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37-562: Recording engineer and record producer Val Garay co-founded Record One in 1979 with the financial backing of Melvin Simon . The 7,000 square foot facility located at 13849 Ventura Boulevard in the Sherman Oaks neighborhood of Los Angeles included recording studios and rehearsal space. Record One established notoriety with the success of Kim Carnes ' 1981 album, Mistaken Identity and its lead single, " Bette Davis Eyes ", which won

74-509: A scientist or professional engineer who holds an engineering degree and who designs, develops and builds audio or musical technology working under terms such as electronic/electrical engineering or (musical) signal processing . Research and development audio engineers invent new technologies, audio software, equipment and techniques, to enhance the process and art of audio engineering. They might design acoustical simulations of rooms, shape algorithms for audio signal processing , specify

111-696: A good sound within a room. For audio engineers, architectural acoustics can be about achieving good speech intelligibility in a stadium or enhancing the quality of music in a theatre. Architectural Acoustic design is usually done by acoustic consultants. Electroacoustics is concerned with the design of headphones, microphones, loudspeakers, sound reproduction systems and recording technologies. Examples of electroacoustic design include portable electronic devices (e.g. mobile phones , portable media players , and tablet computers ), sound systems in architectural acoustics, surround sound and wave field synthesis in movie theater and vehicle audio . Musical acoustics

148-409: A long-term client of Record One while launching Aftermath Entertainment , eventually securing all available studio time for approximately five years beginning in 2004. During this time, the studio was the location of production for Dr. Dre's own material like 2001 , as well as such albums as 50 Cent's The Massacre , The Game's The Documentary , Jay-Z's Kingdom Come , and Busta Rhymes'

185-543: A project, Sides acquired Record One, making it part of the Ocean Way Recording Group. Sides rebuilt the studio's control room, installing a custom Neve mixing console consisting of two 48-input consoles combined with George Massenburg Labs automation. Over the course of the next year, Jones recorded Back on the Block at Ocean Way's Record One. The album went platinum, and won seven Grammy Awards at

222-503: A university. Some positions, such as faculty (academic staff) require a Doctor of Philosophy . In Germany a Toningenieur is an audio engineer who designs, builds and repairs audio systems. The listed subdisciplines are based on PACS ( Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme ) coding used by the Acoustical Society of America with some revision. Audio engineers develop audio signal processing algorithms to allow

259-404: A wide range of applications, including post-production for video and film , live sound reinforcement, advertising , multimedia , and broadcasting. In larger productions, an audio engineer is responsible for the technical aspects of a sound recording or other audio production, and works together with a record producer or director, although the engineer's role may also be integrated with that of

296-551: A woman" and she was told women in the city were "still barefoot, pregnant and [singing] in the vocal booth." When Jonell Polansky arrived in Nashville in 1994, with a degree in electrical engineering and recording experience in the Bay Area, she was told "You're a woman, and we already had one"—a reference to Wendy Waldman . KK Proffitt, a studio "owner and chief engineer", states that men in Nashville do not want to have women in

333-423: Is concerned with researching and describing the science of music. In audio engineering, this includes the design of electronic instruments such as synthesizers ; the human voice (the physics and neurophysiology of singing ); physical modeling of musical instruments; room acoustics of concert venues; music information retrieval ; music therapy , and the perception and cognition of music . Psychoacoustics

370-492: Is offered by colleges and universities. Some audio engineers are autodidacts with no formal training, but who have attained professional skills in audio through extensive on-the-job experience. Audio engineers must have extensive knowledge of audio engineering principles and techniques. For instance, they must understand how audio signals travel, which equipment to use and when, how to mic different instruments and amplifiers, which microphones to use and how to position them to get

407-727: Is performed by a sound engineer who specializes only in that part of the production. An audio engineer is proficient with different types of recording media, such as analog tape, digital multi-track recorders and workstations, plug-ins and computer knowledge. With the advent of the digital age, it is increasingly important for the audio engineer to understand software and hardware integration, from synchronization to analog to digital transfers. In their daily work, audio engineers use many tools, including: Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical The Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical has been awarded since 1959. The award had several minor name changes: This award

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444-525: Is presented alongside the Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Classical . From 1960 to 1965 a further award was presented for Best Engineered Recording – Special or Novel Effects . Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for works released in the previous year. The award is presented to the audio engineer (s) (and, since 2012, also to the mastering engineer[s]) on

481-945: Is the scientific study of how humans respond to what they hear. At the heart of audio engineering are listeners who are the final arbitrator as to whether an audio design is successful, such as whether a binaural recording sounds immersive. The production, computer processing and perception of speech is an important part of audio engineering. Ensuring speech is transmitted intelligibly, efficiently and with high quality; in rooms, through public address systems and through mobile telephone systems are important areas of study. A variety of terms are used to describe audio engineers who install or operate sound recording , sound reinforcement , or sound broadcasting equipment, including large and small format consoles . Terms such as audio technician , sound technician , audio engineer , audio technologist , recording engineer , sound mixer , mixing engineer and sound engineer can be ambiguous; depending on

518-475: Is typically learned from years of experience listening to and mixing music in recording or live sound contexts. For education and training, there are audio engineering schools all over the world. According to Women's Audio Mission (WAM), a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco dedicated to the advancement of women in music production and the recording arts, less than 5% of the people working in

555-567: The City of Angels (soundtrack) at the studio: " Iris " by the Goo Goo Dolls , and " Uninvited " by Alanis Morissette . Also in 1998, Brandy and Monica recorded the hit song, " The Boy Is Mine " at Record One. In 2001, Record One was the studio where Busta Rhymes recorded " Break Ya Neck " and where Mary J. Blige recorded " Family Affair ". Other artists recording at the studio that same year included Janet Jackson . Dr. Dre became

592-617: The 33rd Grammy Awards , including the Grammy Award for Album of the Year and the Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical . For approximately one year between 1989 and 1990, Michael Jackson arranged to rent out Record One for $ 4,000 per day while recording Dangerous , and Bruce Swedien engineered and mixed all but 3 of the songs on the album at the studio. Prior to beginning work on Michael Jackson's next project, HIStory , Jackson and Swedien wanted an even larger console, so Sides completely revamped Record One Studio A, upgrading

629-783: The Grammy Awards for Song of the Year and Record of the Year the same year. Other albums recorded at Record One under Garay's ownership included the Tubes 1980 album, The Completion Backward Principle , James Taylor 's 1981 album, Dad Loves His Work , Eric Carr 's drums on Kiss's 1982 album Creatures of the Night , Olivia Newton-John 's 1982 album, Physical , The Motels ' 1982 album, All Four One , Steve Perry 's 1984 album, Street Talk , Dolly Parton 's 1984 album The Great Pretender , Lita Ford 's 1987 album, Lita , and portions of Don Henley 's 1984 album, Building

666-547: The Academy Award-nominated soundtrack to "Dirty Wars", Van-Ahn Vo (NPR's top 50 albums of 2013), Grammy-nominated St. Lawrence Quartet , and world music artists Tanya Tagaq and Wu Man . There certainly are efforts to chronicle women's role and history in audio. Leslie Gaston-Bird wrote Women in Audio, which includes 100 profiles of women in audio through history. Sound Girls is an organization focused on

703-654: The Big Bang . Other artists utilizing Record One for recording, production, or mixing services during this timeframe included Eminem and D12 , Snoop Dogg , Eve , and Gwen Stefani . In 2009, Record One's studios were remodeled and updated again, replacing the SSL G Plus recording console that had been in use in Studio A since 1988 (the console would later be acquired by Mad Muse Studios). In 2015, long-term Record One client Dr. Dre and his business partner Larry Chatman purchased

740-571: The Grammy for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical . Together, the four albums have sold in excess of 65 million copies. Record producer Glen Ballard recorded Wilson Phillips eponymous 1990 debut album in Studio A at Record One. Other artists who recorded at Record One between 1988 and 1996 included Barry White and Earth, Wind & Fire . In 1997, hip hop supergroup , The Firm's recorded portions of The Album at Record One. The following year, Rob Cavallo produced two hit songs for

777-657: The Liverpool Institute of Performing Arts, "only 6% of the students enrolled on its sound technology course are female." Women's Audio Mission was started in 2003 to address the lack of women in professional audio by training over 6,000 women and girls in the recording arts and is the only professional recording studio built and run by women. Notable recording projects include the Grammy Award-winning Kronos Quartet , Angelique Kidjo (2014 Grammy winner), author Salman Rushdie ,

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814-505: The Perfect Beast . Other artists recording at Record One during this era included Neil Young , Linda Ronstadt , Dan Fogelberg , Roy Orbison , Kenny Rogers , Barbra Streisand , and Toto . In 1988, Bruce Swedien and Quincy Jones approached Ocean Way Recording founder Allen Sides about an upcoming album project that would have a multitude of high-profile guest artists. Needing additional studio facilities to accommodate such

851-508: The audio and acoustic industry. Audio engineers in research and development usually possess a bachelor's degree , master's degree or higher qualification in acoustics, physics, computer science or another engineering discipline. They might work in acoustic consultancy, specializing in architectural acoustics . Alternatively they might work in audio companies (e.g. headphone manufacturer), or other industries that need audio expertise (e.g., automobile manufacturer), or carry out research in

888-465: The best quality recordings. In addition to technical knowledge, an audio engineer must have the ability to problem-solve quickly. The best audio engineers also have a high degree of creativity that allows them to stand out amongst their peers. In the music realm, an audio engineer must also understand the types of sounds and tones that are expected in musical ensembles across different genres— rock and pop music , for example. This knowledge of musical style

925-451: The console to a 100-input SSL 8000 G Plus with custom modifications—the largest of its kind in the world at the time—and Studio B to an 80-input SSL 9000 J console, selling the studio's original API console to Herb Alpert . The same year, Quincy Jones recorded his 1995 album, Q's Jook Joint , at the studio. Bad , Dangerous , HIStory , and Q's Jook Joint were all completed by Bruce Swedien at Record One, with all four albums winning

962-487: The context they may be synonymous, or they may refer to different roles in audio production. Such terms can refer to a person working in sound and music production; for instance, a sound engineer or recording engineer is commonly listed in the credits of commercial music recordings (as well as in other productions that include sound, such as movies). These titles can also refer to technicians who maintain professional audio equipment. Certain jurisdictions specifically prohibit

999-477: The creative use of audio as a sound engineer, and (ii) training in science or engineering topics, which then allows students to apply these concepts while pursuing a career developing audio technologies. Audio training courses provide knowledge of technologies and their application to recording studios and sound reinforcement systems , but do not have sufficient mathematical and scientific content to allow someone to obtain employment in research and development in

1036-432: The electronic manipulation of audio signals. These can be processed at the heart of much audio production such as reverberation , Auto-Tune or perceptual coding (e.g. MP3 or Opus ). Alternatively, the algorithms might perform echo cancellation , or identify and categorize audio content through music information retrieval or acoustic fingerprint . Architectural acoustics is the science and engineering of achieving

1073-528: The field of sound and media are women. "Only three women have ever been nominated for best producer at the Brits or the Grammys " and none won either award. According to Susan Rogers , audio engineer and professor at Berklee College of Music , women interested in becoming an audio engineer face "a boys' club, or a guild mentality". The UK "Music Producers' Guild says less than 4% of its members are women" and at

1110-519: The next generation of women in audio, but also has been building up resources and directories of women in audio. Women in Sound is another organization that has been working to highlight women and nonbinary people in all areas of live and recorded sound through an online zine and podcast featuring interviews of current audio engineers and producers. One of the first women to produce, engineer, arrange and promote music on her own rock and roll music label

1147-501: The producer. In smaller productions and studios the sound engineer and producer are often the same person. In typical sound reinforcement applications, audio engineers often assume the role of producer, making artistic and technical decisions, and sometimes even scheduling and budget decisions. Audio engineers come from backgrounds or postsecondary training in fields such as audio, fine arts , broadcasting, music, or electrical engineering. Training in audio engineering and sound recording

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1184-493: The recording booth. At a meeting of the Audio Engineering Society , Proffitt was told to "shut up" by a male producer when she raised the issue of updating studio recording technologies. Proffitt said she "finds sexism rampant in the industry". Other notable women include: There are four distinct steps to the commercial production of a recording: recording, editing, mixing, and mastering. Typically, each

1221-552: The requirements for public address systems, carry out research on audible sound for video game console manufacturers, and other advanced fields of audio engineering. They might also be referred to as acoustic engineers. Audio engineers working in research and development may come from backgrounds such as acoustics , computer science , broadcast engineering , physics , acoustical engineering , electrical engineering and electronics . Audio engineering courses at university or college fall into two rough categories: (i) training in

1258-527: The setting of levels. The physical recording of any project is done by an engineer…" Sound engineering is increasingly viewed as a creative profession and art form, where musical instruments and technology are used to produce sound for film, radio, television, music and video games. Audio engineers also set up, sound check and do live sound mixing using a mixing console and a sound reinforcement system for music concerts, theatre, sports games and corporate events. Alternatively, audio engineer can refer to

1295-443: The studio. Audio engineer An audio engineer (also known as a sound engineer or recording engineer ) helps to produce a recording or a live performance , balancing and adjusting sound sources using equalization , dynamics processing and audio effects , mixing , reproduction, and reinforcement of sound. Audio engineers work on the "technical aspect of recording—the placing of microphones , pre-amp knobs,

1332-407: The use of the title engineer to any individual not a registered member of a professional engineering licensing body . In the recording studio environment, a sound engineer records, edits, manipulates, mixes, or masters sound by technical means to realize the creative vision of the artist and record producer . While usually associated with music production, an audio engineer deals with sound for

1369-541: Was Cordell Jackson (1923–2004). Trina Shoemaker is a mixer, record producer and sound engineer who became the first woman to win the Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album in 1998 for her work on The Globe Sessions . Gail Davies was the first female producer in country music , delivering a string of Top 10 hits in the 1970s and 1980s including " Someone Is Looking for Someone Like You ", " Blue Heartache " and " I'll Be There (If You Ever Want Me) ". When she moved to Nashville in 1976, men "didn't want to work for

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