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46-697: According to Vitaly Primakov , the formation was created in protection of the Soviet government in Ukraine, the liquidation of the "nationalistic and counter-revolutionary" Central Council of Ukraine and as an opposing force to the Central Council's armed forces known as the " Free Cossacks ". The creation of Red Cossacks was first declared on 10 January [ O.S. 28 December] 1918 in Kharkiv by Vitaly Primakov who previously participated in

92-690: A formal public ceremony, his body was reinterred in the Church of the Holy Trinity, Belgrade , the Russian church, according to his wishes. He was married to Russian noblewoman Olga Mikhailovna Ivanienko (1883–1968). They had two sons and two daughters: His nephew, Baron George Wrangell , became known by the David Oglivy -created 1951 ad campaign for the Hathaway shirt company in which he

138-478: A retreat of the Red Army, it was encircled and partially destroyed at Zbruch River . Vitaly Primakov Vitaliy Markovich Primakov (Russian: Виталий Маркович Примаков , romanized : Vitaliy Markovich Primakov ; Ukrainian : Віталій Маркович Примаков , romanized :  Vitalii Markovych Prymakov ) (3 December 1897 – 12 June 1937) was a Soviet revolutionary, military leader of

184-791: A successful breach of the White Army defense line near Fatezh in November 1919, he was awarded his first Order of the Red Banner . His second Order of the Red Banner was awarded for combat near Proskurov . Primakov then received his third Order of the Red Banner for fighting the Basmachi movement in Central Asia . In 1923 Primakov graduated in Higher Academic Military Courses at RKKA . In 1924–25, he

230-728: Is now based in New York) and the Russian Ministry of Culture. During the Russian Civil War , the combat song of the Red Army , White Army, Black Baron , was named for Wrangel, and its first verse identifies Wrangel as both the leader of the Whites and a serious threat to the success of Soviet Russia. Many Russian officers regarded Wrangel so highly that he had almost a semi-sacred status. After Hitler's invasion of

276-621: The General Kornilov on 14 November 1920. Initially, Wrangel lived on his yacht, Lucullus , at Constantinople . It was rammed and sunk by the Italian steamer Adria , which had sailed from Soviet-held Batum . Wrangel, then on shore, escaped with his life in what was widely regarded as an assassination attempt. In 1922, he moved to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes as the head of all White Russian refugees. In 1924, in

322-589: The Crimea . Arrested by the Bolsheviks at the end of 1917, he was released and escaped to Kiev , where he joined Pavlo Skoropadskyi 's Ukrainian State . However, it was soon apparent to him that the new government existed only because of the waning support of Germany, and in August 1918, he joined the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army based at Yekaterinodar , where he was given command of the 1st Cavalry Division and

368-665: The February Revolution and Russia's exit from the war, Wrangel retired to Crimea . He was arrested by the Bolsheviks following the October Revolution , but was soon released and later escaped and joined the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army of the White movement . In 1918, he became Anton Denikin 's chief of staff in the Armed Forces of South Russia . Wrangel succeeded Denikin as commander-in-chief of

414-635: The Imperial Russian Army . During the final phase of the Russian Civil War , he was commanding general of the anti-Bolshevik White Army in Southern Russia . A member of the prominent Wrangel noble family , Pyotr Wrangel was educated as a mining engineer and volunteered in the Russian Imperial Guard . He served with distinction during World War I as a cavalry commander, reaching the rank of major general. After

460-790: The Malyshev Factory ), the General Electric Company ( Russian : Всеобщей компании электричества , Vseobshchaya kompaniya elektrichestva) and the Helfferich-Sade Association. With time, Red Cossack detachments were established where Soviet power was declared including Kharkiv Governorate , Poltava Governorate , and Kyiv Governorate . The formations were established voluntarily and composed out of workers and peasants predominantly Ukrainians , but also contained other ethnic representatives (Russians, Jews, others). Sister of Yuriy Kotsiubynsky , Oksana

506-689: The Nicholas Imperial General Staff Academy in 1910 and the Cavalry Officers' School in 1911. With the start of World War I , Wrangel was promoted to captain and assigned command of a cavalry squadron. On 13 October 1914, he became one of the first Russian officers to be awarded the Order of St. George (4th degree) in the war, the highest military decoration of the Russian Empire. In December 1914, he

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552-876: The October Revolution and was among those who stormed the Winter Palace in Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg ). He also participated against the Kerensky–Krasnov uprising . The formation of the military unit continued until 9 February 1918. In the beginning after announcing the formation, the military unit was joined by soldiers of former 3rd battalion of 2nd Ukrainian Reserve Regiment (300 individuals) who were disarmed by revolutionary detachments (1st Moscow Revolutionary Regiment headed by Pavel Yegorov ) from Soviet Russia . The newly announced military unit also included local Red guards (400 individuals) of several Kharkiv factories such as Kharkiv Locomotive Factory (now

598-782: The Red Army , and commander of the Red Cossacks. He was a close friend of the Kotsiubynsky family and a son-in-law of Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky . Vitaly Primakov was born in 1897 in Semenivka , Novozybkovsky Uyezd , Chernigov Governorate as part of a family with a Russian background. In 1914 he joined the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party and was exiled to Siberia for political reasons in 1915. Primakov

644-772: The Transbaikal Cossack Corps . In December 1904, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. After the war ended, in January 1906, he was reassigned to the 55th Finland Dragoon Regiment, which, under General A. N. Orlov, took part in pacifying rebels in Siberia. In 1907, he returned to the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment. In 1908, he married Olga Mikhaylovna Ivanenko in St. Petersburg, and they had two sons and two daughters. Wrangel graduated from

690-679: The White Army troops of Lieutenant General Pyotr Krasnov near Gatchina . In February 1918, using Cossack troops that crossed over to the communists, he formed the Red Cossacks military unit. In August 1919, Primakov became commander of the brigade. In October 1919, he was appointed commander of the Eighth Cavalry Division. In October 1920, Primakov became the commander of the First Corps of Red Cossacks. For

736-545: The withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan , in an opinion piece in The Wall Street Journal , Wrangel's grandson Peter A. Basilevsky compared the "bureaucratic incompetence" of the U.S. government in Afghanistan to the successful November 1920 evacuation of 150,000 anti-Bolshevik soldiers and civilians under Wrangel which became possible with far inferior resources of the White Army and in the face of

782-731: The 2nd Brigade of the Ussuri Cavalry Division, which was merged with other cavalry units to become the Consolidated Cavalry Corps in July that year. He was further decorated with the George Cross (4th degree) for his defense of the Zbruch River in the summer of 1917. After the end of Russia's participation in the war, Wrangel resigned his commission and went to live at his dacha at Yalta , in

828-727: The 8th Cavalry Division of Red Cossacks which in November of same year conducted a raid across the Denikin's Army rears. In April 1920 battled in the Northern Taurida Governorate against the Pyotr Wrangel 's troops. Soon after the Polish-Ukrainian union treaty of Warsaw in 1920, the division participated in the Polish–Soviet War . During that campaign it reached the city of Stryi , but during

874-686: The Army of UNR. As part of the Army Group of Kyiv direction in May 1919 participated in suppression of Nykyfor Hryhoriv rebellion and in July–September 1919 fought against armies of Anton Denikin ( Armed Forces of South Russia ). In August 1919 the regiment was expanded into brigade that was part of 12th and 14th armies of the Workers and Peasants Red Army (RKKA). In October 1919 it expanded further into

920-501: The Army of Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) after the 1918 Battle of Poltava. After being withdrawn out of Ukraine, in summer of 1918 it was reformed into the 1st Dnieper Partizan detachment that operated in so called "neutral zone" that was established along the Russia–Ukraine border . During the fall of 1918 it was reestablished as part of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division and then the 2nd Ukrainian Soviet Division that fought against

966-799: The Caucasian Volunteer Army within those forces. According to Peter Kenez , "Wrangel fought well, but even during his first weeks with the army, he distinguished himself by his arrogant behavior." After defeating the Bolsheviks in the Northern Caucasus, Denikin wanted to move against Tsaritsyn , but the Bolshevik threat to the west of the Don district forced Denikin to send troops to that Don front. According to Kenez, "General Wrangel bitterly criticized Denikin's decision. He

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1012-759: The Estonian Knighthood, reached high military rank. He was adjutant to the Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovitch (1878–1918), rose to the rank of Colonel as Commander of the 16th Irkutsk Hussar Regiment, and finally to Major General on Grand Duke Michael's staff. He married Baroness Elizabeth Hoyningen-Huene . After graduating from the Rostov Technical High School in 1896 and the Institute of Mining in St. Petersburg in 1901, Wrangel volunteered for

1058-580: The Russian Red Army . However, by that stage in the Russian Civil War , such measures were too late, and the White movement was rapidly losing support, both domestically and overseas. Wrangel is immortalized by the nickname of "Black Baron" in the marching song The Red Army is the Strongest , composed as a rallying call for a final effort on the part of the Bolsheviks to end the war. The song

1104-637: The Serbian town of Sremski Karlovci , he established the Russian All-Military Union , a civilian organisation that was designed to embrace all Russian military émigrés all over the world. He tried to preserve a Russian military organisation for another fight against Bolshevism. In September 1927, Wrangel and his family emigrated, settling in Brussels , Belgium , where he worked as a mining engineer. Wrangel published his memoirs in

1150-668: The Soviet Union in June 1941 , some prominent military émigrés referred to the position that they believed Wrangel would have taken. For example, Major General Mikhail Mikhailovich Zinkevich said in mid-August 1941, "If General Wrangel were alive today, he would go unhesitatingly with the Germans". In 2015, the government of the Russian Federation began to repatriate the remains of White Emigres that were buried abroad, but

1196-753: The White forces in Crimea in April 1920. As head of the South Russia military government, he attempted to carry out sweeping land reforms, reorganised the White armies into a Russian Army (more commonly known the Army of Wrangel), and established relations with anti-Bolshevik independence movements . Severely outnumbered by the Red Army and facing certain defeat, Wrangel organised a mass evacuation from Crimea in 1920. Early in his exile he lived in Constantinople and Serbia , and came to be known as one of

1242-635: The White forces in Crimea. He assumed that post on 4 April 1920, at the head of the Russian Army , and he put forth a coalition government that attempted to institute sweeping reforms (including land reforms). He also recognized and established relations with the new anti-Bolshevik independent states, the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Democratic Republic of Georgia , among others, although they were ultimately conquered by

1288-465: The choice to evacuate and go with him into the unknown, or to remain in Russia. Those who chose to stay in Crimea were subject to brutal repression by the Bolsheviks as part of the Red Terror , along with many civilians, with up to 150,000 murdered. Wrangel evacuated the White forces from the Crimea in 1920; the remnants of the Russian Imperial Navy became known as Wrangel's fleet . The last military and civilian personnel left Russia with Wrangel on board

1334-497: The descendants of Wrangel refused to have his remains returned to Russia as the current Russian government had not "condemned the evil [of Bolshevism]," referring to Vladimir Putin 's unwillingness to denounce the Soviet crimes and implement a proper decommunization . He was portrayed by Russian actor Aleksandr Galibin in the first season of the Serbian television series Balkan Shadows , which features Wrangel's Cossack emigres as major characters. In September 2021, following

1380-462: The family was of German origin, appearing in the old " Livonia " with Teutonic Order . It has a common origin with the noble family von Löwenwolde  [ ru ] and von Engdes  [ de ] . Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel was only distantly related to the famed Arctic explorer Ferdinand von Wrangel and the Prussian Generalfeldmarschall Friedrich von Wrangel . His cousin, Baron Nikolai Von Wrangell (1869 - 1927), also belonging to

1426-413: The longtime lover of Vladimir Mayakovsky . Pyotr Wrangel Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel ( Russian : Пётр Николаевич Врангель , pronounced [ˈvranɡʲɪlʲ] ; German : Peter von Wrangel ; August 27 [ O.S. August 15] 1878 – 25 April 1928), also known by his nickname the Black Baron , was a Russian military officer of Baltic German origin in

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1472-424: The magazine White Cause (Белое дело) in Berlin in 1928. Wrangel died suddenly on 25 April 1928, possibly after contracting typhus . His family, however, believed that he had been poisoned by his butler's brother, who briefly lived in the household in Brussels and was allegedly a Soviet agent. He was buried in Brussels. More than a year later, his remains were transported to Belgrade . On 6 October 1929, in

1518-427: The most prominent White émigrés . He relocated to Brussels in 1927 and died a year later. Wrangel was born in Novalexandrovsk , Kovno Governorate in the Russian Empire (now Zarasai , Lithuania ) as the son of Baron Nikolai Egorovich Wrangel  [ ru ] (1847–1923) and Maria Dimitrievna Demetieva-Maikova (1856–1944). The Baltic German noble Wrangel family was part of the Uradel (old nobility),

1564-407: The prestigious Life Guards cavalry . He was commissioned a reserve officer in 1902 after graduating from the Nicholas Cavalry College  [ ru ] . He soon resigned his commission and traveled to Irkutsk , where he was assigned to special missions by the Governor-General . At the start of the Russo-Japanese War in February 1904, he re-enlisted and was assigned to the 2nd Regiment of

1610-402: The rank of major general in the White movement . After the Second Kuban Campaign in late 1918, he was promoted to lieutenant general, and his division's strength was raised to that of a corps . In August 1918, Wrangel joined Denikin's anti-Bolshevik army. In December 1918, Wrangel became Anton Denikin 's Chief of Staff in the Armed Forces of South Russia , and in January 1919, commander of

1656-517: The troops loyal to Central Council of Ukraine and then in fought against the advance of German and Ukrainian forces in March–April 1918 (following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ). On 1 March 1918 soldiers of the 1st Horse Regiment of Red Cossacks attempted to rename their regiment to the 1st Workers-Peasants Socialist Regiment of the Red Army. After that the regiment was "cleansed" from non-Ukrainian element by Soviet government. During liberation of Ukraine from Bolsheviks, number of Red Cossacks sided with

1702-450: Was depicted in photos as "a white-shirted, debonair-looking fellow" with a black patch over his right eye, although both his eyes were "perfectly good." Defunct The Serbian town of Sremski Karlovci , which had served as his headquarters after he emigrated from Russia, erected a monument in his honour in 2007. At the time of his death, it was the location of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (ROCOR, which

1748-437: Was immensely popular in the early Soviet Union in the 1920s. From June to October 1920, General Wrangel kept a building in Melitopol as his headquarters. The site later became the Melitopol Museum of Local History . After being severely outnumbered and facing defeat in Northern Tavria and in Crimea , Wrangel organised a mass evacuation on the shores of the Black Sea . Wrangel gave every officer, soldier, and civilian

1794-441: Was in charge of agitation and propaganda and chief editor of Red Cossack newspaper "To arms" ( Ukrainian : К оружию ). On 2 February [ O.S. 20 January] 1918 the People's Secretariat of Ukraine issued its decree about organization of People's Revolutionary and Socialist Army in Ukraine, the Red Cossacks. At first in January 1918 the regiment as part of the Soviet 4th Revolutionary Army took part in advance against

1840-406: Was promoted to the rank of colonel. In October 1915, Wrangel was transferred to the Southwestern Front and was appointed commander of the 1st Regiment of the Transbaikal Cossacks. The unit was very active in Galicia against the Austrians , and Wrangel distinguished himself especially during the Brusilov Offensive . He was promoted to the rank of major general in January 1917 and took command of

1886-400: Was released from exile during the February Revolution in 1917. He became a member of Kiev's Bolshevik committee. In August 1917, he was conscripted into the Russian Army. While being a delegate of Second Congress of Soviets in Petrograd he was assigned commander of one of the squadrons participating in the assault on the Winter Palace . Then he led Red Army squadrons during fights with

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1932-457: Was sent to Japan as military attaché there. In 1931–33, Primakov was commander of the Thirteenth Infantry Corps . In February 1933 he became deputy commander of the North Caucasus Military District . In December 1934, he was appointed inspector of higher education institutions of Red Army. In January 1935, he became deputy commander of the Leningrad Military District . Primakov was arrested on 14 August 1936 as part of Stalin's Great Purge . He

1978-436: Was subjected to torture and pleaded guilty of being part of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization and testified against many fellow Soviet military commanders. He was found guilty and sentenced to death on 11 June 1937. Primakov was rehabilitated posthumously in 1957. Primakov was married three times. He was once married to Oksana Kotsyubynska, the daughter of Mykhailo Kotsyubynsky . In 1930, he married Lilya Brik ,

2024-446: Was the head of the Highest Cavalry school in Leningrad . In 1925, he was sent to China to be military advisor of the Chinese First National Army. In 1927, he was appointed as the military attaché in Afghanistan. In 1929 – under the disguise of Turkish officer Ragib-bey – he led the Red Army intervention in Afghanistan . This was a military operation of Soviet troops to reinstate Amanullah Khan as ruler of Afghanistan. In 1930, Primakov

2070-511: Was unable to join forces with Admiral Kolchak and at the insistence of Denikin, he led his forces north towards Moscow on a failed attempt by the Whites to take it in autumn 1919. Continuing disagreement with Denikin led to his removal from command, and Wrangel departed for exile to Constantinople on 8 February 1920. However, Denikin was forced to resign on 20 March 1920, and a military committee, led by General Abram Dragomirov in Sevastopol , asked for Wrangel's return as Commander-in-Chief of

2116-415: Was willing to accept not only the loss of the Donets basin , but of the entire Don Voisko because he believed strongly that no goal could be more important than meeting Kolchak 's advance somewhere along the Volga river ." Wrangel gained a reputation as a skilled and just administrator, who, unlike some other White Army generals, did not tolerate lawlessness or looting by his troops. However, after he

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