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41-411: It was founded in 1930 with a two million pound endowment by Edward Harkness , an American philanthropist. The trust's inaugural board were Stanley Baldwin , Sir James Irvine , Sir Josiah Stamp , John Buchan and Hugh Macmillan ; its first secretary was former civil servant, Thomas Jones . Edward Harkness was an American philanthropist, whose family traced its roots to Dumfriesshire and who retained

82-406: A $ 10 million gift from Harkness in hand, eight houses for Harvard College were completed by 1931. Dismayed, Yale administrators appealed to Harkness to reconsider his offer. In 1930 he agreed to give Yale $ 11 million for nine residential colleges of its own. Harkness persuaded Yale to retain his friend James Gamble Rogers as the colleges' architect. He also made gifts that established

123-540: A 1956 Nobel Prize for the Fund-supported researchers. In the 1960s and early 1970s, the organization focused on developing urban health care systems, and in the late 1970s, worked to improve medical school curricula. In the 1980s, the Commonwealth Fund played a prominent role in the development of the patient-centered care movement and helped draw attention to the needs of older Americans. While

164-769: A gift wisely applied may assist not only in tiding over the present time of difficulty but in promoting her future well-being... In 1940 the Trust funded a scheme "Recording the changing face of Britain" established by the Committee for the Employment of Artists in Wartime, part of the Ministry of Labour and National Service . Led by Sir Kenneth Clark , director of the National Gallery , it employed artists to record

205-758: A lifelong love of Great Britain. Prompted by admiration for the UK's contribution to the First World War, and recognising the difficulties of its people during the Great Depression, he donated £2 million to create the Pilgrim Trust. The preamble to the trust deed was written by John Buchan , and reads: Whereas it is acknowledged by all the Great Britain in the War spent her resources freely in

246-814: A major benefactor to Columbia University , Yale University , Harvard University , Phillips Exeter Academy , St. Paul's School , the Metropolitan Museum of Art , and the University of St Andrews in Scotland. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1934. Harkness inherited his fortune from his father, Stephen V. Harkness , whose wealth was established by an early investment in Standard Oil , and his brother, Charles W. Harkness . In 1918, he

287-565: A trustee and major donor. After graduating, Edward Harkness married Mary Stillman , daughter of wealthy New York attorney Thomas E. Stillman, in 1904. Her maternal grandfather, Thomas S. Greenman, was a shipbuilder in Mystic, Connecticut and the co-founder George Greenman & Co shipyard, now part of the Mystic Seaport Museum . Harkness' mother gave the couple a new Italian Renaissance mansion on Manhattan's Upper East Side as

328-455: A wedding present. As the building's architect, Harkness chose Yale College classmate James Gamble Rogers , who would later design many of his philanthropic building projects. The home, at 75th Street and 5th Avenue and now known as the Edward S. Harkness House , became the headquarters of Harkness' Commonwealth Fund after Mary's death in 1950. Harkness briefly served as a railroad director for

369-490: Is to "promote a high-performing health care system that achieves better access, improved quality, and greater efficiency, particularly for society's most vulnerable, including low-income people, the uninsured, and people of color." It is active in a number of areas related to health care and health policy. It is led by Joseph R. Betancourt, M.D., M.P.H. Since 2004 it has produced reports comparing healthcare systems in high income countries using survey and administrative data from

410-533: The OECD and the World Health Organization which is analyzed under five themes: access to care, the care process, administrative efficiency, equity and health-care outcomes. The United States has been assessed as worst health-care system overall among 11 high-income countries in every report, even though it spends the highest proportion of its gross domestic product on health care. In 2021 Norway,

451-838: The Southern Pacific Railroad , but within several years decided to become a full-time philanthropist. He began making gifts to the Egyptian collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 1912, and that same year was appointed to the museum's board of trustees. Harkness' older brother Charles died in 1916 at age 55, leaving Edward more than US$ 80 million, $ 2.24 billion in 2023, much of it in Standard Oil stock. Charles had continued to invest substantially in Standard Oil as manager of

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492-527: The Yale School of Drama , the first independent drama faculty in the country, and erected its theater. Around the same time as his Yale-Harvard philanthropy, Harkness sought to reform the pedagogical techniques of the country's elite boarding schools. At Phillips Exeter Academy , he sought to innovate beyond rote learning by introducing the Harkness table method of instruction. Through further gifts,

533-536: The colleges of Oxford and Cambridge in England and proposed to Yale President James Rowland Angell that he would fund a similar system for Yale's undergraduate college to relieve overcrowding and improve social intimacy. When the Yale Corporation failed to accept Harkness' offer by 1928, he went to Harvard with a similar offer. Harvard's president, Abbott Lawrence Lowell , quickly accepted, and with

574-680: The 1930s, following their lead. Now known as NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital / Columbia University Medical Center, the Harkness Pavilion, named for father Stephen, is a central part of the campus. Harkness was a major benefactor of the New York Public Library and the Metropolitan Museum of Art . In addition to donations to the Decorative Arts Department, he gifted the Metropolitan Museum its initial ancient Egyptian art collection. He purchased

615-485: The Commonwealth Fund's first president and hired a staff of people to help him build the foundation. Edward and his wife Mary Harkness possessed a "passionate commitment to social reform" and was "determined to improve health and health services for Americans." Through additional gifts and bequests between 1918 and 1959, the Harkness family's total contribution to the fund's endowment amounted to more than $ 53 million. By

656-571: The Harkness Fellowships). Until the 1990s, the fellowship was open to scholars of all academic disciplines, and included many who went on to excel in science, the arts and business. From the late 1920s through the 1940s, the Commonwealth Fund supported the construction of rural hospitals, paving the way for the Hill-Burton Act in 1946. Following World War II, the foundation supported the development of new medical schools in

697-480: The Netherlands and Australia were the top-performing countries. The Commonwealth Fund, one of the first foundations to be established by a woman, was founded in 1918 with an endowment of almost $ 10 million by Anna M. Harkness . The widow of Stephen V. Harkness , a principal investor in Standard Oil , Harkness wanted to "do something for the welfare of mankind." Harkness's son, Edward Stephen Harkness , became

738-813: The State of Connecticut as Harkness Memorial State Park . They also owned another house on Long Island in Manhasset, New York , on 186 acres, called Weekend, like their New York City mansion designed by James Gamble Rogers. They had additional houses in North Carolina and in San Diego, California, and a camp at the Ausable Club in the Adirondacks. The Harknesses used their steam yacht Steveana (named after his parents) to commute between Long Island and

779-581: The Trust makes grants of roughly £3 million in grants to charities and other public bodies that focus on preserving the UK's heritage or on bringing about social change. It also funds activities such as research and advocacy that catalyse wider structural changes. Today, the Trust's main areas of operation are providing grants for young women's mental health; preserving and conserving significant historic buildings, structures, objects, works of art, collections and records; and researching, advocating and developing work in their areas/sectors of interest. As of 2023,

820-778: The United States in an effort to address doctor shortages and meet the needs of communities lacking health care services. Other achievements include the Rochester Regional Hospital Council and the development of the Nurse Practitioner and Physician Assistant professions. In the 1940s, the fund supported research by Dr. Georgios Papanikolaou that pioneered the Pap test as the basic technique for detecting cervical cancer. Refinement of cardiac catheterization into routine treatment resulted in

861-459: The assistance of Henry Sloane Coffin as a tutor. Ned and Henry became friends and roomed together. Henry was later the pastor of Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church , a few blocks away from Harkness and his wife's mansion in New York. Henry's brother William Sloane Coffin Sr. was the president of the Metropolitan Museum of Art from 1931 to 1933. Ned had already been heavily involved with the museum as

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902-818: The city. For longer trips they used their Pullman car Pelham , named after Pelham, Massachusetts , where the Harkness family started in America. Harkness was an avid golfer and was a member of the Jekyll Island Club in Georgia, Cypress Point Club , The Creek Club in Locust Valley, the Valley Club of Monteceito in Santa Barbara and Yeamans Hall Club outside Charleston, South Carolina, another James Gamble Rogers golf and winter community. He

943-507: The common cause and in the years which have elapsed since Peace has sustained honourably and without complaint a burden which has gravely increased the difficulties of life for her people; And whereas the Donor feels himself bound by many ties of affection to the land from which he draws his descent and desires to show his admiration for what Great Britain has done by a gift to be used for some of her more urgent needs; And whereas he hopes that such

984-616: The complete Tomb of Perneb for nthe museum and helped purchase the Carnarvon Collection of Egyptian artifacts . He also donated the Met's unofficial mascot, a blue decorative hippo from the Egyptian Middle Kingdom's Twelfth Dynasty that is known as "William". He was actively involved with the discovery and excavation of King Tutankhamun's tomb. The Harknesses and Albert Lythgoe visited Howard Carter at

1025-527: The end of 2021 the Commonwealth Fund's endowment stands at almost $ 840 million. According to the Rockefeller Archive Center, the Commonwealth Fund's "early grants supported a variety of programs while generally promoting welfare, especially child welfare." Over the years, it has given support to medical schools and to the building of hospitals and clinics. In New York City , the Commonwealth Fund and Edward Harness largely orchestrated

1066-532: The family fortune, and his brother's estate made Harkness the third-largest stakeholder in Standard Oil. Harkness made charitable gifts totaling more than $ 129 million, the equivalent of $ 2.35 billion in 2023. His philanthropic peers John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie gave respectively $ 550 million and $ 350 million. Harkness encouraged and orchestrated the merger of Presbyterian Hospital and Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons , creating Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center (CPMC),

1107-549: The family-funded foundations, Harkness, along with another wealthy neighbor, Edward Crowninshield Hammond, was the inspiration for Eugene O'Neill 's off-stage character "Harker", the "Standard Oil millionaire", in Long Day's Journey into Night , and on-stage figure "T. Stedman Harder" in A Moon for the Misbegotten . Commonwealth Fund The Commonwealth Fund is a private American foundation whose stated purpose

1148-668: The final total of over 1500 works. The collection was donated to the Victoria and Albert Museum by the Trust in 1949. Over a hundred works comprising the "Recording Scotland" part of the same scheme are held at the Museum Collections Unit , University of St Andrews . In 2006, the Trust partnered with the Esmee Fairbairn Foundation and The National Archives to support the cataloguing of important archives to which people had little or no access. In

1189-470: The forerunner of Standard Oil , John D. Rockefeller 's oil company. Stephen Harkness died when Edward was fourteen, leaving his wife and his oldest son, Charles , to manage the estate. Harkness attended St. Paul's School and Yale College , Class of 1897 and Columbia Law School . Harkness, his brother Charles, and cousin William were members of Wolf's Head Society at Yale. While at Yale, Ned enlisted

1230-586: The home front in Britain, running until 1943. It was motivated by a desire to record and reflect the landscape, already undergoing a period of rapid change through urbanisation and changes in agriculture and further threatened by bombing and other effects of war. Some of the sixty three artists directly commissioned included John Piper , Sir William Russell Flint , Charles Knight , Malvina Cheek , George Hooper , Clifford Ellis , Raymond Teague Cowern and Rowland Hilder . A further thirty four artists contributed to

1271-528: The land from which he drew his descent." The current priorities of the trust are preservation, places of worship, and social welfare. Edward and Mary Harkness had a number of homes in addition to Harkness House in New York. They spent summers at their Eolia mansion on Long Island Sound in Waterford, Connecticut , near where Mary had visited her grandparents in the summers. The home and 230 acres (93 ha) of ornamental gardens and grounds are now maintained by

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1312-470: The merger of Columbia Medical School and Presbyterian Hospital . The merger culminated in the construction of the world's first academic medical center then-called Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center of the in 1922. The Hospital continues to operate today as NewYork-Presbyterian / Columbia University Irving Medical Center which contains the Harkness Pavilion and the Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute In

1353-572: The method spread to St. Paul's , The Lawrenceville School , and Kingswood-Oxford School . Harkness also made gifts to Taft School , The Hill School , and Phillips Academy . He established the Harkness Fellowships and founded the Pilgrim Trust in the UK in 1930 with an endowment of just over two million pounds, "prompted by his admiration for what Great Britain had done in the 1914–18 war and, by his ties of affection for

1394-510: The mid-1920s, the chief interest of the foundation had become public health , including mental hygiene , community health , rural hospitals, medical research, and medical education. Other grant areas included war relief, educational and legal research, and international medical fellowships. In 1925, the Commonwealth Fund launched its international program of fellowships called the Commonwealth Fund Fellowships (now

1435-528: The pilot year, 12 grants were awarded and it was deemed a success. The Pilgrim Trust continued this grant programme with The National Archives and in 2017 renamed the grant programme to Archives Revealed. In 2021, the Wolfson Foundation partnered with the Pilgrim Trust and The National Archives to continue Archives Revealed and a total of £1 million went towards 'the only funding stream in the UK dedicated to cataloguing and unlocking archives'. Today,

1476-608: The site multiple times and Carter invited Harkness to witness the opening of King Tutankhamun's sarcophagus on February 12, 1924. In 1917, a year after Charles' death, Anna Harkness donated $ 3 million to Yale University to build the Memorial Quadrangle student dormitory in Charles' memory. In 1918, Anna Harkness established the Commonwealth Fund with an initial gift of $ 10 million, and Ned Harkness

1517-479: The trustees of the Trust are: Edward Harkness Edward Stephen Harkness (January 22, 1874 – January 29, 1940) was an American philanthropist . Given privately and through his family's Commonwealth Fund , Harkness' gifts to private hospitals, art museums, and educational institutions in the Northeastern United States were among the largest of the early twentieth century. He was

1558-612: The world's first academic medical center . CPMC was built in the 1920s on the site of Hilltop Park , the one-time home stadium of the New York Yankees , which Harkness purchased and donated. Despite his aversion to have anything named for himself, The Edward Harkness Eye Institute was named by relatives. In 1997, Columbia-Presbyterian merged with the New York Hospital . New York Hospital had affiliated with Cornell University 's Weill Cornell Medical College in

1599-640: Was also a member of the Racquet and Tennis Club in New York City. Edward and Mary Harkness are buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx , New York City, which is today a National Historic Landmark. The Harkness family mausoleum is stately, designed to resemble a small medieval church, and includes a walled and locked private garden. It is not marked with the family name. In addition to

1640-769: Was made its president. Ned Harkness and his wife made many contributions to educational buildings, including St Salvator's Hall at the University of St. Andrews ; Harkness Chapel and Harkness Dormitory at Connecticut College ; Butler Library at Columbia University as well as the original portions of the Columbia University Medical Center and the undergraduate dormitories at Brown University and Connecticut College —all of these were built through his philanthropy or that of his wife, Mary. Between 1926 and 1930, Harkness made major donations to his alma mater, Yale, and Harvard to establish residential college systems at each school. Harkness admired

1681-474: Was ranked the 6th-richest person in the United States by Forbes magazine's first "Rich List", behind John D. Rockefeller , Henry Clay Frick , Andrew Carnegie , George Fisher Baker , and William Rockefeller . Edward ("Ned") Harkness was born in Cleveland, Ohio , one of four sons of Anna M. Harkness and Stephen V. Harkness , a harness-maker who invested in and was one of the five founding partners in

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