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32-673: The Qizilbash ("Red-Heads"') of the 16th century – a religious and political movement in Iranian Azerbaijan that helped to establish the Safavid dynasty  – have been described as "spiritual descendants of the Khurramites". The sect was founded in the 8th century AD by the Iranian cleric Sunpadh as a revitalisation of an earlier sect that had mixed Shia Islam and Zoroastrianism . However, its true claim to fame

64-460: A battle near Hamadan. According to al-Tabari and Ali ibn al-Athir , 60,000 Khurramites were killed. In 835, al-Mu'tasim sent Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin , a senior general and a son of the vassal prince of Osrushana , to defeat Babak. Al-Mu'tasim set a price and allowances for Afshin that were unusually high. According to Said Nafisi, Afshin managed to attract Babak's spies on his side by paying much more than Babak. When Afshin found out that Babak

96-683: A failed attack on the Arabs that was recorded by al-Tabari as Babak's first defeat. The last battle between the Abbasid caliphate and the Khurramites occurred in Badd Fort on 837. The Khurramites were defeated, and Afshin reached Badd Fort. After capturing Badd Fort, Babak went to near the Araz River. His goal was to join the Byzantine emperor, gather new forces and continue the struggle. Thus, it

128-470: A single spirit". Naubakhti states that they also believe in reincarnation ( metempsychosis ) as the only existing kind of afterlife and retribution and in the cancellation of all religious prescriptions and obligations. They highly revere Abu Muslim and their imams. In their rituals, which are rather simple, they "seek the greatest sacramental effect from wine and drinks". As a whole, they were estimated by Al-Maqdisi as "Mazdaeans... who cover themselves under

160-715: Is in the Azadegan League . Some sport complexes in this city include: Qods Stadium , Shahid Mofatteh Stadium , Takhti Sport Complex and the National Stadium of Hamadan. Before the Persian Constitutional Revolution , education in Hamadan was limited to some Maktab Houses and theological schools. Fakhrie Mozafari School was the first modern school of Hamadan, which was built after that revolution. Alliance and Lazarist were also

192-682: Is now Azerbaijan "southward to near Ardabīl and Marand, eastward to the Caspian Sea and the Šamāḵī district and Šervān, northward to the Mūqān (Moḡān) steppe and the Aras river bank, westward to the districts of Jolfā, Naḵjavān, and Marand". In 833, many men from Jebal, Hamadan and Isfahan joined the Khurrami movement and settled near Hamadan. The new caliph, al-Mu'tasim , sent troops under Ishaq ibn Ibrahim ibn Mus'ab. The Khurramites were defeated in

224-603: The Aras River . The leader of the other Khurramite movement was Abu Imran, who often clashed with Javidhan. During one of the clashes, probably in 816, Abu Imran was defeated and killed, and Javidhan was wounded and died three days later. Javidhan was succeeded by his heir, Babak Khorramdin , who married Javidhan's widow. Babak's participation in the Khorrami movement was summarised by Waqed: Two rich men named Javidhan b. Shahrak (or Shahrak) and Abu 'Emran were then living in

256-599: The Ganj Nameh inscription, the Avicenna monument and the Baba Taher monument. The main language in the city is Persian . According to Clifford Edmund Bosworth , "Hamedan is a very old city. It may conceivably, but improbably, be mentioned in cuneiform texts from ca. 1100   BC, the time of Assyrian King Tiglath-pilesar I , but is certainly mentioned by Herodotus who says that the king of Media Diokes built

288-573: The Byzantine army under their Iranian leader, Theophobos . Al-Maqdisi mentions several facts. He observes that "the basis of their doctrine is belief in light and darkness "; more specifically, "the principle of the universe is Light, of which a part has been effaced and has turned into Darkness". They "avoid carefully the shedding of blood, except when they raise the banner of revolt". They are "extremely concerned with cleanliness and purification, and with approaching people with kindness and beneficence". Some of them "believed in free sex , provided that

320-727: The Ezra text. Because it was a mile above sea level, it was a good place to preserve leather documents. During the Parthian era, Ctesiphon was the capital of the country, and Hamadan was the summer capital and residence of the Parthian rulers. After the Parthians , the Sassanids constructed their summer palaces in this city. In 642 the Battle of Nahavand took place and Hamadan fell into

352-419: The bank's central branch in Hamadan experienced a tragic robbery. The event resulted in the loss of life of the bank manager Abdulrahman Nafisi , his family, and a security guard. The bank manager, Abdulrahman Nafisi , displayed extraordinary courage by prioritizing the safety of the bank's funds over his own life. Despite being under torture, he pleaded with the robbers to take his personal belongings instead of

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384-505: The caliph to subdue Babak's revolt, but Babak defeated them and captured Junayd. In 827–828, Muhammad ibn Humayd was sent to overcome Babak and had several victories, but the last battle at Hashtadsar in 829, his troops were defeated by Babak. When al-Ma'mun died in 833, he had failed against Babak, whose victories over Arab generals were associated with holding Badd Fort and the inaccessible mountain stronghold, according to Arab historians. They mentioned that his influence also extended to what

416-542: The capital of the province, county, and district. As of the 2016 Iranian census, it had a population of 554,406 people in 174,731 households. Hamadan is believed to be among the oldest Iranian cities. It was referred to in classical sources as Ecbatana ( Old Persian Hamgmatāna ). It is possible that it was occupied by the Assyrians in 1100   BCE; the Ancient Greek historian, Herodotus , states that it

448-634: The city of Agbatana or Ekbatana in the 7th century   BC." Hamadan was established by the Medes . It then became one of several capital cities of the Achaemenid Dynasty . Hamadan is mentioned in the biblical book of Ezra ( Ezra 6:2 ) as the place where a scroll was found giving the Jews permission from King Darius to rebuild the temple in Jerusalem. Its ancient name of Ecbatana is used in

480-566: The city was the scene of heavy fighting between Russian and Turko-German forces. It was occupied by both armies, and finally by the British, before it was returned to the control of the Iranian government at the end of the war in 1918. A majority of the population speaks the Hamadani dialect of Persian and standard Persian, with a Turkic minority. At the time of the 2006 National Census,

512-529: The city's population was 473,149 in 127,812 households. The following census in 2011 counted 525,794 people in 156,556 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 554,406 people in 174,731 households. Hamadan has a hot-summer, Mediterranean-influenced continental climate ( Köppen : Dsa , Trewartha : Dc ), in transition with a cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen : BSk ). The city experiences hot, dry summers, and cold, snowy winters. The temperature may drop below −30 °C (−22 °F) on

544-464: The coldest days. Heavy snowfall is common during winter and this can persist for periods of up to two months. During the short summer, the weather is hot, and mostly sunny. Lowest recorded temperature: −34.0 °C (−29 °F) on 7 January 1964 Highest recorded temperature: 40.6 °C (105 °F) on 14 July 1989 PAS Hamedan F.C. were founded on June 9, 2007 after the dissolution of PAS Tehran F.C. The team, along with Alvand Hamedan F.C. ,

576-580: The details below. Request from 172.68.168.150 via cp1114 cp1114, Varnish XID 933628404 Upstream caches: cp1114 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 08:32:07 GMT Hamadan Hamadan ( / ˌ h æ m ə ˈ d æ n / HAM -ə- DAN ; Persian : همدان , pronounced [hæmeˈdɒːn] ) is a city in western Iran . It is located in the Central District of Hamadan County in Hamadan province, serving as

608-510: The first modern schools founded by foreign institutions in Hamadan. Some of the popular universities in Hamadan include: Hamadan celebrities are divided into 3 categories: pre-Islamic, post-Islamic and contemporary people. Among the pre-Islamic celebrities in Hamadan is Mandana, the mother of Cyrus the Great and the daughter of the last king of Media, Ishtovigo. Famous people of Hamadan after Islam are great people such as: In February 1990,

640-606: The guise of Islam". According to Turkish scholar Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı the Qizilbash ("Red-Heads") of the 16th century – a religious and political movement in Azerbaijan that helped to establish the Safavid dynasty  – were "spiritual descendants of the Khurramites". Qizilbash Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include

672-517: The hands of the Muslim Arabs. During the rule of the Buyid dynasty , the city suffered much damage. However, the city regained its former glory under the rule of the Buyid ruler Fanna Khusraw . The Seljuks launched campaigns to take the city in the 1040s, ultimately taking the final Kakuyid fortress in 1047. The Seljuks later shifted their capital from Baghdad to Hamadan. In 1220, Hamadan

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704-610: The highland around the mountain of Badd and contending for the leadership of the highland's Khorrami inhabitants. Javidhan, when stuck in the snow on his way back from Zanjān to Badd, had to seek shelter at Balalabad and happened to go into the house of Babak's mother. Being poor, she could only light a fire for him, while Babak looked after the guest's servants and horses and brought water for them. Javidhan then sent Babak to buy food, wine, and fodder. When Babak came back and spoke to Javidhan, he impressed Javidhan with his shrewdness despite his lack of fluency of speech. Javidhan therefore asked

736-523: The name first appeared in 736 when the missionary Kedas, a Hasemite , adopted " Din al-Khorramiya ". After the Hasemite Revolution, the Khurramites fought as rebels under Sunpadh, Muqanna, Babak and other leaders in various cities and regions. The Khurramites in Azerbaijan were associated with Javidhan , a landlord who led one of the two Khurramite movements in Azerbaijan (from 807–808 to 816–817), with his headquarters being Badd Fort , near

768-488: The uprising because of the difficulty in intervening from far-away Khorasan, the appointment of his successor and the actions of al-Fadl ibn Sahl . Those circumstances paved the way for Babak and his supporters. The caliph sent General Yahya ibn Mu'adh to fight Babak in 819–820, but Babak was undefeated several times. Two years later, Babak overcome the forces of Isa ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Khalid. In 824–825, Generals Ahmad ibn al-Junayd and Zurayq ibn Ali ibn Sadaqa were sent by

800-709: The woman for permission to take her son away to manage his farms and properties, and offered to send her fifty dirhams a month from Babak's salary. The woman accepted and let Babak go. Under Babak's leadership, the Khurramites proclaimed the division and the redistribution of the great estates and the end to the despotic foreign rule. Taking advantage of the turmoil created by the Abbasid Civil War , they began making attacks on Muslim forces in 816 in Iran and Iraq. Al-Tabari recorded that Babak started his revolt in 816–817. At first, Caliph al-Ma'mun paid little attention to

832-468: The women agreed to it, and also in the freedom of enjoying all pleasures and of satisfying one's inclinations so long as this does not entail any harm to others". (their name is most frequently derived from the Persian word khurram "happy, cheerful"). Regarding the variety of faiths, the Khurramites believe that "the prophets, despite the difference of their laws and their religions, do not constitute but

864-480: Was announced that al-Mu'tasim would give a reward of two million dirhams to whoever handed Babak over alive. Babak's former ally, Sahl ibn Sumbat , handed Babak over to the Abbasids, and on March 14, 838, Babak was executed in the city of Samira. The Abbasid suppression of the rebellion led to the flight of many thousands of Khurramites to Byzantium , where they were welcomed by Emperor Theophilos , and they joined

896-441: Was aware that Bugha al-Kabir had been sent a large amount of money by Afshin and was preparing to attack Bugha, he used that information to pressure Babak into full co-operation, managed to have Babak's comrades killed and let Babak flee to Badd. Before Afshin's departure, the caliph had sent a group under Abu Sa'id Muhammad to rebuild the forts demolished by Babak between Zanjan and Ardabil . The Khurramites, led by Mu'awiya, made

928-578: Was cleared of invaders and, as a result of a peace treaty between Iran and the Ottomans, it was returned to Iran. Hamadan stands on the Silk Road , and even in recent centuries the city enjoyed strong commerce and trade as a result of its location on the main road network in the western region of Iran. In the late 19th century, American missionaries, including James W. Hawkes and Belle Sherwood Hawke, established schools in Hamadan. During World War I ,

960-623: Was destroyed by the Mongols during the Mongol invasions of Georgia before the Battle of Khunan . The city of Hamadan, its fortunes following the rise and fall of regional powers, was completely destroyed during the Timurid invasions , but later thrived during the Safavid era. Thereafter, in the 18th century, Hamadan was surrendered to the Ottomans , but due to the work of Nader Shah , Hamadan

992-620: Was its adoption by Babak Khorramdin as a basis to rebel against the Abbasid Caliphate . The sect grew out of a response to the execution of Abu Muslim by the Abbasids and the claim that he had died but would return as the Messiah . This message was further bolstered by the appearance of al-Muqanna , "The Veiled" prophet, who claimed that the spirit of God had existed in Muhammad , Ali and Abu Muslim. According to al-Tabari ,

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1024-414: Was the capital of the Medes , around 700   BCE. Hamadan is situated in a green mountainous area in the foothills of the 3,574-meter Alvand Mountain, in midwestern Iran. The city is 1,850   meters above sea level . It is located approximately 360 kilometres (220 miles) southwest of Tehran . The old city and its historic sites attract tourists during the summer. The major sights of this city are

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