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40-1129: (Redirected from Red Men ) Redmen or red men may refer to: Redmen a term used for individuals wearing the color red to support a team. Improved Order of Red Men , American fraternal organization established in 1834 Sports [ edit ] St. John's Redmen , athletic teams of St. John's University in New York City (now known as St. John's Red Storm) McGill Redmen , athletic teams of McGill University in Montreal, Quebec (now known as McGill Redbirds) UMass Redmen , athletic teams of University of Massachusetts Amherst (now known as UMass Minutemen and Minutewomen) Brooklin Redmen , box lacrosse team in Whitby, Ontario (now known as Brooklin Lacrosse Club) Bedford Road Collegiate Redmen, athletic teams of

80-606: A "Board of Great Chiefs", which includes the "Great Senior Sagamore " (first vice-president), "Great Junior Sagamore", "Great Chief of Records" (secretary), "Great Keeper of the Wampum " (treasurer) and " Prophet " (past president). The headquarters of the Order has been in Waco, Texas , since at least 1979. They maintain an official museum and library in Waco. A side degree of the order

120-615: A group of colonists — all men, and members of the Sons of Liberty — met in Boston to protest the tax on tea imposed by England. When their protest went unheeded, they disguised themselves as their idea of Mohawk people , proceeded to Boston harbor, and dumped overboard 342 chests of English tea. (See Boston Tea Party .) In the late 18th century, the Tammany Societies, named after Tamanend , were formed. The most well-known of these

160-663: A human disease, spread through many means of travel during the time, and transmitted through warm fecal-contaminated river waters and contaminated foods. During the second pandemic, the scientific community varied in its beliefs about the causes of cholera. The first cholera pandemic (1817–24) began near Kolkata and spread throughout Southeast Asia to the Middle East, eastern Africa, and the Mediterranean coast. While cholera had spread across India many times previously, this outbreak went farther; it reached as far as China and

200-411: A leaden, blue, purple, black, or deep brown tint according to the complexion of the individual, varying in shade with the intensity of the attack. The fingers and toes are reduced in size, the skin and soft parts covering them are wrinkled, shrivelled and folded. The nails put on a bluish pearly white; the larger superficial veins are marked by flat lines of a deeper black; the pulse becomes either small as

240-463: A member's 12 cent a week dues went into a fund which was used to pay disability benefits to members at a rate of about "three fathoms per seven suns" ($ 3/week) for up to "six moons" (6 months) and then two dollars a week. Some medical care ("a suitable nurse") was available, and also a death benefit of one hundred dollars. The fund was invested in bonds, mortgages, and "Building Association Stock". Meetings were held weekly on Friday nights. The Order has

280-457: A non-Native organization. The group's ritual terminology is derived from language they believe is used by Native Americans , though it also shows the influence of Freemasonry . Outsiders are called " Palefaces ", to open a meeting is called "kindling the fire", officers' installations are called "Raising up of Chiefs" and voting is called "twigging". The Masonic influence is seen in the three basic degrees – Adoption, Warrior and Chief. There

320-817: A population of 650,000), with about 100,000 deaths in all of France. In 1832, the epidemic reached Quebec , Ontario , and Nova Scotia in Canada and Detroit and New York City in the United States. It reached the Pacific coast of North America between 1832 and 1834. The pandemic prompted the passage of the landmark Public Health Act 1848 ( 11 & 12 Vict. c. 63) and the Nuisances Removal and Diseases Prevention Acts, 1848 and 1849, in England. In mid-1832, 57 Irish immigrants died who had been laying

360-625: A public high school in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (now known as Bedford Road Collegiate Redhawks) West Toronto Redmen , defunct junior ice hockey team in Toronto (last known as West Toronto Nationals) East Islip Redmen Football team in East Islip, Long Island New York See also [ edit ] Redman (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

400-463: A stretch of railroad called Duffy's Cut , 30 miles west of Philadelphia. They had all contracted cholera. During the second pandemic, the scientific community varied in its beliefs about the causes of cholera. In France, doctors believed cholera was associated with the poverty of certain communities or poor environment. Russians believed the disease was contagious, although doctors did not understand how it spread. The United States believed that cholera

440-582: A strong ley (lye); drains and privies thoroughly cleansed by streams of water and chloride of lime...free and continued admission of fresh air to all parts of the house and furniture should be enjoined for at least a week". Based on the reports of two English doctors who had observed the epidemic in Saint Petersburg , the board of health published a detailed description of the disease's symptoms and onset: Giddiness, sick stomach, nervous agitation, intermittent, slow, or small pulse, cramps beginning at

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480-455: A thread, and scarcely vibrating, or else totally extinct. The skin is deadly cold and often damp, the tongue always moist, often white and loaded, but flabby and chilled like a piece of dead flesh. The voice is nearly gone; the respiration quick, irregular, and imperfectly performed. The patient speaks in a whisper. He struggles for breath, and often lays his hand on his heart to point out the seat of his distress. Sometimes there are rigid spasms of

520-419: A three tiered structure. Local units are called "tribes" and are presided over by a " Sachem " and a board of directors. Local meeting sites are called " Wigwams ". The state level is called the " Reservation " and governed by a "Great Sachem" and "Great Council" or "Board of Chiefs". The national level is the "Great Council of the United States". The Great Council consists of the "Great Incohonee" (president), and

560-576: Is also a fourth degree, Beneficiary, for insurance. Originally, the society used the Hebrew Anno Mundi system for calendar year numbering when dating their documents, rather than AD (note: the Redmen did not use the Common Era reference); however, in CE 1865, a new system was devised and adopted, known as the "Great Sun of Discovery" (GSD). The first year of the system, known as GSD 1, was

600-532: The Asiatic cholera pandemic , was a cholera pandemic that reached from India across Western Asia to Europe , Great Britain , and the Americas , as well as east to China and Japan . Cholera caused more deaths than any other epidemic disease in the 19th-century, and as such, researchers consider it a defining epidemic disease of the century. The medical community now believes cholera to be exclusively

640-538: The November Uprising between 16 May and 20 August 1831; 4,734 people fell ill and 2,524 died. The epidemic of cholera brought to Poland and East Prussia by Russian soldiers forced Prussian authorities to close their borders to Russian transports. There were Cholera Riots in the Russian Empire caused by the government's anticholera measures. By early 1831, frequent reports of the spread of

680-495: The 1820s. Parallel lines of advancement were offered in the Order of Red Men: a series of military titles and a set of “Indian rankings.” Class and ethnic differences introduced by new immigrants, anti-Masonic persecutions , attacks on fraternal groups based on excessive drinking, and, ultimately, a widespread cholera epidemic in 1832 led to the decline of the organization. In 1834, the Improved Order of Red Men (IORM)

720-502: The Mediterranean Sea before receding. Hundreds of thousands of people died as a result of this pandemic , including many British soldiers , which attracted European attention. This was the first of several cholera pandemics to sweep through Asia and Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries. This first pandemic spread over an unprecedented range of territory, affecting many countries throughout Asia. Historians believe that

760-644: The Order was open to whites only. That year the 106th Great Council of the United States eliminated the all-white clause in what was called a "turning point for the order". In the present-day, the Improved Order of Red Men is open to people of all ethnic backgrounds. The order itself claims direct descent from the Sons of Liberty , noting that the Sons participated in the Boston Tea Party dressed as their idea of "Indians". Thus, they continue to dress as "Indians" and use Native American terminology, despite being

800-491: The United States decided that it was legal and proper for them to do so. The group then surrendered its charter and formed a new, German-speaking Independent Order of Red Men. It asked the other German-language groups (or Stamms) to join the new group, but few did so. The Independent Order had a height of 12,000 members, though in the 1880s many Stamms returned to the Improved Order. It still existed in 1896, but according to Albert C. Stevens it gave "no sign of vigorous growth". In

840-647: The early 1920s, Arthur Preuss could not get into contact with them, but felt it probably still existed. In 1904, another group called the Independent Order of Red Men emerged in Virginia, this time composed entirely of African Americans. When the Improved Order objected to the use of the name, the leader of the group, R. M. Spears, had the charter withdrawn and renamed the group the "Afro-American Order of Red Men and Daughters of Pocahontas ". The Virginia IORM still apparently considered an injunction against

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880-806: The first pandemic had lingered in Indonesia and the Philippines in 1830. Although not much is known about the journey of the cholera pandemic in east India, many believe that this pandemic began, like the first, with outbreaks along the Ganges Delta in India. From there, the disease spread along trade routes to cover most of India. By 1828, the disease had traveled to China. Cholera was also reported in China in 1826 and 1835, and in Japan in 1831. In 1829, Iran

920-408: The legs, thighs, and loins. The secretion of urine is totally suspended; vomiting and purgings, which are far from being the most important or dangerous symptoms, and which in a very great number of cases of the disease, have not been profuse, or have been arrested by medicine early in the attack, succeed. It is evident that the most urgent and peculiar symptom of this disease is the sudden depression of

960-767: The members of the Degree of Hiawatha were concentrated in New England . In 1979 there were less than 5,000 members in approximately 125 "Councils". The Order female auxiliary is the Degree of Pocahontas and dates to the 1880s and the Degree of Anona , a junior order of the Degree of Pocahontas, was formed in 1952. The Improved Order of the Red Men grew in membership in the late 19th century. It reached 519,942 members in forty-six states in 1921, but had declined to 31,789 in 32 states in 1978 and to 15,251 by 2011. Until 1974,

1000-608: The new group, but it is unclear how the episode turned out. A Tribe #23 based in Metompkin, Virginia is attested by the existence of a ribbon badge in the collection of Theda Skocpol , suggesting that the group had at least 23 local "tribes" in the state. The badge is identical to the ones worn by the IORM, except with the AAORM initials. 1826%E2%80%931837 cholera pandemic The second cholera pandemic (1826–1837), also known as

1040-650: The organization in pockets of the United States; for example, in southern West Virginia, during the build up to the West Virginia Mine Wars, "the Improved Order of Red Men [was] . . . the most comfortable lodge for Socialist miners and other radical workers." After the Civil war in West Virginia, the Improved Order of Red Men became a fraternal organization of some notoriety for vigilante activity. The Red Men Act, West Virginia's anti conspiracy law,

1080-643: The pandemic in Russia prompted the British government to issue quarantine orders for ships sailing from Russia to British ports. By late summer, with the disease appearing more likely to spread to Britain, its board of health, in accordance with the prevailing miasma theory , issued orders recommending as a preventive the burning of "decayed articles, such as rags, cordage, papers, old clothes, hangings...filth of every description removed, clothing and furniture should be submitted to copious effusions of water, and boiled in

1120-516: The rest of Europe, claiming hundreds of thousands of lives. By 1831, the epidemic had infiltrated Russia's main cities and towns. Russian soldiers brought the disease to Poland in February 1831. There were reported to have been 250,000 cases of cholera and 100,000 deaths in Russia. In 1831, it is estimated that up to 100,000 deaths occurred in Hungary . The cholera epidemic struck Warsaw during

1160-525: The same pseudo-Indigenous phrasing as the rest of the constitution: Sec. 1. No person shall be entitled to adoption into the Order except a free white male of good moral character and standing, of the full age of twenty-one great suns, who believes in the existence of a Great Spirit, the Creator and Preserver of the Universe, and is possessed of some known reputable means of support. In one 1886 "tribe",

1200-478: The title Redmen . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redmen&oldid=1216557935 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Improved Order of Red Men On December 16, 1773,

1240-403: The tops of the fingers and toes, and rapidly approaching the trunk, give the first warning. Vomiting or purging, or both these evacuations of a liquid like rice-water or whey, or barley-water, come on; the features become sharp and contracted, the eye sinks, the look is expressive of terror and wildness; the lips, face, neck, hands, and feet, and soon after the thighs, arms, and whole surface assume

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1280-414: The vital powers: proved by the diminished action of the heart, the coldness of the surface and extremities, and the stagnant state of the whole circulation. From September 1831 to January 1832, a catastrophic cholera epidemic ravaged the lower Euphrates and Tigris regions of what is now Iraq and Iran . In Shushtar , Iran, about half of the city's inhabitants died from cholera. The Mandaean community

1320-481: The year that Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas, namely AD 1492. In this system, years were known as "great suns" and months were called "moons", each with their own epithet, e.g. "Cold Moon" for January, but the length of these years and months conformed to the conventional Gregorian calendar . The order has historically opposed federal welfare programs, waste in government and Communism. However, there are examples of substantial socialist participation in

1360-467: Was New York City's Society of St. Tammany, which grew into a major political machine known as " Tammany Hall ." For the next 35 years, the original Sons of Liberty and the Sons of St. Tamina groups went their own way, under many different names. Around 1813, a disenchanted group created the philanthropic "Society of Red Men" at historic Fort Mifflin in Philadelphia . The organization grew in

1400-717: Was apparently infected with cholera from Afghanistan. Cholera reached the southern tips of the Ural Mountains in 1829. On 26 August 1829, the first cholera case was recorded in Orenburg with reports of outbreaks in Bugulma (7 November), Buguruslan (5 December), Menzelinsk (2 January 1830), and Belebey (6 January). With 3,500 cases including 865 fatal ones in Orenburg province, the epidemic stopped by February 1830. The second cholera pandemic spread from Russia to

1440-540: Was brought by recent immigrants, specifically the Irish, and epidemiologists understand they were carrying disease from British ports. Lastly, the British thought the disease might rise from divine intervention. Norwegian poet Henrik Wergeland wrote a stage play inspired by the pandemic, which had reached Norway . In The Indian Cholera ( Den indiske Cholera , 1835), he set his play in Colonial India , lambasting

1480-680: Was founded in 1890 as the National Haymakers' Association . There was also once a uniformed division called the Knights of Tammany, as well as a group called the Chieftains League, which consisted of members who had been exalted to the Chief Degree (see below) and were in good standing within their respective "tribes". In 1952, the Order created the Degree of Hiawatha , as a youth auxiliary for males 8 and up. Most of

1520-727: Was hit particularly hard, and all of their priests died in the plague. Yahya Bihram told Julius Heinrich Petermann that there were only 1,500 Mandaean survivors after the plague. The epidemic reached Great Britain in October 1831, appearing in Sunderland , where it was carried by passengers on a ship from the Baltic. It also appeared in Gateshead and Newcastle . In London, the disease claimed 6,536 victims; in Paris, 20,000 died (out of

1560-645: Was passed in response to a groundswell of such violence. Occasionally this vigilante activity included the use of red masks over their faces. The IORM supported the founding of the Society of American Indians in 1911 and helped organize the SAI's first two conferences. In 1850, the German-language, "Metamora Tribe of Baltimore", refused to pay a benefit, even though the Great Councils of Maryland and

1600-554: Was started as a revival in Baltimore. It was focused on temperance, patriotism and American History. In 1835, with only two groups in place (called "tribes" by the IORM), a larger IORM was organized. Unlike the original Order, the IORM uses only expanded Native American titles. Rather than the public display of Native American costumes, the IORM uses its regalia in private gatherings. In 1886, its membership requirements were defined in

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