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73-583: Red Duster may refer to either: Red Duster (ensign) - slang term for the Red Ensign Red Duster (missile) - Rainbow code used for the Bristol Bloodhound Surface to Air missile Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Red Duster . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

146-694: A blue ensign for ships operated by the Canadian government and for the Royal Canadian Navy . The Red Ensign served as Canada's national flag until 1965 when, after considerable debate , it was replaced by the Maple Leaf flag . The Red Ensign is still popular among traditionalists and monarchists . Although the national Red Ensign is no longer used officially, the provincial flags of Manitoba and Ontario are Red Ensigns bearing their respective coats of arms. The Hudson's Bay Company and

219-596: A burial vault under Abbot Islip's Chapel, situated off the north ambulatory of the abbey. Other than the Dean, Paul de Labilliere and the Surveyor of the Fabric of Westminster Abbey , Charles Peers , only a few other people knew of its hiding place. Worried that the secret could be lost if all of them were killed during the war, Peers drew up three maps showing its location. Two were sent in sealed envelopes to Canada, one to

292-415: A gentleman has thus deciphered. – 'The sconce (or shadow) of kingdom come, until Sylphs in air carry me again to Bethel.' These plates exhibit the figures of targets for the arms. From time immemorial it has been believed among us here, that unseen hands brought Jacob's pillow from Bethel and dropped it on the site where the palace of Scoon now stands. A strong belief is also entertained by many in this part of

365-641: A handover ceremony at the border between representatives of the Home Office and of the Scottish Office , the stone was transported to Edinburgh Castle . An official handover ceremony occurred in the Castle on 30 November 1996, St Andrew's Day , to mark the arrival of the stone. Prince Andrew, Duke of York , representing Queen Elizabeth II, formally handed over the Royal Warrant transferring

438-556: A major redevelopment of the existing display. In December 2020, the Scottish Government announced that the stone would be relocated to the Perth Museum. The museum opened on 30 March 2024, with the stone as one of its main exhibits. In September 2022, Historic Environment Scotland announced that the stone would temporarily return to Westminster Abbey for the coronation of Charles III . It subsequently left

511-526: A red lion holding a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off of Bermuda in 1609. The Red Ensign is likely to have been chosen as Bermuda's land flag due to Canadian influence. (For the first half of the 20th century, Canada made use of the Red Ensign defaced with the Canadian shield as an unofficial land flag.) Bermuda's 2002 shipping legislation officially recognises the flag as an ensign for Bermudian registered ships. Prior to 2002,

584-1020: A result, the Blue Ensign was used throughout the Empire and thus became the model for the flags used by a number of colonies and former colonies in the British Empire . At the same time, the red ensign (which was designated in 1864 as the flag for merchant shipping) was used by merchantmen of those colonies or territories which obtained an Admiralty warrant. Warrants were issued, chronologically, to British North Borneo (1882), British East Africa (1890), Canada (1892), New Zealand (1899), British South Africa (1902), Australia (1903), British Somaliland (1904), Union of South Africa (1910), Newfoundland (1918), Indian Native States (1921), Cyprus (1922), Tanganyika (1923), Western Samoa (1925) and Palestine (1927). Those areas, notably including British India, that did not have an Admiralty warrant used

657-481: A warrant from the U.K. government to reintroduce the flag as an "informal or voluntary ensign" for Scottish merchant vessels. MacKenzie stressed that the "petition was not meant to replace or supersede the British Red Ensign". The petition received the support of MSP Michael Russell, and other Merchant sailors and members of sailing trade groups. The petition gained enough support that it was passed onto

730-593: Is the civil ensign of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . It is one of the British ensigns , and it is used either plain or defaced with either a badge or a charge , mostly in the right half. It is the flag flown by British merchant or passenger ships since 1707. Prior to 1707, an English red ensign and a Scottish red ensign were flown by the English Royal Navy and

803-453: Is the civil ensign or merchant ensign of the United Kingdom . The flag has overall ratio of 1:2 with the Union occupying one quarter of the field and placed in the canton . Some public bodies or national institutions are authorised to fly red ensigns defaced with a badge or emblem. These include: The red ensign defaced with a specific club's badge or emblem is allowed to be hoisted as

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876-491: Is the only Overseas Territory not to adopt any such ensign as its territorial flag, although the ensigns may still be seen on vessels in the waters of the territory. The Crown dependency of the Isle of Man was granted a red ensign, with the triskelion of Man in the central fly, for use by ships registered through the island, by Royal Warrant dated 27 August 1971. It is widely used on luxury yachts and large cargo ships around

949-590: The British Raj that were not directly governed by the British, but by a local ruler through a form of indirect rule subject to a subsidiary alliance under the paramountcy of the British Crown . The great majority of the princely states of British India were landlocked . Some of the few which had a coastline used versions of the red ensign on their merchant vessels. The New Zealand Red Ensign with

1022-587: The First Scottish War of Independence , King Edward I of England took the stone as spoils of war and removed it to Westminster Abbey , where it was fitted into a wooden chair – known as the Coronation Chair or King Edward's Chair – on which most subsequent English and then British sovereigns have been crowned. Edward I sought to claim the status of the "Lord Paramount" of Scotland, with the right to oversee its King. Some doubt exists over

1095-565: The Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England , England agreed to return the captured stone to Scotland; rioting crowds prevented it from being removed from Westminster Abbey. The stone remained in England for another six centuries. When King James VI of Scotland assumed the English throne as James I of England , he was crowned at Westminster Abbey on the stone . For the next century,

1168-764: The North West Company also used Red Ensigns as their corporate flags. The Red Ensign with the Newfoundland great seal in the fly was considered the unofficial flag of the Dominion of Newfoundland from 1904 until 1931, at which point it was officially legislated as the Dominion of Newfoundland's "National Colours" to be flown as the civil ensign , with the Union Flag being legislated as the national flag at that time as well. The Newfoundland Red Ensign

1241-667: The Royal Scots Navy , respectively. The precise date of the first appearance of these earlier red ensigns is not known, but surviving payment receipts indicate that the English navy was paying to have such flags sewn in the 1620s. Prior to the reorganisation of the Royal Navy in 1864, the plain red ensign had been the ensign of one of three squadrons of the Royal Navy, the Red Squadron , as early as 1558. By 1620,

1314-600: The Stuart kings and queens of Scotland once again sat on the stone – but at their coronation as kings and queens of, and in, England. On 11 June 1914, as part of the suffragette bombing and arson campaign of 1912–1914, suffragettes of the Women's Social and Political Union planted a bomb loaded with metal bolts and nuts to act as shrapnel next to the Coronation Chair and Stone; no serious injuries were reported in

1387-594: The Taunton flag and the George Rex flag . It also formed the basis of the Grand Union Flag of 1775, which served as the first American national flag, although it differed slightly from the primary Red Ensign in that it had a squared Union Flag in the canton. In 1801, with another Act of Union , Ireland joined with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , which resulted in

1460-546: The Treaty of Union , which had been agreed the previous year, were passed by the parliaments of England and Scotland , thereby uniting the Kingdom of Scotland with the Kingdom of England (which included the Principality of Wales ) into a new state with the name " Kingdom of Great Britain ". This resulted in a new red ensign which placed the first Union Flag , including a saltire in the first quarter. The new design of

1533-500: The defacement of the flag in accordance with Māori custom in which white capital letters identifying a particular family or Māori tribe are added. In the case of the flag on the right, TAKITIMU refers to a grouping of Māori iwi descended from the crew of the Tākitimu waka (canoe) . Today, private and merchant craft can choose to fly the Flag of New Zealand (which is a blue ensign) or

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1606-561: The " Stone of Destiny ", by King Edward I (1239–1307, reigned 1272–1307). Prior to 1707, the Scottish Red Ensign was flown by ships of the Royal Scots Navy , with a saltire in the canton. The Scottish Ensign has been flown unofficially by many Scottish vessels for a number of years. In 2015, a movement was launched by Lieutenant Commander George MacKenzie RNR to have the Scottish Ensign officially recognised, on

1679-492: The 14th century the English cleric and historian Walter Hemingford identified the previous location of the Scottish coronation stone as the monastery of Scone , three kilometres (two miles) north of Perth:  Apud Monasterium de Scone positus est lapis pergrandis in ecclesia Dei, juxta magnum altare, concavus quidem ad modum rotundae cathedrae confectus, in quo futuri reges loco quasi coronationis ponebantur ex more. At

1752-748: The Blue Ensign on land, and in 1947 Prime Minister Ben Chifley reaffirmed this position, but it was not until the passage of the Flags Act 1953 that the restriction on civilians flying the Blue Ensign was officially lifted, after which use of the Red Ensign on land became a rarity. Under the Navigation and Shipping Act 1912 and the Shipping Registration Act 1981, the Red Ensign remains the only flag permitted for use by merchant ships registered in Australia. Pleasure craft may use either

1825-792: The Canadian Prime Minister William King , who deposited it in the Bank of Canada's vault in Ottawa. The other went to the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario , who stored his envelope in the Bank of Montreal in Toronto. Once he had received word that the envelopes had been received, Peers destroyed the third map, which he had been keeping at his bank. Peers later received a suggestion via the Office of Works that

1898-575: The Cross of St George in the canton. This changed in 1864, when an order in council provided that the Red Ensign was allocated to merchantmen. It is probable that the cross-saltire was adopted by the Scots as a national ensign at a very early period, but there seems no direct evidence of this before the fourteenth century. The earliest Scottish records were lost at sea in the ship that was sent to return them to that country, whence they had been carried off, with

1971-590: The London police were informed of its whereabouts, the stone was returned to Westminster four months after its removal. Afterward, rumours circulated that copies of the stone had been made, and that the returned stone was not the original. On 3 July 1996, in response to a growing discussion around Scottish cultural history, the British Government announced that the stone would return to Scotland, 700 years after it had been taken. On 15 November 1996, after

2044-536: The New Zealand red ensign. The Red Ensign, defaced with the shield of the national coat of arms, was authorised as the merchant ensign of the Union of South Africa on 28 December 1910. From 1912, the shield was displayed on a white disc. The ensign was superseded by the national flag with effect from 1 January 1960, in terms of the Merchant Shipping Act 1951. The Red Ensign with the shield

2117-660: The Police that Scottish emissaries were loose in London, intending to steal the Stone and we had better lock up the Confessor's Chapel, where it is normally kept. On Christmas Day 1950, a group of four Scottish students ( Ian Hamilton , Gavin Vernon , Kay Matheson , and Alan Stuart) removed the stone from Westminster Abbey, intending to return it to Scotland. During the removal process, the stone broke into two pieces. After burying

2190-563: The Red Ensign as a national flag ended with the introduction of a proper national flag in 1928. This was preceded by the South African Flag Controversy of 1925 to 1928. The flag of the city of Taunton in Bristol County , Massachusetts is based on the pre-1801 Red Ensign. This was a local variant of the Flag of New England (see George Rex Flag ). The Grand Union Flag , the first national flag of

2263-565: The Red Ensign or the national flag, but not both at the same time. The term "Red Ensign" is often used to refer to the Canadian Red Ensign , the former de facto national flag of Canada. It was informally adopted following Canadian Confederation in 1867 and, from 1892, it was the official flag for use on Canadian merchant ships. On land, however, the official national flag was the Union Flag. Despite its unofficial status,

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2336-524: The Red Ensign was also the principal ensign of the Royal Navy, and as such it was worn by ships of the Red Squadron of the navy, as well as by those warships that were not assigned to any squadron (i.e., those sailing under independent command). The white ensign and the blue ensign were also used by the Royal Navy. Many in the Admiralty felt that the Royal Navy's use of three separate ensigns (i.e.,

2409-635: The Red Ensign was proclaimed by Queen Anne (1665–1714, reigned 1702–1714), who indicated that it was to be used by both the navy and ships owned by "our loving subjects". The flag was flown by ships of the Thirteen Colonies in North America before the American Revolution . Modification of the flag was used to express the discontent of the colonists before and during the outbreak of the revolution. This can be seen in both

2482-464: The Red Ensign was widely used on land as well. In 1924, the Red Ensign was approved for use on Canadian government buildings outside Canada, and from 1945 for those inside Canada as well. Canada's Red Ensign bore various forms of the shield from the Canadian coat of arms in its fly during the period of its use. Shown here are pictures of the three official forms between 1868 and 1965. Canada also used

2555-575: The Scottish Government who recommended Mr MacKenzie "raise the issue with the Secretary of State directly or through his MP". Upon the legislative union of England and Scotland in 1707, the tiny Royal Scots Navy came to an end as a separate force, and the "Union" colours (invented on the union of the two crowns a hundred years before) were inserted in all ensigns, naval and mercantile. An Order in Council of 21 July 1707 established as naval flags of

2628-694: The Stone from Ireland to Argyll , where he was crowned on it, was recorded in a 15th-century chronicle. Some versions identify the stone brought by Fergus with the Lia Fáil , in Scottish Gaelic (or Erse ) originally rendered "Lia Fàil" and, after Twentieth Century alphabet revisions that saw the Grave accent replaced with the Acute accent , "Lia Fáil" ( Scottish Gaelic for "stone of destiny", from "Lia", meaning "stone", and "fàil", meaning "fatal", and of

2701-469: The Stone should be sent to Scotland for safekeeping: I trust the Office of Works will not lend itself to this attempt by the Scotch to get hold of the Stone by a side wind. You cannot be so simple as not to know that this acquisitive nation have ever since the time of Edward I been attempting by fair means or foul, to get possession of the Stone, and during my time at Westminster we have received warnings from

2774-632: The Union Flag in the first quarter, and the Southern Cross , represented by four five-pointed white stars featured in the fly became the official flag in New Zealand for merchant vessels in 1901. Previously a plain red ensign was used. The red ensign may continue to be flown on land in Māori areas or during Māori events under the Flags, Emblems, and Names Protection Act 1981 in recognition of long held Māori preference for red flags. New Zealand law allows

2847-706: The United States of America, was easily produced by sewing white stripes onto the British Red Ensigns. The current Flag of Hawaii is most similar to it, of all American flags. Sea Scout groups within The Scout Association can be Royal Navy Recognised, and are allowed to fly a defaced Red Ensign to signify this. Stone of Scone The artefact was originally kept at the now-ruined Scone Abbey in Scone , near Perth . In 1296,

2920-486: The aftermath of the subsequent explosion despite the building having been busy with 80–100 visitors, but the deflagration blew off a corner of the Coronation Chair and broke the Stone in half – although this was not discovered until 1950, when four Scottish nationalists broke into the church to steal the stone and return it to Scotland. Two days after the Westminster Abbey bombing, a second suffragette bomb

2993-605: The basis that the Merchant Shipping Act of 1995 permits Her Majesty the Queen in Council or a Secretary of State to approve "any colours consisting of the Red Ensign defaced or modified". Supporters cited the example of the States of Jersey , who in 2010 were permitted to use a "voluntary or informal" red ensign, adorned with a Plantagenet crown. The movement culminated in a petition for the Scottish Government to seek

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3066-433: The castle on 27 April 2023 in a procession led by Joseph Morrow , the Lord Lyon King of Arms , arriving in Westminster Abbey on 29 April. After the coronation on 6 May, the stone was put on temporary display at the abbey before being returned to Edinburgh Castle later in the month. On 15 November 2023, three members of environmental activist group This is Rigged smashed the stone's protective glass case, and spray-painted

3139-402: The country that it was only a representation of this Jacob's pillow that Edward sent to Westminster, the sacred stone not having been found by him. The curious here, aware of such traditions, and who have viewed these venerable remains of antiquity, agree that Macbeth may, or rather must, have deposited the stone in question at the bottom of his Castle, on the hill of Dunsinane (from the trouble of

3212-456: The editor of the Morning Chronicle , dated 2 January 1819, states: On the 19th of November, as the servants belonging to the West Mains of Dunsinane-house , were employed in carrying away stones from the excavation made among the ruins that point out the site of Macbeth 's castle here, part of the ground they stood on suddenly gave way, and sank down about six feet, discovering a regularly built vault, about six feet long and four wide. None of

3285-410: The flag was often used unofficially by Bermudian ships as an ensign, as reflected in Admiralty correspondence dating back to the 1950s. Bermuda (civil) Government vessels and maritime services use the defaced blue ensign , which is flown both from vessels and from shore facilities. Gibraltar features variant flags of the territory which incorporate the Gibraltar coat of arms into a red ensign. This

3358-405: The flag without its cross for a number of decades afterward. In 1674, a Royal Proclamation of King Charles II (1630–1685, reigned 1660–1685) confirmed that the Red Ensign was the appropriate flag to be worn by English merchant ships . The wording of the 1674 proclamation indicates that the flag was customarily being used by English merchantmen before that date. At this time, the ensign displayed

3431-486: The forces of King Edward I of England captured it during Edward's invasion of Scotland . The Stone was subsequently used in the coronation of English monarchs and British monarchs for over 500 years. In 1996, the stone was returned to Scotland, and kept in Edinburgh Castle with the Honours of Scotland . The stone remains property of the Crown and is transported to London for use at coronations. Since March 2024, it has been on permanent public display in Perth . In

3504-438: The greater part of the Stone in a Kent field, where they camped for a few days, they uncovered the buried stone and returned to Scotland, along with a new accomplice, John Josselyn. According to an American diplomat who was posted in Edinburgh at the time, the stone was briefly hidden in a trunk in the basement of the consulate's Public Affairs Officer, without his knowledge, then brought up further north. The smaller piece

3577-405: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Duster&oldid=933081390 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Red Duster (ensign) The Red Ensign or " Red Duster "

3650-449: The men being injured, curiosity induced them to clear out the subterranean recess, when they discovered among the ruins a large stone, weighing about 500 lb [230 kg], which is pronounced to be of the meteoric or semi-metallic kind. This stone must have lain here during the long series of ages since Macbeth's reign. Beside it were also found two round tablets, of a composition resembling bronze. On one of these two lines are engraved, which

3723-454: The monastery of Scone, in the church of God, near to the high altar, was placed a large stone, hollowed out as a round chair, on which future kings were placed for their coronation, according to custom. Various theories and legends exist about the stone's history prior to its placement in Scone. One story concerns Fergus, son of Erc , the first King of the Scots ( r.   c.  498  – 501 ) in Scotland, whose transport of

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3796-453: The national ensign by members of the following yacht clubs : Bermuda , uniquely among British overseas territories , uses the Red Ensign as its land flag as well as at sea. The flag has apparently been flown unofficially since Bermuda's arms were granted in 1910. There appears to be no formal adoption of the Bermuda flag for use on land, although a 1969 Foreign and Commonwealth Office circular mentions its use. The white and green shield has

3869-399: The plain Red Ensign, although unofficial local versions of the Red Ensign were used. Today , Red Ensigns charged with the local emblem are available to be used by ships registered on several of the component registers of the Red Ensign Group : Bermuda , British Virgin Islands , Cayman Islands , Falkland Islands , Gibraltar , Guernsey , Jersey , and Isle of Man . The plain red ensign

3942-435: The plain red ensign started to appear with the Cross of St George in the upper-left canton . The Colony of Massachusetts used the red ensign from its founding; after a sermon by Roger Williams in 1636, equating crosses with the papacy , Governor Endicott ordered the St George cross removed from the flag. The Great and General Court of the colony found that Endicott had "exceeded the lymits of his calling", and yet left

4015-438: The present Union Flag being added to the canton. The St Patrick's Cross was added to the Union Flag and, accordingly, to the first quarters of the British ensigns. The Merchant Shipping Act 1854 included a specific provision that the Red Ensign was the appropriate flag for a British merchantman. This provision was repeated in successive British shipping legislation (i.e., 1889 , 1894 (section 73) and 1995 ). Until 1864,

4088-476: The red, white, and blue) was outdated and confusing. Many also felt that merchantmen should be clearly distinguishable from warships . In July 1864, an order-in-council provided that the White Ensign was the ensign of the Royal Naval Service . The Blue Ensign was designated as the proper national colours for ships commanded by an officer of the Royal Naval Reserve , and (with an appropriate badge) as national colours for ships in government service. The Red Ensign

4161-446: The royal standard the Union flag and "the ensign directed by her Majesty since the said Union of the two Kingdoms", which from the coloured drafts attached to the order is seen to be the red ensign. The white and blue ensigns are not mentioned in this Order; evidently the red ensign was alone regarded as the legal ensign of Great Britain and the others as merely variations of it for tactical purposes. In 1707, Acts of Union , ratifying

4234-460: The same etymology as English Fate ). used at Tara for inaugurating the High Kings of Ireland . Other traditions contend that the Lia Fáil remains at Tara. ( Inis Fáil , "The Island of Destiny", is one of the traditional names of Ireland.) Other legends place the origins of the Stone in Biblical times and identify it as the Stone of Jacob , taken by Jacob from Bethel while on the way to Haran ( Genesis 28:10–22). This same Stone of Jacob

4307-436: The son of John MacCormick , who had been involved in the removal of the stone from Westminster Abbey. Sir John Elvidge , who was Permanent Secretary to the Cabinet at the time, told Salmond that he could keep the fragment. Salmond then passed it to the SNP for safekeeping. Historic Environment Scotland subsequently carried out tests on the fragment, which established it was genuine "beyond reasonable doubt". In May 2024, it

4380-400: The stone captured by Edward I. The Westminster Stone theory posits that the monks at Scone Palace hid the real stone in the River Tay , or buried it on Dunsinane Hill , and that the English troops were tricked into taking a substitute. Some proponents of this theory claim that historic descriptions of the stone do not match the present stone. In the 1328 Treaty of Northampton between

4453-460: The stone into the safekeeping of the Commissioners for the Regalia . It currently resides in Perth. As part of a consultation in 2019, the Scottish Government asked the public for their views on the preferred location for public display of the Stone of Scone. Two options were proposed: featuring it as the centrepiece of a proposed new Perth Museum (a £23 million redevelopment of the former Perth City Hall ) or remaining at Edinburgh Castle in

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4526-411: The three pled guilty at Edinburgh Sheriff Court to charges of malicious damage in connection with the incident. In January 2024, a fragment of the stone, previously thought to have been lost, was found in a cupboard at the headquarters of the Scottish National Party . According to Scottish cabinet papers released on 1 January, the fragment was given to the then first minister Alex Salmond in 2008 by

4599-399: The times), where it has been found by the workmen. This curious stone has been shipped for London for the inspection of the scientific amateur, in order to discover its real quality. Dunsinane Hill has the remains of a late prehistoric hill fort , and this has historical associations with Macbeth, but no remains dating to the 11th century have been identified on the hill. In 1296, during

4672-422: The words "Is Treasa Tuath Na Tighearna" (Scottish Gaelic for "The People Are Mightier Than A Lord") on the glass, alongside the group's logo. Edinburgh Castle was closed to the public for the rest of the day. The activists were arrested following the action, which they claimed was intended to pressure supermarkets to reduce food prices and the Scottish Government to fund a community food hub. In November 2024, two of

4745-495: The world, due to the financial benefits the Isle of Man can provide. The Australian Red Ensign is the Australian civil ensign. From 1901 to 1954 the flag was used as a civil flag, to be flown by private citizens on land, with the use of the Blue Ensign reserved for government use, reflecting British practice. During this period, the Blue Ensign was the Australian national flag. In 1941, Prime Minister Robert Menzies stated that there should be no restrictions on private citizens using

4818-456: Was also used on land as a de facto national flag from 1910 until 1928. There was also a Blue Ensign which was the official ensign of government-owned vessels, and was also flown at South African offices overseas. The most notable usage of the Red Ensign as a national flag was when General Louis Botha flew the flag over Windhoek in what was then German South-West Africa after the town's occupation by South African troops in 1915. The use of

4891-465: Was assigned to British merchantmen. This basic structure remains today. A few years later (1867–1869), the Admiralty determined that the blue ensign charged with an appropriate badge in the fly would be used as the ensign by those ships in the armed, or public, service of the many British colonies. Most British colonies needed to use the blue ensign due to the fact that most had government vessels; some colonies, such as South Australia , had warships. As

4964-407: Was discovered before it could explode in St Paul's Cathedral . The possibility that the Coronation Chair could be damaged or destroyed by German air raids during the Second World War resulted in it being moved to Gloucester Cathedral for the duration of the war. Concerns about the propaganda implications of the Stone falling into German hands led to it being hidden behind ancient lead coffins in

5037-406: Was redesigned by Adelaine Lane, niece of Governor Sir Cavendish Boyle in 1903. The Fijian Red Ensign with the Union Flag in the first quarter, and the shield from the coat of arms of Fiji in the fly became the official flag in Fiji for civilian vessels since 10 October 1970. Previously the ensign was displayed the full coat of arms on a white disc from 1908. The flag representing British India

5110-409: Was similarly brought north at a later time. The entire stone was passed to Glasgow politician Robert Gray , who arranged for a Glasgow stonemason to repair it. The British Government ordered a major search for the stone, but were unsuccessful. The stone was left by those that had been hiding it on the altar of Arbroath Abbey on 11 April 1951, a property owned by the Church of Scotland . Once

5183-496: Was then supposedly taken to ancient Ireland by the prophet Jeremiah . Contradicting these legends, geologists have proved that the stone taken by Edward I of England to Westminster is a "lower Old Red Sandstone ", which was quarried in the vicinity of Scone. Doubts over the authenticity of the stone at Westminster exist: a blog post by retired Scottish academic and writer of historical fiction Marie MacPherson shows that they date back at least two hundred years. A letter to

5256-409: Was then used as official commercial shipping identification until the mid-1960s. The badge in the flag consists of Mercury , the god of commerce and merchandise, presenting to Britannia a fisherman who, in a kneeling attitude, is offering the harvest of all the sea. Above the device in a scroll are the words Terra Nova , and below the motto Hæc Tibi Dona Fero or "These gifts I bring thee." The seal

5329-604: Was usually the Union Flag with the Star of India . In many international events and international associations the Red Ensign with the Star of India was used to represent India. After the partition of British India, both India and Pakistan have their own civil ensigns following British tradition, which are all variants of the Red Ensign with their own national flag in the canton. The princely states , also known as 'native states', were over five hundred nominally sovereign territories within

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