The Bohemian Crown ( Crown of Saint Wenceslas ) passed to the House of Habsburg in 1526, the Bohemian crown lands together with the Kingdom of Hungary and the Austrian "hereditary lands" became part of the larger Habsburg monarchy . In 1742 the Habsburg queen Maria Theresa lost the bulk of Silesia to Prussia in the First Silesian War , part of the War of the Austrian Succession . The coat of arms of
115-746: The Czech Republic incorporates those of the three integral Czech lands: Bohemia proper, Moravia, and Czech Silesia. The arms of Bohemia originated with the Kingdom of Bohemia, like those of Moravia with the Moravian margraviate. The arms of Czech Silesia originated as those of all of the historical region of Silesia, much of which is now in Poland . [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] ČSR; boundaries and government established by
138-611: The Czech name of Bohemia proper is Čechy , the adjective český refers to both "Bohemian" and "Czech". The non-auxiliary term (i.e. the term used in official Czech geographical terminology lists) for the present-day Czech lands (i.e. Bohemia, Moravia, Czech Silesia) is Česko , documented as early as 1704. During the period of the First and Second Czechoslovak Republics, the Czech lands were frequently referred to as Historical lands , in particular when mentioned together with Slovakia (which
161-545: The ROH leadership elected at the congress, different political strands were represented. Karel Poláček was the ROH chairman at the time. Gradually, however, ROH returned to following the line of the Communist Party. ROH was organized along democratic centralist lines. The national leadership was the Central Trade Union Council (ÚRO). The organ leading ROH between ÚRO meetings was its 14-member presidium. In
184-713: The Silesian and Lusatian estates into the Bohemian Crown and upon his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor confirmed their indivisibility from and affiliation with the Holy Roman Empire . In 1367 Emperor Charles IV also purchased the former March of Lusatia ( Lower Lusatia ) in the northwest. However, during the Thirty Years' War both Lusatias passed to the Electorate of Saxony by the Peace of Prague . After
207-583: The adjacent Moravian lands. In 1198 Duke Ottokar I of Bohemia received the royal title by the German anti-king Philip of Swabia . Attached to his Kingdom of Bohemia was the Margraviate of Moravia established in 1182 and Kłodzko Land , the later County of Kladsko . From the second part of the 13th century onwards, German colonists (" German Bohemians "), who had already been living in Prague since
230-558: The dissolution of ROH. A parallel Trade Union Coordination Centre was formed. ROH tried to manage the situation by declaring its independence from the Communist Party . The Slovak branch of ROH decided to subordinate itself to the Coordination Centre. The Czech ROH organization hesitated somewhat, but at a trade union conference held 2–3 March 1990 ROH dissolved itself. In its place a new trade union federation, ČSKOS
253-708: The districts, there were the District Trade Union Council (KOR). The KORs had around 20 members each, elected at District Trade Union Conferences. ROH published the newspaper Práce . As of August 1958 ROH had over 3 800 000 members. ROH was a member of the World Federation of Trade Unions . The WFTU had its headquarters in Prague . In 1989, autonomous trade unions and strike committees surged in Czechoslovakia, which called for
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#1732772787550276-654: The early 12th century, settled in the mountainous border area on the basis of the king's invitation during the Ostsiedlung . The Silesian lands north of the Sudetes mountain range had been ruled by the Polish Piast dynasty from the 10th century onwards. While Bohemia rose to a kingdom, the Silesian Piasts alienated from the fragmenting Kingdom of Poland . After in 1310 the Bohemian crown had passed to
299-558: The factory councils. In April 1946 the Slovak trade unions merged into ROH. The Slovak unions merged with their Czech counterparts, adopting the slogan "One factory - one trade union organization". However, during 1947 ROH membership in Slovakia dropped sharply for political and economical reason, ROH lost a third of its members in the area. Antonín Zápotocký , a communist pre-war labour leader who had been imprisoned for six years during
322-673: The mighty House of Luxembourg , nearly all Silesian dukes pledged allegiance to King John the Blind , and in 1335 the Polish king Casimir III the Great officially renounced Silesia via the Treaty of Trentschin . King John had also acquired the lands of Bautzen and Görlitz (later Upper Lusatia ) in 1319 and 1329. His son and successor Charles IV, also King of the Romans since 1346, incorporated
345-411: The pro-reform leaders wouldn't be reinstated to their positions in the Communist Party . Ahead of the 7th ROH congress, held March 4–5 March 1969, 75% of the delegates were elected from the affiliated unions through secret ballots (for the first time). The congress did steer a moderate course, as the trade union movement was pressured from both pro-reform sectors as well as Communist Party hardliners. In
368-538: The three have formed the Czech part of Czechoslovakia since 1918, and the Czech Republic since 1 January 1993. In a historical context, Czech texts use the term to refer to any territory ruled by the Kings of Bohemia , i.e., the lands of the Bohemian Crown ( země Koruny české ) as established by Emperor Charles IV in the 14th century. This includes territories like the Lusatias (which in 1635 fell to Saxony ) and
391-464: The trade union field were somewhat slower than in other organizations. In March 1968 hardline leaders were removed from their positions in ÚRO. In September 1968 ÚRO reaffirmed that the process of internal reforms and adoptions of new statues in the affiliated unions would continue. Between November 1968 and January 1969 some unions (like the Metal Workers' Union) threatened to launch strikes if
414-503: The war, became the chairman of ROH in June 1947. Evžen Erban, a left-wing Social Democrat, became the general secretary of ROH. In the leading body of ROH, the Central Trade Union Council (ÚRO), there were 94 communists, 18 Social Democrats, 6 National Socialists and 2 from the People's Party . During the Prague Spring of 1968, ROH became somewhat more independent. However, developments in
437-547: The whole of Silesia , which at the time were all ruled from Prague Castle . Since the conquest of Silesia by the Prussian king Frederick the Great in 1742, the remaining lands of the Bohemian Crown—Bohemia, Moravia and Austrian Silesia —have been more or less co-extensive with the territory of the modern-day Czech Republic. The term Czech lands has been used to describe different things by different people. While
460-518: Was founded. Czech Lands The Czech lands or the Bohemian lands ( Czech : České země , pronounced [ˈtʃɛskɛː ˈzɛmɲɛ] ) is a historical-geographical term which, in a historical and cultural context, denotes the three historical regions of Bohemia , Moravia , and Czech Silesia out of which Czechoslovakia , and later the Czech Republic , were formed. Together
483-726: Was led by a chieftain named Čech . The first Western Slavs came in the second half of the 6th century. In the course of the decline of the Great Moravian realm during the Hungarian invasions of Europe in the 9th and 10th centuries, the Czech Přemyslid dynasty established the Duchy of Bohemia . Backed by the East Frankish kings, they prevailed against the reluctant Bohemian nobility and extended their rule eastwards over
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#1732772787550506-513: Was never an autonomous historical region within the Kingdom of Hungary ). The Bohemian lands had been settled by Celts ( Boii ) from 5th century BC until the 2nd century AD, and then by various Germanic tribes ( Marcomanni , Quadi , Lombards and others) until they moved on to the west during the Migration Period (1st–5th century). At the beginning of the 5th century the population decreased dramatically and, according to mythology ,
529-533: Was part of the Holy Roman Empire , and its ruler was an elector . During 1526–1804 the Kingdom of Bohemia, together with the other lands of the Bohemian Crown , was ruled under a personal union as part of the Habsburg monarchy . From 1804 to 1918, Bohemia was part of the Austrian Empire , which itself was part of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary from 1867 to 1918. Following the dissolution of
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