Misplaced Pages

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48-430: RePEc provides links to over 4,400,000 full-text articles, working papers, books, book chapters and software components. Most contributions are freely downloadable, but copyright remains with the author or copyright holder. It is among the largest internet repositories of academic material in the world. the collected data is leveraged by several services, the main ones being the websites IDEAS and EconPapers for exploration of

96-550: A thesaurus (in the information science sense, a controlled vocabulary ) of subject headings , maintained by the United States Library of Congress , for use in bibliographic records. LC Subject Headings are an integral part of bibliographic control , which is the function by which libraries collect, organize, and disseminate documents. It was first published in 1898, a year after the publication of Library of Congress Classification (1897). The last print edition

144-497: A brief descriptive epithet. When catalogers come across different subjects with similar or identical headings, they can disambiguate them using authority control. A customary way of enforcing authority control in a bibliographic catalog is to set up a separate index of authority records, which relates to and governs the headings used in the main catalog. This separate index is often referred to as an "authority file". It contains an indexable record of all decisions made by catalogers in

192-401: A given library (or—as is increasingly the case—cataloging consortium), which catalogers consult when making, or revising, decisions about headings. As a result, the records contain documentation about sources used to establish a particular preferred heading, and may contain information discovered while researching the heading which may be useful. While authority files provide information about

240-605: A given work under one unique heading even when such versions are issued under different titles. With authority control, one unique preferred name represents all variations and will include different variations, spellings and misspellings, uppercase versus lowercase variants, differing dates, and so forth. For example, in Misplaced Pages, the first wife of Charles III is described by an article Diana, Princess of Wales as well as numerous other descriptors, e.g. Princess Diana , but both Princess Diana and Diana, Princess of Wales describe

288-469: A particular subject, their primary function is not to provide information but to organize it. They contain enough information to establish that a given author or title is unique, but that is all; irrelevant but interesting information is generally excluded. Although practices vary internationally, authority records in the English-speaking world generally contain the following information: Since

336-476: A user queries the catalog under one of these variant forms of the author's name, he or she would receive the response: "See O'Brien, Flann, 1911–1966." There is an additional spelling variant of the Gopaleen name: "Na gCopaleen, Myles, 1911–1966" has an extra C inserted because the author also employed the non-anglicized Irish spelling of his pen-name, in which the capitalized C shows the correct root word while

384-462: A variety of legal names in the course of their lifetime, as well as a variety of nicknames, pen names, stage names or other alternative names. It may be particularly difficult to choose a single authorized heading for individuals whose various names have controversial political or social connotations, when the choice of authorized heading may be seen as endorsement of the associated political or social ideology. An alternative to using authorized headings

432-404: Is VIAF ID: 107032638 — that is, a common number representing all of these variations. The English Misplaced Pages prefers the term "Diana, Princess of Wales", but at the bottom of the article about her, there are links to various international cataloging efforts for reference purposes. Sometimes two different authors have been published under the same name. This can happen if there is a title which

480-506: Is a process that organizes information, for example in library catalogs , by using a single, distinct spelling of a name (heading) or an (generally alphanumeric ) identifier for each topic or concept. The word authority in authority control derives from the idea that the names of people, places, things, and concepts are authorized, i.e., they are established in one particular form. These one-of-a-kind headings or identifiers are applied consistently throughout catalogs which make use of

528-409: Is identical to another title or to a collective uniform title. This, too, can cause confusion. Different authors can be distinguished correctly from each other by, for example, adding a middle initial to one of the names; in addition, other information can be added to one entry to clarify the subject, such as birth year, death year, range of active years such as 1918–1965 when the person flourished , or

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576-411: Is located. But, because LCSH are not necessarily expressed in natural language, many users may choose to search OPACs by keywords. Moreover, users unfamiliar with OPAC searching and LCSH, may incorrectly assume their library has no items on their desired topic, if they chose to search by 'subject' field, and the terms they entered do not strictly conform to a LCSH. For example, 'body temperature regulation'

624-587: Is not about creating a perfect seamless system but rather it is an ongoing effort to keep up with these changes and try to bring "structure and order" to the task of helping users find information. Sometimes within a catalog, there are diverse names or spellings for only one person or subject. This variation may cause researchers to overlook relevant information. Authority control is used by catalogers to collocate materials that logically belong together but that present themselves differently. Records are used to establish uniform titles that collocate all versions of

672-465: Is the idea of access control , where various forms of a name are related without the endorsement of one particular form. Before the advent of digital online public access catalogs and the Internet, individual cataloging departments within each library generally carried out creating and maintaining a library's authority files. Naturally, there was a considerable difference in the authority files of

720-419: Is the work of librarians and other information catalogers. Accordingly, authority control is an example of controlled vocabulary and of bibliographic control . While in theory any piece of information is amenable to authority control such as personal and corporate names, uniform titles , series names, and subjects, library catalogers typically focus on author names and titles of works. Traditionally, one of

768-482: Is then used consistently, uniquely, and unambiguously for all references to that same subject, which removes variations from different spellings, transliterations , pen names , or aliases . The unique header can guide users to all relevant information including related or collocated subjects. Authority records can be combined into a database and called an authority file , and maintaining and updating these files as well as "logical linkages" to other files within them

816-845: Is used in place of 'thermoregulation'. The easiest way to find and use LCSH is to start with a 'keyword' search and then look at the Subject Headings of a relevant item to locate other related material. Indigenous material classification under LCSH has been criticized by scholars in Indigenous studies and library science for its inaccurate representation of Indigenous identities and works. LCSH has also been faulted for not recognizing Indigenous sovereignty and segregating Indigenous materials in Class E . The majority of Indigenous material are confined to 'E 99---Indian tribes and cultures', strictly separating Indigenous historical material from

864-753: The American Economic Association 's EconLit database to provide content from leading universities' working paper or preprint series to EconLit. Over 4000 journals and over 5600 working paper series have registered, for a total of over 4.8 million works, the majority of which are online. The information in the database is used to create online profiles and rank about 70,000 registered economists. This allows also to rank institutions and regions There are also many other rankings, including cohorts, sub-discplines and graduate programs. RePEc also indexes worldwide economics institutions through its Economic Departments, Institutes and Research Centers in

912-592: The Indian Act , or similar historical legislature. The ambiguous nature of the word also perpetuates a cycle of miscataloguing. On WorldCat , the search terms "Indians---Food" give results on South Asian Cuisine, while "Indian cooking" does not yield any results relating to Indigenous cooking. The compilation, Library of Congress Subject Headings in Jewish Studies, does not have a separate list of generally applicable subdivisions or geographic headings, but

960-465: The Library of Congress chose as authoritative. In theory, every record in the catalog that represents a work by this author should have this form of the name as its author heading. What follows immediately below the heading beginning with Na Gopaleen, Myles, 1911–1966 are the see references. These forms of the author's name will appear in the catalog, but only as transcriptions and not as headings. If

1008-526: The 20th century. Until the 1990s, the LCSH administrators had a strict policy of not changing terms for a subject category. This was enforced to tighten and eliminate the duplication or confusion that might arise if subject headings were changed. As a result, the term 'Afro-American' to describe African-American topics in LCSH was used long after it lost currency and acceptance in the population. In 1996 LCSH decided to allow some alteration of terms to better reflect

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1056-527: The Irish writer Brian O'Nolan , who lived from 1911 to 1966, wrote under many pen names such as Flann O'Brien and Myles na Gopaleen. Catalogers at the United States Library of Congress chose one form—"O'Brien, Flann, 1911–1966"—as the official heading. The example contains all three elements of a valid authority record: the first heading O'Brien, Flann, 1911–1966 is the form of the name that

1104-855: The Judaica cataloger to identify the subdivisions of Israel that may be applied to Holocaust for example. LCSH representatives worked with staff of the National Library of Canada to create a complementary set of Canadian Subject Headings (CSH) to express the topic content of documents on Canada and Canadian topics. In addition, the Brian Deer Classification System , developed by librarian A. Brian Deer ( Mohawk ) for Aboriginal materials to express First Nations relationships, has been adapted for use in several First Nations libraries in Canada. It has been described as

1152-538: The United States Library of Congress . The idea is to create a single worldwide virtual authority file. For example, the ID for Princess Diana in the GND is 118525123 (preferred name: Diana < Wales, Prinzessin> ) while the United States Library of Congress uses the term Diana, Princess of Wales, 1961–1997 ; other authority files have other choices. The Virtual International Authority File choice for all of these variations

1200-509: The United States since the late 20th century, the LCSH has been criticized for biased organization and description of materials on sexuality. For instance, works about heterosexuality are scarcely labeled as such in LCSH; this suggests that heterosexuality is the norm and only queer sexuality needs a separate classification. The Subject Headings were formerly published in large red volumes (currently ten), which are typically displayed in

1248-406: The United States use the National Library of Medicine 's Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Historically, given the complicated nature of the United States, its various ethnic groups, and changing society, numerous classification issues have been related to the terms used to identify racial or ethnic groups. The terms used to describe African Americans have changed over time, especially during

1296-517: The World (EDIRC) database. RePEc promotes open-access journals and also benefits from open access for its own citation analysis efforts. Since 2018, RePEc has used NamSor gender classifier to estimate female representation in Economics. As of August 2024, 18351 of 69211 economists are female, or a proportion of 26.5%. Authority control In information science , authority control

1344-565: The advent of automated database technologies, catalogers began to establish cooperative consortia, such as OCLC and RLIN in the United States , in which cataloging departments from libraries all over the world contributed their records to, and took their records from, a shared database. This development prompted the need for national standards for authority work. In the United States, the primary organization for maintaining cataloging standards with respect to authority work operates under

1392-667: The aegis of the Library of Congress Program for Cooperative Cataloging . It is known as the Name Authority Cooperative Program , or NACO Authority. There are various standards using different acronyms. Standards for authority metadata : Standards for object identification, controlled by an identification-authority : Standards for identified-object metadata (examples): vCard , Dublin Core , etc. Library of Congress Subject Headings The Library of Congress Subject Headings ( LCSH ) comprise

1440-788: The bibliographic data, and the RePEc Author Service for author profiles and authority control . Many bibliographic providers also use all or part of the data. Materials to RePEc can be added through a department or institutional archive or, if no institutional archive is available, through the Munich Personal RePEc Archive. Institutions are welcome to join and contribute their materials by establishing and maintaining their own RePEc archive. Leading publishers, such as Elsevier and Springer , have their economics material listed in RePEc. RePEc collaborates with

1488-651: The confusion. One international effort to prevent such confusion is the Virtual International Authority File which is a collaborative attempt to provide a single heading for a particular subject. It is a way to standardize information from different authority files around the world such as the Integrated Authority File (GND) maintained and used cooperatively by many libraries in German-speaking countries and

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1536-416: The different libraries. For the early part of library history, it was generally accepted that, as long as a library's catalog was internally consistent, the differences between catalogs in different libraries did not matter greatly. As libraries became more attuned to the needs of researchers and began interacting more with other libraries, the value of standard cataloging practices came to be recognized. With

1584-631: The headings function as access points, making sure that they are distinct and not in conflict with existing entries is important. For example, the English novelist William Collins (1824–89), whose works include the Moonstone and The Woman in White is better known as Wilkie Collins. Cataloguers have to decide which name the public would most likely look under, and whether to use a see also reference to link alternative forms of an individual's name. For example,

1632-400: The ineffective and inefficient search capability. Subject heading is a human and intellectual endeavor, by which trained professionals apply topic descriptions to items in their collections. Without a uniform standard, each library might choose to categorize the subject matter of their items differently. The widespread use and acceptance of the Library of Congress Subject Headings facilitates

1680-409: The introduction notes that it does include "the generally applicable subdivisions for Jews, Judaism, Hebrew language, and Israel ' The compiler goes on to explain that "some of these subdivisions are based on the pattern headings for ethnic groups, religions, languages , and places " Subdivisions based on pattern headings are interfiled with generally applicable ones (e g Encyclopedias), so it is hard for

1728-428: The justification for this particular form of the name: it appeared in this form on the 1939 edition of the author's novel At Swim-Two-Birds , whereas the author's other noms de plume appeared on later publications. The act of choosing a single authorized heading to represent all forms of a name is quite often a difficult and complex task, considering that any given individual may have legally changed their name or used

1776-507: The most commonly used authority files globally are the subject headings from the Library of Congress . More recently, links to articles and categories of Misplaced Pages emerged to function as an authority file due to the popularity of the encyclopedia, where each article is a notable topic or concept similar to other authority files. As time passes, information changes, prompting needs for reorganization. According to one view, authority control

1824-462: The needs and access of library users. But, many common terms, or 'natural language' terms, are not used in LCSH. This may limit the ability of users to locate items. Research has increased in Library and Information Science faculties related to identifying and understanding the cultural and gender biases that affect the terms used in LCSH; these may limit or deprive library users access to information stored and disseminated in collections. In 2016 LCSH

1872-492: The preceding g indicates its pronunciation in context. So if a library user comes across this spelling variant, he or she will be led to the same author regardless. See also references, which point from one authorized heading to another authorized heading, are exceedingly rare for personal name authority records, although they often appear in name authority records for corporate bodies. The final four entries in this record beginning with His At Swim-Two-Birds ... 1939. constitute

1920-460: The reference sections of research libraries. They also may be accessed online in the Library of Congress Classification Web , a subscription service, or free of charge (as individual records) at Library of Congress Authorities . The Library of Congress adds new headings and revisions to LCSH each month. A web service, lcsh.info , was set up by Ed Summers, a Library of Congress employee, circa April 2008, using SKOS to allow for simple browsing of

1968-465: The respective authority file, and are applied for other methods of organizing data such as linkages and cross references . Each controlled entry is described in an authority record in terms of its scope and usage, and this organization helps the library staff maintain the catalog and make it user-friendly for researchers. Catalogers assign each subject—such as author, topic, series, or corporation—a particular unique identifier or heading term which

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2016-402: The rest of U.S History. Most materials on Indigenous art are placed under Class E instead of Class N , leading to the implications that Indigenous art is not serious art. LCSH also fail to represent how Indigenous ways of learning focus heavily on spatial, social and cultural relationships. LCSH use the term " Indian " which is considered inappropriate for scholarly use outside of referencing

2064-673: The same person so they all redirect to the same main article; in general, all authority records choose one title as the preferred one for consistency. In an online library catalog, various entries might look like the following: These terms describe the same person. Accordingly, authority control reduces these entries to one unique entry or officially authorized heading, sometimes termed an access point : Diana, Princess of Wales, 1961–1997. Generally, there are different authority file headings and identifiers used by different libraries in different countries, possibly inviting confusion, but there are different approaches internationally to try to lessen

2112-453: The standardized language of LCSH to find material. These include systems that allow patrons to informally tag materials in the catalog, book creators and publishers who do their own cataloging, and the incorrect application of LCSH to controversial material. Increasingly, the use of hyperlinked , web-based Online Public Access Catalogues, or OPACs , allow users to hyperlink to a list of similar items displayed by LCSH once one item of interest

2160-572: The subject headings. lcsh.info was shut down by the Library of Congress's order on December 18, 2008. The library science and semantic web communities were dismayed, as expressed by Tim Berners-Lee and Tim Spalding of LibraryThing . After some delay, the Library set up its own web service for LCSH browsing at id.loc.gov in April 2009. Timothy Binga, director of libraries at the Center for Inquiry , notes issues that make it more difficult to use

2208-566: The uniform access to and retrieval of items in libraries across the world; users can use the same search strategy and LCSH thesaurus , if the correct headings have been applied to the item by the library. Some LCSH decisions are achieved by extensive debate and even controversy in the library community. LCSH is the world's most widely used subject vocabulary. Despite LCSH's wide-ranging and comprehensive scope, libraries that deal with more specific types of collections or user communities may use other vocabularies; for example, many medical libraries in

2256-534: Was published in 2016. Access to the continuously revised vocabulary is now available via subscription and free services. Subject headings are normally applied to every item within a library's collection and facilitate a user's access to items in the catalog that pertain to similar subject matter, in order to save time finding items of related subject matter. Only searching for items by 'title' or other descriptive fields, such as 'author' or 'publisher', would take more time and potentially miss locating many items because of

2304-528: Was subject to national news coverage when the Library of Congress decided to revise the heading ' Illegal aliens ', an action opposed by congressional Republicans. Sanford Berman , a notable American science scholar on this subject, has noted the difficulty in finding material on certain topics, such as various denialisms , because the Library of Congress has not yet incorporated the natural language terms for them, for example, climate change denialism , into LCSH. As ideas about human sexuality have changed in

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