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40-397: Red Bull Stratos was a high-altitude skydiving project involving Austrian skydiver Felix Baumgartner . On 14 October 2012, Baumgartner flew approximately 39 kilometres (24 mi) into the stratosphere over New Mexico , United States, in a helium balloon before free falling in a pressure suit and then parachuting to Earth. The total jump, from leaving the capsule to landing on

80-428: A final altitude of 38,969 m (127,851 ft; 24 mi), Baumgartner broke the unofficial record for the highest manned balloon flight of 37,640 m (123,491 ft) previously set by Nick Piantanida . He also broke the record for the highest-altitude jump, set in 1960 by USAF Colonel Joseph Kittinger , who was Baumgartner's mentor and capsule communicator at mission control. These claims were verified by

120-416: A height of over 21.7 kilometres (13.5 mi). On 25 July 2012, Baumgartner completed the second of two planned test jumps, from 29,460 metres (96,650 ft). It took Baumgartner about 90 minutes to reach the target altitude and his free fall was estimated to have lasted three minutes and 48 seconds before his parachutes were deployed. Baumgartner landed safely near Roswell, New Mexico , USA. His top speed

160-411: A new longest-distance free fall record that was surpassed by Felix Baumgartner who made three jumps in 2012 from 71,581 feet (21.818 km), 96,640 feet (29.46 km), and 128,000 feet (39 km), respectively. Alan Eustace set the current world record for highest and longest-distance free fall jump in 2014 when he jumped from 135,898 feet (41.422 km). However, Joseph Kittinger still holds

200-483: A record for the "live stream with the most concurrent views ever on YouTube". The capsule returned to the ground via its own parachute, and landed approximately 70.5 kilometres (43.8 mi) east of Baumgartner's landing site. While the capsule could theoretically be reused, the balloon was only made for a single use. On 22 February 2013, FAI announced that Baumgartner had broken three of the four planned records. The jump records Baumgartner attained: The timeline for

240-611: The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Baumgartner's height record has since been surpassed by Alan Eustace . In January 2010, it was reported that Baumgartner was working with a team of scientists and sponsor Red Bull GmbH to attempt the highest sky-dive on record. By wearing the Equivital LifeMonitor, researchers were able to monitor Felix Baumgartner's physiological response within an extreme environment. Baumgartner

280-921: The Hopi Reservation , as well as some Arizona state offices lying within the Navajo Nation, do not. The largest city in the Mountain Time Zone is Phoenix, Arizona ; the Phoenix metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan area in the zone. One province and two territories are fully contained in the Mountain Time Zone: On September 24, 2020, Yukon switched to the Mountain Standard Time year-round. Therefore, clocks in Yukon and Alberta are

320-701: The Rocky Mountains , which range from British Columbia to New Mexico . In Mexico, this time zone is known as the tiempo de la montaña or zona Pacífico ("Pacific Zone"). In the United States and Canada, the Mountain Time Zone is to the east of the Pacific Time Zone and to the west of the Central Time Zone . In some areas, starting in 2007, the local time changes from MST to MDT at 2   am MST to 3   am MDT on

360-836: The mean solar time at the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory . In the United States, the exact specification for the location of time zones and the dividing lines between zones is set forth in the Code of Federal Regulations at 49 CFR 71. In the United States and Canada, this time zone is generically called Mountain Time ( MT ). Specifically, it is Mountain Standard Time ( MST ) when observing standard time, and Mountain Daylight Time ( MDT ) when observing daylight saving time. The term refers to

400-461: The balloon to allow the capsule to descend—was considered. After approximately 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 hours of ascent, Baumgartner and mission control began the egress procedures. This involved depressurisation of the capsule, detachment of his umbilical air supplies, and adjusting the capsule interior ready for decamp. As the final checks were being undertaken, Kittinger said to Baumgartner, "OK, we're getting serious now, Felix". Fifteen minutes after

440-421: The border to space at 50 mi (80 km) altitude above sea level. Space diving No successful space dives (above 100 km) have been completed to date. In 1959 Joseph Kittinger accomplished a jump from 74,700 feet (22.8 km); he then set a long-standing record in 1960 when he jumped from 102,800 feet (31.3 km). In 1962, Yevgeni Andreyev jumped from 83,523 feet (25.458 km) and set

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480-405: The budding commercial space-flight industry. Jonathan Clark, medical director of the project, said: We'll be setting new standards for aviation. Never before has anyone reached the speed of sound without being in an aircraft. Red Bull Stratos is testing new equipment and developing the procedures for inhabiting such high altitudes as well as enduring such extreme acceleration. The aim is to improve

520-460: The capsule and ascended to 93,970 feet (28.64 km). Dolgov was primarily testing an experimental pressure suit , and would have deployed a drogue chute like Kittinger's earlier jump. As he exited the gondola, he struck his helmet and cracked the visor, leading to depressurization and his death. In 1965–1966, Nick Piantanida accomplished a set of unsuccessful attempts to jump from 123,500 feet (37.6 km) and 120,000 feet (37 km). During

560-519: The capsule levelled at approximately 38 kilometres (24 mi). A valve in the balloon was used to vent gas to control the ascent. Shortly after passing the Armstrong limit , Baumgartner expressed concerns that his visor heater was not functioning properly. Mission Control continued with the mission, and 40 minutes later announced that the jump would continue regardless of the reported problem. An abort procedure—which would have seen helium vented from

600-500: The conceptual stage given the high energies involved in reentry from orbital speeds. Mountain Daylight Time The Mountain Time Zone of North America keeps time by subtracting seven hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) when standard time ( UTC−07:00 ) is in effect, and by subtracting six hours during daylight saving time ( UTC−06:00 ). The clock time in this zone is based on

640-430: The current world record highest and longest-distance free fall jump when he jumped from 135,908 feet (41.425 km) and remained in free fall for 123,334 feet (37.592 km). However, Joseph Kittinger still holds the record for longest-duration free fall, at 4 minutes and 36 seconds, which he accomplished during his 1960 jump from 102,800 feet (31.3 km). There are several technical requirements and challenges to

680-459: The date would again be postponed. The capsule was launched from Roswell International Air Center at 09:30 MDT (15:30 UTC) on 14 October 2012, which was also the 65th anniversary of Chuck Yeager 's Bell X-1 flight. The weather at launch was clear, with south-easterly winds blowing at 5.5 kilometres per hour (3.4 mph). The ground temperature was 14 °C (57 °F). Baumgartner's ascent took approximately 2 1 ⁄ 2 hours, after which

720-468: The effects on pilots of ejecting at high altitude and in 1960 set a record for the highest, longest-distance, and longest-duration skydive , from a height greater than 102,000 feet (31 km). On 1 November 1962, Yevgeni Andreyev and Pyotr Dolgov ascended from Volsk , near Saratov . Andreyev jumped from the capsule at 83,523 feet (25.458 km) and free fell 80,380 feet (24.50 km) before successfully deploying his parachute. Dolgov remained in

760-403: The egress checks began, the pressure between the capsule and the outside stabilized and the door opened. One of the last items was for Baumgartner to enable his suit cameras. Baumgartner dove forward off the ledge at 12:08 MDT (18:08 UTC); after 42 seconds of descent Baumgartner reached his maximum velocity—an unverified 1,342 kilometres per hour (834 mph). An uncontrolled spin started within

800-404: The first minute of the jump which could have been fatal, but it ended at 01:23 when Baumgartner regained stability, though in a later press conference he likened the fall in the suit to "swimming without feeling the water" as he could not feel the air to give him a sense of direction. Baumgartner had an abort switch that would have allowed deployment of a drogue parachute , which would have arrested

840-405: The first of two test jumps, from 21,818 metres (71,581 ft). During the jump, he spent approximately three minutes and 43 seconds in free fall, claiming to have reached speeds of more than 580 kilometres per hour (360 mph), before opening his parachute. In total, the jump lasted approximately eight minutes and eight seconds and Baumgartner became only the third person to parachute safely from

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880-451: The ground, lasted approximately ten minutes. While the free fall was initially expected to last between five and six minutes, Baumgartner deployed his parachute after 4 minutes and 19 seconds. Reaching 1,357.64 km/h (843.6 mph)— Mach 1.25 — Baumgartner broke the sound barrier on his descent, becoming the first human to do so without any form of engine power. Measurements show Baumgartner also broke two other world records . With

920-466: The last attempt Piantanida's face mask had depressurized . His ground controllers immediately jettisoned the balloon at close to 56,000 feet (17,000 m). Piantanida barely survived the fall, and the lack of oxygen left him brain damaged and in a coma from which he never recovered. In the early 1990s, Kittinger played a lead role with NASA assisting British SAS Soldier Charles "Nish" Bruce to break his highest parachute jump record. The project

960-481: The local terminal velocity (though this is quite high in thin atmosphere) and a small light body slows down relatively quickly as the atmosphere thickens. Parachutes would require increased strength to slow the higher weights associated with the added equipment. NASA is known to have investigated the concept in case of an emergency situation on Space Shuttle orbiters where alternative methods of reentry are not available. However, such planning has not moved beyond

1000-475: The media, critics questioned that label, pointing that the more scientifically accepted definition for the "edge of space" is the Kármán line at 100 kilometres (62 mi), or nearly three times the height of the project's jump altitude. The 100 km altitude is also used as a defining line by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , which administers aeronautics records worldwide. The FAA and NASA set

1040-436: The mission was split into eight stages. Stages 1 and 2 covered the balloon's ascent, stages 3–7 covered the descent and landing, and stage 8 covered the return of the balloon and capsule: There were many unknowns about what would happen with Baumgartner when he jumped, the biggest of which was what breaking the sound barrier would do to his body. Gathered information on the feasibility of high-altitude bailouts will be useful to

1080-404: The morning of 9 October 2012 was delayed five hours because of weather problems. Technicians at the launch site also found that one of the capsule's communication radios was faulty. At 11:42 MDT , the launch was aborted due to a 40-kilometre-per-hour (25 mph) gust of wind at the launch site. The launch was rescheduled for the morning of 11 October, but the project's meteorologist announced that

1120-415: The possibility of space jumping. These requirements would be somewhat eased when entering the atmosphere from a simple drop, where the heat of reentry would be considerably less than that of reentering from orbit. At any given density of air, the terminal velocity of a person is much lower than that of a heavy spacecraft. This is because starting from a stationary platform means that fall speed never exceeds

1160-398: The record for longest-duration free fall, at 4 minutes and 36 seconds, which he accomplished during his 1960 jump from 102,800 feet (31.3 km). Higher jumps from the mesosphere or thermosphere have yet to be successfully performed, though Orbital Outfitters, now defunct, was working to create a suit that was supposed to enable space diving. Space diving from beyond the stratosphere

1200-410: The safety for space professionals as well as potential space tourists. The project provided data for the development of high-performance, high-altitude parachute systems. It has been stated these will inform the development of new ideas for emergency evacuation from vehicles, such as spacecraft, passing through the stratosphere . While the jump altitude was generally described as the "edge of space" in

1240-583: The same in the winter, and Alberta is one hour ahead in summer. Previously, the territory had used the Pacific Time Zone with daylight saving time: UTC−8 in winter and UTC−7 in summer. One province and one territory are split between the Mountain Time Zone and the Pacific Time Zone : One territory and one province are split between the Mountain Time Zone and the Central Time Zone : As of October 30, 2022, Mexico abandoned daylight savings time , with certain exceptions. The following states have

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1280-681: The same time as Mountain Time Zone: Six states are fully contained in the Mountain Time Zone: Three states are split between the Mountain Time Zone and the Pacific Time Zone . The following locations observe Mountain Time: Five states are split between the Mountain Time Zone and the Central Time Zone . The following locations observe Mountain Time: Alphabetical list of major cities located within

1320-718: The second Sunday in March and returns at 2   am MDT to 1   am MST on the first Sunday in November. Baja California Sur , Sinaloa and Sonora in Mexico, and most of Arizona in the United States, do not observe daylight saving time (DST), and during the spring, summer, and autumn months they are on the same time as Pacific Daylight Time . The Navajo Nation , most of which lies within Arizona but extends into Utah and New Mexico (which do observe DST), does observe DST, although

1360-438: The spin but also would have prevented him from breaking any speed records. After 03:40 of free fall Baumgartner radioed to Mission Control that his visor was fogging up, echoing his earlier concerns about its heating. After 04:16 minutes of free fall he deployed his parachute, which opened and arrested freefall at 4:20 minutes. At the deployment altitude Baumgartner could have continued to fall safely for another 20 seconds, but it

1400-415: Was an estimated 863 kilometres per hour (536 mph) according to Brian Utley, an official observer on site. The jump represented a personal best for Baumgartner. Joseph Kittinger , who parachuted from 31,300 m (102,800 feet) in 1960, became involved with the mission to advise Baumgartner and to help gather scientific data on next-generation full pressure suits . The project's original scheduled launch on

1440-486: Was difficult for him to verify his exact altitude. At 12:17 MDT (18:17 UTC), approximately 9 minutes after jumping from the capsule, Baumgartner landed on his feet in eastern New Mexico. Baumgartner dropped to his knees and punched the air before being met by ground crews. A helicopter was dispatched to return Baumgartner to the Roswell base. According to YouTube , the jump was viewed live by over 9.5 million users, setting

1480-659: Was first imagined in 1934, appearing in E. E. "Doc" Smith 's science fiction novel Triplanetary . The first stratospheric space dive was in 1959 when Colonel Joseph William Kittinger II (July 27, 1928 - December 9, 2022) in Tampa , Florida , United States a former command pilot , career military officer and retired Colonel in the United States Air Force dived from a high-altitude balloon . He participated in Project Excelsior , testing

1520-447: Was going to make the 36,600 m (120,100 ft) jump from a capsule suspended from a balloon filled with helium, intending to become the first parachutist to break the sound barrier . This would be possible because while the normal terminal velocity of a skydiver freeflying is about 320 km/h (200 mph or 90 m/s), the high altitude with less-dense atmosphere would decrease drag. On 12 October 2010, Red Bull announced it

1560-675: Was placing the project on hold after Daniel Hogan filed a lawsuit in California Superior Court in Los Angeles, California, USA in April, claiming he originated the idea of the parachute dive from the edge of space in 2004 and that Red Bull stole the idea from him. The lawsuit was resolved out of court in June 2011 and on 5 February 2012, it was reported that the project would be resumed. On 15 March 2012, Baumgartner completed

1600-666: Was suspended in 1994 following Bruce's mental health breakdown. In 1997 parachutist and pilot Cheryl Stearns formed Stratoquest, aiming to break Kittinger's record as the first female space diver. Due either to a significant shoulder injury or funding issues for the project this plan did not come to fruition. By the time Stearns was prepared to attempt her jump, Felix Baumgartner had completed his jump and Stearns shelved her event. In 2012, Felix Baumgartner broke Kittinger's highest altitude and Andreyev's longest-distance free fall records, when, on October 14, he jumped from over 128,000 ft (39 km). In 2014, Alan Eustace set

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