Elizabeth " Betty " Ross (later Talbot and then Banner ) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby , the character first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #1 (1962) as a romantic interest of the Hulk (Dr. Bruce Banner). She is the daughter of General Thaddeus E. "Thunderbolt" Ross . Over the years, the character has undergone multiple transformations, including the Harpy and Red She-Hulk (or She-Rulk ).
163-689: The character was portrayed by Jennifer Connelly in Hulk (2003) and by Liv Tyler in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film The Incredible Hulk (2008). Tyler will reprise the role in the upcoming film Captain America: Brave New World (2025). Betty Ross debuted in The Incredible Hulk #1 (May 1962) by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby . She was an on-and-off again supporting character in
326-434: A Golden Globe , an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, and a BAFTA for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. Time magazine critic Richard Schickel called her performance "luminous" and the actress intelligent and passionate. Roger Ebert wrote, "Jennifer Connelly is luminous as Alicia. Although the showier performance belongs to Crowe, it is Connelly's complex work, depicting a woman torn by love for and fear of
489-552: A great sword that she affectionately calls her "big ass sword". The sword, forged by Tony Stark , is made of Stark Industries repulsor technology and enchanted uru metal from Asgard and was first given to the Red She-Hulk during the "Fear Itself" storyline, along with similar weapons given to other heroes to defeat Cul "the Serpent", Odin 's long-forgotten brother. While the other weapons are eventually returned and melted at
652-574: A Colonel and it is revealed that he had fired a ray gun that sent the Hulk to the Sub-Atomic universe after the Hulk stormed into Gamma Base, looking for Jarella. This incident proves to be the last straw in Talbot's already deteriorating relationship with Betty, and their marriage later ends in divorce. Blaming the failure of his marriage on Banner, whom he also tried to have court-martialed, Talbot steals
815-543: A Disney dilution of what was in the original work a Betty Page persona, here the aspiring actress girlfriend of stunt pilot Cliff, "the Rocketeer". New York characterized the film as "pallid" but said of her performance, "Connelly is properly cast; she has the moist, full-to-the-cheek-bones sensuality of the Hollywood starlets of that period, but she's a little straight". She appeared alongside Jason Priestley in
978-497: A Dream . She was cast by producer Brian Grazer , as Alicia Nash, the caring and enduring wife of schizophrenic man John Nash, played by Russell Crowe . Howard and the producers eventually chose Connelly and Crowe due to their onscreen chemistry. Connelly met the real Alicia Nash before filming commenced to learn about her life. Upon release, A Beautiful Mind was a critical and commercial success, grossing more than US$ 313 million worldwide. For her performance, Connelly earned
1141-455: A French chemist and physicist, discovered gamma radiation in 1900, while studying radiation emitted from radium . Villard knew that his described radiation was more powerful than previously described types of rays from radium, which included beta rays, first noted as "radioactivity" by Henri Becquerel in 1896, and alpha rays, discovered as a less penetrating form of radiation by Rutherford, in 1899. However, Villard did not consider naming them as
1304-483: A Time in America . After a few more years of modeling, she began to concentrate on acting, starring in a variety of films including the horror film Phenomena (1985), the musical fantasy film Labyrinth (1986), the romantic comedy Career Opportunities (1991), and the period superhero film The Rocketeer (1991). She received praise for her performance in the science fiction film Dark City (1998) and playing
1467-485: A chimpanzee and was bitten on the finger. Connelly next had the lead in the coming-of-age film Seven Minutes in Heaven , released the same year. In a retrospective interview, Connelly said, "Before I knew it, [acting] became what I did. It was a very peculiar way to grow up, combined with my personality." She described feeling like "a kind of walking puppet" through her adolescence, without having time alone to deal with
1630-498: A conscientious student who "wasn't really concerned with having a social life or sleeping or eating much. I was really nerdy and pretty much stayed in the law school library, which is open 24 hours, most of the time I wasn't in class." After two years at Yale, Connelly transferred to Stanford University to study drama. There, she trained with Roy London , Howard Fine , and Harold Guskin . Encouraged by her parents to continue with her film career, Connelly left college and returned to
1793-484: A convent to recover from the ordeal, but eventually reunites with Banner. They spend years living together as fugitives until the Hulk's enemy the Abomination uses his own blood to poison Betty, which would appear to be the work of the Hulk himself (due to the high levels of gamma radiation present in both of their bodies). Betty is placed in cryogenic suspension by her father. In a later retconned story arc, Betty
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#17327724492321956-438: A crystal. The immobilization of nuclei at both ends of a gamma resonance interaction is required so that no gamma energy is lost to the kinetic energy of recoiling nuclei at either the emitting or absorbing end of a gamma transition. Such loss of energy causes gamma ray resonance absorption to fail. However, when emitted gamma rays carry essentially all of the energy of the atomic nuclear de-excitation that produces them, this energy
2119-415: A different fundamental type. Later, in 1903, Villard's radiation was recognized as being of a type fundamentally different from previously named rays by Ernest Rutherford , who named Villard's rays "gamma rays" by analogy with the beta and alpha rays that Rutherford had differentiated in 1899. The "rays" emitted by radioactive elements were named in order of their power to penetrate various materials, using
2282-618: A drug addict in Darren Aronofsky 's drama film Requiem for a Dream (2000). Connelly won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Alicia Nash in Ron Howard 's biopic A Beautiful Mind (2001). Her subsequent films include the superhero film Hulk (2003), the drama House of Sand and Fog (2003), the horror film Dark Water (2005), the psychological drama Little Children (2006),
2445-478: A few weeks, suggesting their relatively small size (less than a few light-weeks across). Such sources of gamma and X-rays are the most commonly visible high intensity sources outside the Milky Way galaxy. They shine not in bursts (see illustration), but relatively continuously when viewed with gamma ray telescopes. The power of a typical quasar is about 10 watts, a small fraction of which is gamma radiation. Much of
2608-448: A formidable radiation protection challenge, requiring shielding made from dense materials such as lead or concrete. On Earth , the magnetosphere protects life from most types of lethal cosmic radiation other than gamma rays. The first gamma ray source to be discovered was the radioactive decay process called gamma decay . In this type of decay, an excited nucleus emits a gamma ray almost immediately upon formation. Paul Villard ,
2771-473: A friend who was in recovery. The cast garnered critical acclaim for their portrayal of physical and mental degradation. The critic Elvis Mitchell wrote in The New York Times: Ms. Connelly, too, whittled herself down to a new weight class, and it's her performance that gives the movie weight, since her fall is the most precipitous. By the end, when she curls into a happy fetal ball with
2934-571: A furtive smile on her face, she has come to love her debasement.... Her dank realization is more disturbing than anything in the novel, and Ms. Connelly has never before done anything to prepare us for how good she is here. Also in 2000, Connelly appeared in Waking the Dead , based on the 1986 novel of the same name , playing Sarah Williams, an activist killed by a car bomb in Minneapolis while she
3097-509: A higher level than Banner had been subjected to, transforming her into an insane and lethal woman-bird hybrid creature called the Harpy. MODOK tells the Harpy where to find the Hulk and she flies off in search of him. She ambushes him and, after a lengthy fight, knocks him out with her hellbolts. Before she can take the Hulk back to MODOK, however, they are abducted by the Bi-Beast to his city in
3260-487: A hit-and-run, Grace gradually tries to overcome her grief, while her husband Ethan (Phoenix) becomes obsessed with discovering who killed him. By her own account, the character she played in the film proved tougher than any of her previous roles. USA Today 's Susan Wloszczyna commented, "The strong performances of Jennifer Connelly and Mark Ruffalo ... raise the film above overheated melodrama". Connelly portrayed astrobiologist Helen Benson alongside Keanu Reeves in
3423-484: A human football, she's [now] seven foot tall and 62-52-62 or whatever and bulletproof. She goes around leaving these Betty-shaped holes in the wall." The series was discontinued in November 2012, after 12 issues. In October 2012, as part of Marvel NOW! , Hulk was retitled Red She-Hulk starting with issue #58 by writer Jeff Parker and artist Carlo Pagulayan . About the series Parker said, "She's become convinced of
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#17327724492323586-455: A magnetic field indicated that they had no charge. In 1914, gamma rays were observed to be reflected from crystal surfaces, proving that they were electromagnetic radiation. Rutherford and his co-worker Edward Andrade measured the wavelengths of gamma rays from radium, and found they were similar to X-rays , but with shorter wavelengths and thus, higher frequency. This was eventually recognized as giving them more energy per photon , as soon as
3749-602: A man named Ramon. Upon learning that the Hulk had been sighted on Earth once again, Betty leaves Ramon and returns to Gamma Base, where the Hulk is subjected to a process that splits Banner and the Hulk into separate entities. Believing himself finally cured, Banner proposes to Betty, and she accepts. Betty's father appears at the wedding, armed with a gun and demanding that the marriage not take place before shooting Rick Jones, who tries to stop him. Betty confronts her father, accusing him of domineering her throughout her life, as well as calling him out on his hostility towards Banner over
3912-457: A means for sources of GeV photons using lasers as exciters through a controlled interplay between the cascade and anomalous radiative trapping . Thunderstorms can produce a brief pulse of gamma radiation called a terrestrial gamma-ray flash . These gamma rays are thought to be produced by high intensity static electric fields accelerating electrons, which then produce gamma rays by bremsstrahlung as they collide with and are slowed by atoms in
4075-410: A new identity. Author Sean McMullen wrote, "Jennifer Connelly is visually splendid as the 1940s femme fatale (Emma)." In 2000, Ed Harris directed Connelly in the biopic Pollock in which she played Ruth Kligman , Jackson Pollock 's mistress. Pollock received mostly positive reception, according to review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes . In the same year, she appeared as Catherine Miller in
4238-408: A nuclear power plant, shielding can be provided by steel and concrete in the pressure and particle containment vessel, while water provides a radiation shielding of fuel rods during storage or transport into the reactor core. The loss of water or removal of a "hot" fuel assembly into the air would result in much higher radiation levels than when kept under water. When a gamma ray passes through matter,
4401-554: A number of astronomical processes in which very high-energy electrons are produced. Such electrons produce secondary gamma rays by the mechanisms of bremsstrahlung , inverse Compton scattering and synchrotron radiation . A large fraction of such astronomical gamma rays are screened by Earth's atmosphere. Notable artificial sources of gamma rays include fission , such as occurs in nuclear reactors , as well as high energy physics experiments, such as neutral pion decay and nuclear fusion . A sample of gamma ray-emitting material that
4564-762: A pocket universe created by Franklin Richards appears in Heroes Reborn . This version is the head of security for Stark International . An alternate universe variant of Betty Ross from Earth-58163 appears in House of M . This version is married to Glenn Talbot. An alternate universe variant of Betty Ross from Earth-1610 appears in the Ultimate Marvel universe. This version is the Ultimates ' public relations officer . She later becomes She-Hulk using
4727-406: A prominent person in a Hollywood studio who writes a screenplay based on her traumas. In 1996, Connelly followed up with the neo-noir crime thriller Mulholland Falls , which featured the murder of Allison Pond (Connelly), mistress of General Timms ( John Malkovich ), and the investigation by a group of detectives led by Maxwell Hoover ( Nick Nolte ). New York wrote about a scene that reveals
4890-543: A relationship with photographer David Dugan, with whom she has a son, born in 1997. On January 1, 2003, in a private family ceremony in Scotland, she married actor Paul Bettany , whom she had met while working on A Beautiful Mind . They have two children, a son, born in 2003, and a daughter, born in 2011. After living together in Tribeca , she and Bettany moved to Brooklyn Heights . On November 14, 2005, Connelly
5053-535: A room with scientist and the U.S. Hulk Operations' lead scientist Dr. Charlene McGowan. As the Harpy, Betty had superhuman strength, stamina, speed and durability with which were even enough to fight the Hulk. She also had big bird-like wings from her back that she used to fly at high speeds through the air and perform aerial attacks. In addition, she could project blasts of nuclear energy she called "hellbolts" from her hands and had razor-sharp talons which were strong enough to cut through metal or carry heavy objects. As
Betty Ross - Misplaced Pages Continue
5216-426: A serum created by Jennifer Walters and is imprisoned by S.H.I.E.L.D. , who work to help her control her powers. Betty Ross appears in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), portrayed by Liv Tyler . Jennifer Connelly Jennifer Lynn Connelly (born December 12, 1970) is an American actress. She began her career as a child model before making her acting debut in the 1984 crime film Once Upon
5379-523: A shade looser and more spontaneous than usual, seems stuck at an emotional remove from the action". Her next project, George Ratliff's Salvation Boulevard , premiered during the 2011 Sundance Film Festival . In the film, Connelly played Gwen, the wife of Carl Vanderveer ( Greg Kinnear ); the couple are members of the Church of the Third Millennium, led by pastor Dan ( Pierce Brosnan ). During
5542-526: A state in which he can control his transformations and maintain his normal personality and intelligence while in the form of the Hulk. But Betty is upset because she wants Banner to be rid of the Hulk, not to control him, and leaves him once again. When the Hulk disappears from Earth for an extended period (banished by Doctor Strange to the Crossroads, an alternative reality /inter-dimensional portal, because he became completely bestial), Betty begins dating
5705-464: A strong host to whom to be parasitically linked. Betty becomes distraught on learning that Banner had sometimes consciously triggered his transformation in the past and is willing to become the Hulk to deal with menacing threats. Betty leaves her husband and returns to Ramon, but then changes her mind and abandons Ramon as well. She is then captured by the Leader, who sets her free after learning that she
5868-400: A strong performance; writing she "raises the stakes any time she's on screen". Co-producer Ron Howard , who would later direct Connelly in A Beautiful Mind , said, "She not only was beautiful and seductive but gave some difficult psychological moments in the film a lot of depth and complexity. She had an extraordinary combination of talent and beauty, and I guess I stored that information in
6031-405: A threat to humanity which is essentially, all people like her. She's conflicted over losing her own human side, and she's acting out on a large scale based on that. But the thing is she may well be right." The only daughter of General Thaddeus E. "Thunderbolt" Ross , Betty spent her formative years firmly under her father's strict supervision. After her mother died during Betty's teenage years, she
6194-520: A woman being blackmailed. The film was a box office failure but Connelly was praised. Stephen Schaefer wrote for USA Today , "Anyone looking for proof that little girls do grow up fast in the movies should take a gander at curvaceous Jennifer Connelly [...] in The Hot Spot . Not yet 20, Connelly has neatly managed the transition from child actress to ingenue". During an interview with Shaeffer, Connelly commented on her first nude scene: "The nudity
6357-474: Is a difference, and because of that difference, Dark Water works". She played Kathy Adamson in an adaptation of the novel Little Children alongside Kate Winslet , a film which focuses on the relationship between Sarah Pierce (played by Winslet) and Brad Adamson ( Patrick Wilson ). Connelly co-starred in Blood Diamond opposite Leonardo DiCaprio where she portrayed journalist Maddy Bowen, who
6520-532: Is a middle-class girl from Manhattan Beach who pursues the dream of establishing a dress shop, but becomes addicted to heroin and descends into a life of prostitution. Connelly prepared for the role by renting an apartment in the building where the character lived; Connelly isolated herself, painted, listened to music that she considered that her character would, designed clothes, and used the time to reflect about addictions and their origin. Connelly also talked to addicts and attended Narcotics Anonymous meetings with
6683-403: Is also a mode of relaxation of many excited states of atomic nuclei following other types of radioactive decay, such as beta decay, so long as these states possess the necessary component of nuclear spin . When high-energy gamma rays, electrons, or protons bombard materials, the excited atoms emit characteristic "secondary" gamma rays, which are products of the creation of excited nuclear states in
Betty Ross - Misplaced Pages Continue
6846-535: Is also present in the " Chaos War " and " Fear Itself " storylines in 2010 and 2011 respectively. Red She-Hulk becomes a member of the superhero team the Defenders in The Defenders vol. 4 #1 (December 2011) by writer Matt Fraction and artist Terry Dodson . Fraction said, "The way I write her is somewhere between Indiana Jones and Johnny Knoxville ; after a lifetime of being fought over and treated like
7009-620: Is also sufficient to excite the same energy state in a second immobilized nucleus of the same type. Gamma rays provide information about some of the most energetic phenomena in the universe; however, they are largely absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere. Instruments aboard high-altitude balloons and satellites missions, such as the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope , provide our only view of the universe in gamma rays. Gamma-induced molecular changes can also be used to alter
7172-448: Is another possible mechanism of gamma ray production. Neutron stars with a very high magnetic field ( magnetars ), thought to produce astronomical soft gamma repeaters , are another relatively long-lived star-powered source of gamma radiation. More powerful gamma rays from very distant quasars and closer active galaxies are thought to have a gamma ray production source similar to a particle accelerator . High energy electrons produced by
7335-604: Is caught in a test detonation of the Gamma Bomb and becomes the Incredible Hulk . Banner's efforts to keep his condition a secret from Betty only serve to alienate her from him. She is then romantically pursued by Major Glenn Talbot , the new aide attached to her father's Hulkbuster task force. After his dual identity becomes public knowledge, Banner becomes a hunted fugitive. With the help of Reed Richards , Banner becomes able to gain control of his transformation,
7498-403: Is classified as X-rays and is the subject of X-ray astronomy . Gamma rays are ionizing radiation and are thus hazardous to life. They can cause DNA mutations , cancer and tumors , and at high doses burns and radiation sickness . Due to their high penetration power, they can damage bone marrow and internal organs. Unlike alpha and beta rays, they easily pass through the body and thus pose
7661-446: Is close to the edge of the visible universe . Due to their penetrating nature, gamma rays require large amounts of shielding mass to reduce them to levels which are not harmful to living cells, in contrast to alpha particles , which can be stopped by paper or skin, and beta particles , which can be shielded by thin aluminium. Gamma rays are best absorbed by materials with high atomic numbers ( Z ) and high density, which contribute to
7824-402: Is debatable, as Banner in any form has never been able to cure himself or any gamma-ray mutate to date on a permanent basis. But she realized that she had made the same mistake that Bruce had made; she had created a monster. During the " Civil War II " storyline, Betty Ross was among those who learned about Bruce Banner's death and attended his funeral. Shortly after Bruce's resurrection during
7987-427: Is defined as the probability of cancer induction and genetic damage. The International Commission on Radiological Protection says "In the low dose range, below about 100 mSv, it is scientifically plausible to assume that the incidence of cancer or heritable effects will rise in direct proportion to an increase in the equivalent dose in the relevant organs and tissues" High doses produce deterministic effects, which
8150-404: Is dominated by the more common and longer-term production of gamma rays that emanate from pulsars within the Milky Way. Sources from the rest of the sky are mostly quasars . Pulsars are thought to be neutron stars with magnetic fields that produce focused beams of radiation, and are far less energetic, more common, and much nearer sources (typically seen only in our own galaxy) than are quasars or
8313-468: Is eventually pardoned, and later proposes to Betty. During the wedding ceremony, the Hulk's archenemy the Leader causes Banner to transform back into the Hulk, and Banner, once again, becomes a fugitive. General Ross is seriously injured when the Hulk runs amok while battling the Rhino, and Glenn Talbot promises Betty that the Hulk would pay for it. As a result of the failed wedding and Banner's relapse into
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#17327724492328476-419: Is followed 99.88% of the time: Another example is the alpha decay of Am to form Np ; which is followed by gamma emission. In some cases, the gamma emission spectrum of the daughter nucleus is quite simple, (e.g. Co / Ni ) while in other cases, such as with ( Am / Np and Ir / Pt ),
8639-414: Is much slower in the case of a low-dose exposure. Studies have shown low-dose gamma radiation may be enough to cause cancer. In a study of mice, they were given human-relevant low-dose gamma radiation, with genotoxic effects 45 days after continuous low-dose gamma radiation, with significant increases of chromosomal damage, DNA lesions and phenotypic mutations in blood cells of irradiated animals, covering
8802-433: Is pregnant with Banner's child, but after being tormented with terrible nightmares by the demons Nightmare and D'Spayre , Betty loses her unborn baby. She is eventually reunited with Banner, but soon afterward the Hulk seemingly perishes in a tremendous explosion at Gammatown. Believing Banner and the Hulk dead, Betty leaves for New York City, where she eventually begins training to become a nun. Betty spends some months in
8965-551: Is revealed to have been resurrected by the Leader and MODOK at the urgings of their new ally, her father Thunderbolt Ross, who had previously kept her body in cryonic stasis. She also underwent the same process that had turned her father into the Red Hulk , which granted her superhuman physical power. The now-villainous Doc Samson also helps the Leader brainwash Betty into an extremely confused and aggressive state. Ross' allies, aware of his intentions to betray them, send Betty, as
9128-536: Is seemingly revived by the Leader , undergoes surgery which considerably alters her appearance, is granted superhuman strength; and for a time aids her fugitive husband as his shadowy contact, Mr. Blue. Her resurrection is later revealed as a reality-distorting hallucination created by Nightmare, who supposedly raped her in her sleep to conceive his daughter, Daydream. During the " Fall of the Hulks " storyline, Betty Ross
9291-408: Is the severity of acute tissue damage that is certain to happen. These effects are compared to the physical quantity absorbed dose measured by the unit gray (Gy). When gamma radiation breaks DNA molecules, a cell may be able to repair the damaged genetic material, within limits. However, a study of Rothkamm and Lobrich has shown that this repair process works well after high-dose exposure but
9454-587: Is unfortunately disappointing. ... She looks right, but she lacks conviction and seems to be reading rehearsed lines that are recited without belief in her goal or real need to accomplish it." In 1988, she began work as a ballet student in the Italian film Etoile which was released in 1989, and portrayed college student Gabby in Michael Hoffman 's Some Girls . In 1990, Dennis Hopper directed The Hot Spot , in which Connelly played Gloria Harper,
9617-499: Is used for irradiating or imaging is known as a gamma source. It is also called a radioactive source , isotope source, or radiation source, though these more general terms also apply to alpha and beta-emitting devices. Gamma sources are usually sealed to prevent radioactive contamination , and transported in heavy shielding. Gamma rays are produced during gamma decay, which normally occurs after other forms of decay occur, such as alpha or beta decay. A radioactive nucleus can decay by
9780-527: Is working on exposing the real story behind blood diamonds . New York magazine praised her performance: "Connelly is such a smart, sane, unhistrionic actress that she almost disguises the fact that her character is a wheeze." Both Little Children and Blood Diamond were nominated for multiple Academy Awards. Her next appearance was as Grace in the drama Reservation Road with Joaquin Phoenix and Mark Ruffalo , released in 2007. After her son dies in
9943-455: The 2008 remake of the 1951 science fiction film The Day The Earth Stood Still . Unlike the original, in which Benson was a secretary and her relationship with Klaatu was the focus, the remake featured Benson in a troubled relationship with her stepson, portrayed by Jaden Smith . This was followed by a role in the 2009 romantic comedy-drama He's Just Not That Into You , which also featured Jennifer Aniston and Ginnifer Goodwin . The film
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#173277244923210106-673: The Cygnus X-3 microquasar . Natural sources of gamma rays originating on Earth are mostly a result of radioactive decay and secondary radiation from atmospheric interactions with cosmic ray particles. However, there are other rare natural sources, such as terrestrial gamma-ray flashes , which produce gamma rays from electron action upon the nucleus. Notable artificial sources of gamma rays include fission , such as that which occurs in nuclear reactors , and high energy physics experiments, such as neutral pion decay and nuclear fusion . The energy ranges of gamma rays and X-rays overlap in
10269-542: The Fox drama series The Street , about a brokerage house in New York. She appeared in Darren Aronofsky 's Requiem for a Dream , based on the novel of the same name by Hubert Selby Jr. Connelly was drawn to the script for its depiction of addiction and its effects on relatives; she played Marion Silver, the girlfriend of Harry ( Jared Leto ). The film also starred Marlon Wayans and Ellen Burstyn . Marion
10432-518: The Gremlin , Talbot was made into a mindless husk. To unblock Talbot's mind, Doctor Leonard Samson has the Hulk (who was, at that time, Banner's mind controlling the Hulk's body) unblock what was keeping him in a mindless state. The process is, ultimately, a success. However, the Talbots' marriage later becomes strained. When General Ross suffers a nervous breakdown, Talbot returns to the military as
10595-705: The Hulk 's various series for decades, serving as his longest-running love interest . In 1989, Betty Ross Banner received an entry in The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Update '89 #1. Stan Lee originally portrayed Betty Ross as a strong willed and independent-minded, yet conventionally polite woman. Mid-1980s The Incredible Hulk writer/artist John Byrne portrayed her as more wilful and confrontational, characterizations which would remain in place during Peter David 's long run as
10758-487: The New York University Cancer Center to understand the affections and obstacles of her character. During preparation, Black requested Connelly's advice to design the set of Virginia's house, as well as the selection of the apparel to create the character's style. Connelly said of the film, "It's very original, I think, and a very different independent film – it's very personal." According to
10921-610: The Roy Orbison music video for " I Drove All Night " the following year, directed by Peter Care . Connelly next appeared in Of Love and Shadows , a 1994 Argentine-American drama film written and directed by Betty Kaplan starring Antonio Banderas . In 1995, director John Singleton cast Connelly as a lesbian college student in Higher Learning . She then appeared in the 1996 independent film Far Harbor as Elie,
11084-669: The Toronto International Film Festival . Two years later, it received a limited release in May 2012. Connelly portrayed the title role of Virginia, a mentally unstable woman who has a 20-year affair with the local sheriff, whose daughter then starts a relationship with Virginia's son. Connelly prepared for the role by watching documentaries on schizophrenia; she also spent time at the New York State Psychiatric Institute and
11247-455: The electromagnetic spectrum , so the terminology for these electromagnetic waves varies between scientific disciplines. In some fields of physics, they are distinguished by their origin: gamma rays are created by nuclear decay while X-rays originate outside the nucleus. In astrophysics , gamma rays are conventionally defined as having photon energies above 100 keV and are the subject of gamma-ray astronomy , while radiation below 100 keV
11410-459: The extragalactic background light in the universe: The highest-energy rays interact more readily with the background light photons and thus the density of the background light may be estimated by analyzing the incoming gamma ray spectra. Gamma spectroscopy is the study of the energetic transitions in atomic nuclei, which are generally associated with the absorption or emission of gamma rays. As in optical spectroscopy (see Franck–Condon effect)
11573-851: The radioactive decay of atomic nuclei . It consists of the shortest wavelength electromagnetic waves, typically shorter than those of X-rays . With frequencies above 30 exahertz ( 3 × 10 Hz ) and wavelengths less than 10 picometers ( 1 × 10 m ), gamma ray photons have the highest photon energy of any form of electromagnetic radiation. Paul Villard , a French chemist and physicist , discovered gamma radiation in 1900 while studying radiation emitted by radium . In 1903, Ernest Rutherford named this radiation gamma rays based on their relatively strong penetration of matter ; in 1900, he had already named two less penetrating types of decay radiation (discovered by Henri Becquerel ) alpha rays and beta rays in ascending order of penetrating power. Gamma rays from radioactive decay are in
11736-608: The " Fear Itself " storyline, the Red She-Hulk travelled to Brazil , along with Spider-Woman , Ms. Marvel and the Protector , to fight the Hulk, who was transformed into Nul: Breaker of Worlds. She later receives an enchanted Asgardian sword from Iron Man and joins the heroes in the final battle against the Serpent and his forces. After the battle, the Stark-Asgardian weapons were returned to Asgard to be melted down, but
11899-409: The " World War Hulks " storyline, after Skaar stabs her with his sword, the Red She-Hulk reverts to her human form, exposing her true identity. Betty explains how she was brought back to life, and asks that Bruce allow her to die. But when Samson arrives, Betty's anger at his betrayal transforms her back into the Red She-Hulk, thus healing her injuries. Now once again in control of her own mind, Betty (as
12062-521: The "No Surrender" arc, he visited Betty's home shortly after her father's funeral and explained that he had not contacted her for months due to emotional turmoil. As they talked, they were being watched by the Bushwacker , an agent of the U.S. Hulk Operations, who had orders to monitor Bruce and possibly kill him. Though the Bushwacker was ordered by General Reginald Fortean not to shoot, he ignored
12225-677: The "Red She-Hulk", to help assassinate her father, who is hunting the mercenary Domino , after she witnesses him transform from his human form. Their encounter ends with the Red She-Hulk kicking the Red Hulk off the Empire State Building . After Ross fakes his own death, Betty also appears as herself at his "funeral", accompanied by a Life Model Decoy of Glenn Talbot to constantly monitor and control her, and expresses distrust of Bruce due to his recent marriage to Caiera on Sakaar and his subsequent attack on Manhattan . During
12388-584: The Children fund, to advocate for children's rights in the United States and worldwide. Publications such as Vanity Fair , Esquire , and the Los Angeles Times have ranked her among the most beautiful women in the world. Parisian fashion house Balenciaga and Revlon cosmetics signed Connelly as the face of their 2008 campaigns. In February 2012, Connelly was announced as
12551-518: The Darwins' history together, their familiarity and affection. Connelly's English accent is also as good as Renée Zellweger 's and Gwyneth Paltrow 's. She doesn't get just the sounds right, but also the music and the attitude". Connelly then voiced the character named "7", an adventurous warrior in the animated film 9 . Dustin Lance Black 's Virginia premiered on September 15, 2010, at
12714-412: The Dead was the first film I worked on where whatever I did felt like my own thing. I was really trying to make something of the part and threw myself into it, so that meant a lot to me". The New York Times described her performance, "As Sarah, Ms. Connelly captures a burning ethereality and willfulness that are very much of the period. And she and Mr. Crudup connect powerfully in love scenes that convey
12877-529: The Hulk and melt his limbs. After hearing Betty's voice, the Hulk begs for her to help. The Harpy uses her talons to rip open the Hulk's chest. When the Hulk asks why Betty is not acting like his friend, the Harpy thinks "This is me" as she rips out the Hulk's heart and eats it. This caused Rick Jones' Subject B to attack Betty Ross' Harpy. The Hulk revives enough to regenerate his limbs and punch Subject B. The Harpy then continues her attack on Subject B and rips at his stomach to prevent him from emitting acid. During
13040-450: The Hulk is. The Harpy and Jackie track Hulk to Reno, Nevada, where he is fighting Rick Jones' Subject B form. The Harpy witnesses mercenaries from the U.S. Hulk Operations kill a civilian, causing her to mutilate them. Jackie confronted the Harpy about this action, to which she quoted "But this is me." After reminiscing about her toxic relationship with the Hulk, the Harpy arrived at the location where Subject B has used its acid attack to blind
13203-593: The Hulk, Betty suffers a nervous breakdown and is hospitalized. In an effort by the Sandman to rid himself of his glass like form, the Sandman orders the Dr. Marquand to provide him with a patient with the same blood type as him which turns out to be Betty Ross. As the result of the blood transfusion, the Sandman reverts to his previous form, yet Betty receives the glass properties, which Sandman surmises would eventually kill her. Betty's father recruits Dr. Leonard Samson to reverse
13366-452: The Hulk. After Rick Jones was fully revived, he told them about the U.S. Hulk Operation's base at Groom Lake in Area 51. The Harpy joins the Hulk, Rick, and Jackie McGee into raiding the U.S. Hulk Operation's base. While the Hulk and Gamma Flight fight General Fortean and the U.S. Hulk Operations' soldiers, the Harpy assisted Rick and Jackie McGee, where they found the gamma mutate Delbert Frye in
13529-556: The Iranian emigre and former colonel Massoud Amir Behrani ( Ben Kingsley ). After reading the script, Connelly said: "(the story is) moving and beautifully written. I liked the fact that there is no good guy and bad guy. I found it really compelling that both sides do things that are morally questionable, because life is often like that." Producer Michael London said about Connelly's portrayal: "I think she understood Kathy and knew in her bones that she could take this character and give her
13692-420: The K shell electrons of the atom, causing it to be ejected from that atom, in a process generally termed the photoelectric effect (external gamma rays and ultraviolet rays may also cause this effect). The photoelectric effect should not be confused with the internal conversion process, in which a gamma ray photon is not produced as an intermediate particle (rather, a "virtual gamma ray" may be thought to mediate
13855-532: The Red She-Hulk kept her sword. Following the " Original Sin " storyline, the Hulk persona emerges as the result of an attempt to assassinate Bruce and efforts to save his life using the Extremis virus . This new Hulk, calling himself "Doc Green", decides that gamma-powered superhumans are a threat to humanity that must be eliminated. Betty despaired of the Red She-Hulk and was cured of her insanity and her mutation by Doc Green, although whether this will be permanent
14018-507: The Red She-Hulk) helps Bruce/the Hulk to reconcile with his son Skaar . When Bruce gains the upper hand in the ensuing final battle against Ross, Betty becomes worried for her father, which, combined with her heightened aggression when transformed, leads to conflict with the original She-Hulk, who prevails. After Ross is defeated and imprisoned, Betty convinces Bruce to grant her father an opportunity for rehabilitation and redemption. In
14181-410: The Red She-Hulk, Betty has enormous superhuman strength, speed, stamina, and durability, and a healing factor that allows her to easily survive what would normally be fatal injuries to humans, such as stab wounds to the leg and abdomen by Wolverine 's claws. Similar to her ex-husband, Betty's strength level is so vast that it warps the laws of physics even further than standard for other characters in
14344-511: The War Wagon prototype and dies in Japan while trying to destroy the Hulk. Betty admits to Rick Jones afterwards that she had never stopped loving Banner all the while she was married to Talbot. When Betty learns that her father had conspired with MODOK to kill the Hulk, she accuses him of treason. Realizing Betty was right, Ross nearly commits suicide and then disappears. Banner again achieves
14507-500: The absorption of gamma rays by a nucleus is especially likely (i.e., peaks in a "resonance") when the energy of the gamma ray is the same as that of an energy transition in the nucleus. In the case of gamma rays, such a resonance is seen in the technique of Mössbauer spectroscopy . In the Mössbauer effect the narrow resonance absorption for nuclear gamma absorption can be successfully attained by physically immobilizing atomic nuclei in
14670-673: The aftermath of a battle as the Hulk, Betty hears Banner mumble, " Jarella ... my love..." After Banner seemingly disappears from Earth forever, Betty accepts a marriage proposal from Glenn Talbot. While Betty and Talbot are on their honeymoon, her father is captured and sent to a Soviet prison. Talbot takes part in a successful rescue mission, but is captured in the process, held prisoner by the Gremlin at Bitterfrost (a top secret Soviet installation in Siberia), and believed dead. The villain MODOK kidnaps Betty and subjects her to gamma radiation, at
14833-468: The aftermath of the Leader's attempted takeover, Betty tells Bruce that they are no longer married, since she was declared legally dead and everyone else knows that Bruce had married Caiera. But in the last series, the Hulk family defeats Fin Fang Foom . Afterwards, Betty and Bruce resume their romantic relationship, but it gets shaky as Bruce becomes obsessed with regaining the power of the Hulk. During
14996-715: The annihilating electron and positron are at rest, each of the resulting gamma rays has an energy of ~ 511 keV and frequency of ~ 1.24 × 10 Hz . Similarly, a neutral pion most often decays into two photons. Many other hadrons and massive bosons also decay electromagnetically. High energy physics experiments, such as the Large Hadron Collider , accordingly employ substantial radiation shielding. Because subatomic particles mostly have far shorter wavelengths than atomic nuclei, particle physics gamma rays are generally several orders of magnitude more energetic than nuclear decay gamma rays. Since gamma rays are at
15159-476: The aspiring dancer and actress Deborah Gelly in Sergio Leone 's Jewish gangster epic Once Upon a Time in America (filmed 1982–83, released 1984). The role required her to perform a ballet routine. During the audition, Connelly, who had no ballet training, tried to imitate a ballerina. Her performance, and the similarity of her nose to Elizabeth McGovern 's, who played the character as an adult, convinced
15322-441: The atmosphere. Gamma rays up to 100 MeV can be emitted by terrestrial thunderstorms, and were discovered by space-borne observatories. This raises the possibility of health risks to passengers and crew on aircraft flying in or near thunderclouds. The most effusive solar flares emit across the entire EM spectrum, including γ-rays. The first confident observation occurred in 1972 . Extraterrestrial, high energy gamma rays include
15485-463: The attention her career was generating. Connelly gained public recognition with Jim Henson 's 1986 fantasy Labyrinth with David Bowie , in which she played Sarah Williams , a teenager on a quest to rescue her brother Toby from the world of goblins . Although a disappointment at the box office, the film later became a cult classic . The New York Times , while noting the importance of her part, panned her portrayal: "Jennifer Connelly as Sarah
15648-470: The average 10 seconds. Such relatively long-lived excited nuclei are termed nuclear isomers , and their decays are termed isomeric transitions . Such nuclei have half-lifes that are more easily measurable, and rare nuclear isomers are able to stay in their excited state for minutes, hours, days, or occasionally far longer, before emitting a gamma ray. The process of isomeric transition is therefore similar to any gamma emission, but differs in that it involves
15811-493: The back of my brain". Her next appearance was in the critically acclaimed 1998 science fiction film Dark City , in which she played alongside Rufus Sewell , William Hurt , Ian Richardson and Kiefer Sutherland . Connelly portrayed femme fatale Emma, a torch singer whose husband, John Murdoch (Rufus Sewell), suffers from amnesia . As Murdoch is regaining his memories, Emma is kidnapped by Mr. Hand (Richard O'Brien) and The Strangers, who alter her memories and assign her
15974-482: The bombarded atoms. Such transitions, a form of nuclear gamma fluorescence , form a topic in nuclear physics called gamma spectroscopy . Formation of fluorescent gamma rays are a rapid subtype of radioactive gamma decay. In certain cases, the excited nuclear state that follows the emission of a beta particle or other type of excitation, may be more stable than average, and is termed a metastable excited state, if its decay takes (at least) 100 to 1000 times longer than
16137-509: The cancellation of The Street in 2000. Working again with Director Joseph Kosinski, Connelly portrayed Penelope "Penny" Benjamin in the action blockbuster film Top Gun: Maverick , which released in 2022 after a series of delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic . While filming The Rocketeer , Connelly began a romance with her co-star Billy Campbell . They became engaged but broke up in 1996 after five years together. Connelly then had
16300-496: The cancer often has a higher metabolic rate than the surrounding tissues. The most common gamma emitter used in medical applications is the nuclear isomer technetium-99m which emits gamma rays in the same energy range as diagnostic X-rays. When this radionuclide tracer is administered to a patient, a gamma camera can be used to form an image of the radioisotope's distribution by detecting the gamma radiation emitted (see also SPECT ). Depending on which molecule has been labeled with
16463-496: The cancerous cells. The beams are aimed from different angles to concentrate the radiation on the growth while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues. Gamma rays are also used for diagnostic purposes in nuclear medicine in imaging techniques. A number of different gamma-emitting radioisotopes are used. For example, in a PET scan a radiolabeled sugar called fluorodeoxyglucose emits positrons that are annihilated by electrons, producing pairs of gamma rays that highlight cancer as
16626-460: The characters seem ‘too old’ to the younger readers. My run on the book almost ended with that issue; I nearly walked over it. But there were so many stories I still wanted to tell that ultimately I stayed with it, even though I fumed about it for quite a while." In Hulk vol. 2 #15 (September 2009), she appears for the first time as Red She-Hulk, who was created by writer Jeph Loeb and artist Ed McGuinness . Loeb said, "We've been very careful with
16789-663: The collision of pairs of neutron stars, or a neutron star and a black hole . The so-called long-duration gamma-ray bursts produce a total energy output of about 10 joules (as much energy as the Sun will produce in its entire life-time) but in a period of only 20 to 40 seconds. Gamma rays are approximately 50% of the total energy output. The leading hypotheses for the mechanism of production of these highest-known intensity beams of radiation, are inverse Compton scattering and synchrotron radiation from high-energy charged particles. These processes occur as relativistic charged particles leave
16952-519: The covers of several issues of the American teenage magazine Seventeen in 1986 and 1988. In December 1986, she recorded two pop songs for the Japanese market: "Monologue of Love" and "Message of Love". She sang in phonetic Japanese as she did not speak the language. When her mother began taking her to acting auditions, a then 11 year-old Connelly was quickly selected for a supporting role as
17115-514: The creation of this character. We wanted to make sure she didn't come off as silly—my memory of the introduction to [the original] She-Hulk —before anyone had read a page. But the character was a completely different take on the Hulk, a Hulk we'd never seen before. Jen [Walters] is a wonderful character. Our intention is [that] Red She-Hulk will make an equally important impression on the Marvel Universe [ sic ]." Red She-Hulk
17278-607: The critic from Cinema Blend , " Virginia is propped up by a strong central performance, with Connelly doing some of her best work in years". In 2011, Connelly starred in Ron Howard's comedy The Dilemma with Vince Vaughn . Although the Austin Chronicle ' s review wrote "Vaughn nails it, and his nicely nuanced everyguy performance is aided by the always-excellent Connelly," the film opened to generally negative reviews. Variety magazine remarked, "Connelly, though
17441-459: The director to cast her. Connelly described the film as "an incredibly idyllic introduction to movie-making". Connelly's first leading role was in Italian giallo -director Dario Argento 's 1985 film Phenomena . In the film, she plays a girl who psychically communicates with insects to pursue the killer of students of the Swiss school where she has enrolled. During filming, she was attacked by
17604-424: The effect by siphoning the Hulk's Gamma and psionic energies to simultaneously cure Bruce and Betty. The result would have permanently cured both of them, if not for Bruce purposefully re-exposing himself to the siphoned Gamma energy, as a means to combat Samson who had also done so, and was subsequently flirting with Betty. This ended in Hulk defeating Samson, yet later on Samson would pursue the Hulk. Finding him in
17767-479: The emission of an α or β particle. The daughter nucleus that results is usually left in an excited state. It can then decay to a lower energy state by emitting a gamma ray photon, in a process called gamma decay. The emission of a gamma ray from an excited nucleus typically requires only 10 seconds. Gamma decay may also follow nuclear reactions such as neutron capture , nuclear fission , or nuclear fusion. Gamma decay
17930-551: The end of the storyline, the Red She-Hulk manages to hold on to hers. The sword is later taken by a massive global machine called "the Terranometer" during the Hell Hath No Fury story arc and is held there until the Red She-Hulk is able to stop the U.S. government from inadvertently creating a dystopian future in which gamma -enhanced super-soldiers take over Earth. An alternate universe variant of Betty Ross from
18093-562: The energy of the gamma rays, the thicker the shielding made from the same shielding material is required. Materials for shielding gamma rays are typically measured by the thickness required to reduce the intensity of the gamma rays by one half (the half-value layer or HVL). For example, gamma rays that require 1 cm (0.4 inch) of lead to reduce their intensity by 50% will also have their intensity reduced in half by 4.1 cm of granite rock, 6 cm (2.5 inches) of concrete , or 9 cm (3.5 inches) of packed soil . However,
18256-425: The energy range from a few kilo electronvolts (keV) to approximately 8 megaelectronvolts (MeV), corresponding to the typical energy levels in nuclei with reasonably long lifetimes. The energy spectrum of gamma rays can be used to identify the decaying radionuclides using gamma spectroscopy . Very-high-energy gamma rays in the 100–1000 teraelectronvolt (TeV) range have been observed from astronomical sources such as
18419-402: The fierce tenderness of a relationship whose passion carries a tinge of religious fervor." The script of Ron Howard 's 2001 biopic A Beautiful Mind , loosely based on Sylvia Nasar 's 1998 biography of the mathematician John Nash , sparked her interest in the project. Connelly was invited to an audition after Shapiro sent the producers a tape with a clip of the then-unreleased Requiem for
18582-571: The fight between Subject B and the Harpy, the Hulk gets Jackie McGee to safety as two War-Wagons sent by Reginald Fortean arrive. When in the air, the Harpy dropped Subject B onto one of the War-Wagons as the Hulk destroys the War-Wagons. With Rick in tow after being ripped out of Subject B's body, the Hulk, the Harpy, and Jackie McGee fled the area upon the Hulk seeing Gamma Flight approaching. Some days later, Betty learned to control her Harpy transformations and chose not to be in her human form around
18745-417: The film depicts Darwin's struggle with the subject of the book as well as with his wife, who opposed his theories, and their mourning for their daughter Anne . The San Francisco Chronicle wrote, "Darwin's wife, a religious woman who disapproved of her husband's theories, is played by Jennifer Connelly, Bettany's real-life wife, in the kind of casting that doesn't always work, but it does here. We believe in
18908-611: The film industry the same year. Her parents divorced in 2000. When Connelly was ten years old, an advertising executive friend of her father suggested she audition as a model. Her parents sent a picture of her to the Ford Modeling Agency , which shortly after added her to its roster. Connelly began modeling for print advertisements before moving on to television commercials. In an interview with The Guardian , she revealed that, after having done some modeling, she had no aspirations to become an actress. She appeared on
19071-507: The first global brand ambassador for Shiseido , having previously worked with the company in the 1980s in a series of advertisements for the Japanese market. Since 2015, Connelly is the House Ambassador for French luxury fashion house Louis Vuitton . Gamma radiation A gamma ray , also known as gamma radiation (symbol γ ), is a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation arising from
19234-583: The first three letters of the Greek alphabet: alpha rays as the least penetrating, followed by beta rays, followed by gamma rays as the most penetrating. Rutherford also noted that gamma rays were not deflected (or at least, not easily deflected) by a magnetic field, another property making them unlike alpha and beta rays. Gamma rays were first thought to be particles with mass, like alpha and beta rays. Rutherford initially believed that they might be extremely fast beta particles, but their failure to be deflected by
19397-423: The gamma emission spectrum is complex, revealing that a series of nuclear energy levels exist. Gamma rays are produced in many processes of particle physics . Typically, gamma rays are the products of neutral systems which decay through electromagnetic interactions (rather than a weak or strong interaction). For example, in an electron–positron annihilation , the usual products are two gamma ray photons. If
19560-513: The gamma ray background produced when cosmic rays (either high speed electrons or protons) collide with ordinary matter, producing pair-production gamma rays at 511 keV. Alternatively, bremsstrahlung are produced at energies of tens of MeV or more when cosmic ray electrons interact with nuclei of sufficiently high atomic number (see gamma ray image of the Moon near the end of this article, for illustration). The gamma ray sky (see illustration at right)
19723-494: The intermediate metastable excited state(s) of the nuclei. Metastable states are often characterized by high nuclear spin , requiring a change in spin of several units or more with gamma decay, instead of a single unit transition that occurs in only 10 seconds. The rate of gamma decay is also slowed when the energy of excitation of the nucleus is small. An emitted gamma ray from any type of excited state may transfer its energy directly to any electrons , but most probably to one of
19886-453: The kind of dimension that she had. I don't think there is another actress who could have played Kathy with such power and grace." The film was critically acclaimed, with a BBC critic commenting, "[Connelly] convinces totally as a selfish, desperate and lonely woman who confesses to her brother, 'I just feel lost ' ". After a two-year absence from the film scene, Connelly returned in the 2005 horror-psychological thriller Dark Water , which
20049-551: The latter term became generally accepted. A gamma decay was then understood to usually emit a gamma photon. Natural sources of gamma rays on Earth include gamma decay from naturally occurring radioisotopes such as potassium-40 , and also as a secondary radiation from various atmospheric interactions with cosmic ray particles. Natural terrestrial sources that produce gamma rays include lightning strikes and terrestrial gamma-ray flashes , which produce high energy emissions from natural high-energy voltages. Gamma rays are produced by
20212-488: The link between Timms and Pond: "This footage is actually dirty. That is, it makes us feel like voyeurs when looking at it, but it's so juicily erotic that we can hardly look away". Regarding the nude scenes in the film, Connelly said: "It kind of shocked everyone who knows me that I wound up doing this movie, because I had always been so careful about nudity, it was very much a part of this character and I couldn't be coy or guarded or self-conscious—otherwise it wouldn't work. It
20375-480: The marketing included a life-size cardboard cutout showing Whaley watching Connelly ride a mechanical horse, with the caption "He's about to have the ride of his life". In an interview with Rolling Stone , Connelly said that a Yale professor brought it to her attention and "... that wasn't something I felt all that comfortable about". The big-budget Disney film The Rocketeer (1991) followed later that year, but failed to ignite her career. She played Jenny Blake,
20538-402: The mass of this much concrete or soil is only 20–30% greater than that of lead with the same absorption capability. Depleted uranium is sometimes used for shielding in portable gamma ray sources , due to the smaller half-value layer when compared to lead (around 0.6 times the thickness for common gamma ray sources, i.e. Iridium-192 and Cobalt-60) and cheaper cost compared to tungsten . In
20701-623: The material (atomic density) and σ the absorption cross section in cm . As it passes through matter, gamma radiation ionizes via three processes: The secondary electrons (and/or positrons) produced in any of these three processes frequently have enough energy to produce much ionization themselves. Additionally, gamma rays, particularly high energy ones, can interact with atomic nuclei resulting in ejection of particles in photodisintegration , or in some cases, even nuclear fission ( photofission ). High-energy (from 80 GeV to ~10 TeV ) gamma rays arriving from far-distant quasars are used to estimate
20864-409: The order and fired his gun. However, he unintentionally hit Betty in the head. Bruce transformed into the Hulk and went after the Bushwacker, but the Hulk was held off by Doc Samson, allowing the Bushwacker to escape. When the Hulk and Samson returned to her house, her body was missing. It was later revealed that she was transformed into a red version of the Harpy when she confronted Jackie McGee on where
21027-424: The probability for absorption is proportional to the thickness of the layer, the density of the material, and the absorption cross section of the material. The total absorption shows an exponential decrease of intensity with distance from the incident surface: where x is the thickness of the material from the incident surface, μ= n σ is the absorption coefficient, measured in cm , n the number of atoms per cm of
21190-471: The process). One example of gamma ray production due to radionuclide decay is the decay scheme for cobalt-60, as illustrated in the accompanying diagram. First, Co decays to excited Ni by beta decay emission of an electron of 0.31 MeV . Then the excited Ni decays to the ground state (see nuclear shell model ) by emitting gamma rays in succession of 1.17 MeV followed by 1.33 MeV . This path
21353-466: The properties of semi-precious stones , and is often used to change white topaz into blue topaz . Non-contact industrial sensors commonly use sources of gamma radiation in refining, mining, chemicals, food, soaps and detergents, and pulp and paper industries, for the measurement of levels, density, and thicknesses. Gamma-ray sensors are also used for measuring the fluid levels in water and oil industries. Typically, these use Co-60 or Cs-137 isotopes as
21516-553: The quasar, and subjected to inverse Compton scattering, synchrotron radiation , or bremsstrahlung, are the likely source of the gamma rays from those objects. It is thought that a supermassive black hole at the center of such galaxies provides the power source that intermittently destroys stars and focuses the resulting charged particles into beams that emerge from their rotational poles. When those beams interact with gas, dust, and lower energy photons they produce X-rays and gamma rays. These sources are known to fluctuate with durations of
21679-553: The radiation source. In the US, gamma ray detectors are beginning to be used as part of the Container Security Initiative (CSI). These machines are advertised to be able to scan 30 containers per hour. Gamma radiation is often used to kill living organisms, in a process called irradiation . Applications of this include the sterilization of medical equipment (as an alternative to autoclaves or chemical means),
21842-638: The rarer gamma-ray burst sources of gamma rays. Pulsars have relatively long-lived magnetic fields that produce focused beams of relativistic speed charged particles, which emit gamma rays (bremsstrahlung) when those strike gas or dust in their nearby medium, and are decelerated. This is a similar mechanism to the production of high-energy photons in megavoltage radiation therapy machines (see bremsstrahlung ). Inverse Compton scattering , in which charged particles (usually electrons) impart energy to low-energy photons boosting them to higher energy photons. Such impacts of photons on relativistic charged particle beams
22005-523: The region of the event horizon of a newly formed black hole created during supernova explosion. The beam of particles moving at relativistic speeds are focused for a few tens of seconds by the magnetic field of the exploding hypernova . The fusion explosion of the hypernova drives the energetics of the process. If the narrowly directed beam happens to be pointed toward the Earth, it shines at gamma ray frequencies with such intensity, that it can be detected even at distances of up to 10 billion light years, which
22168-422: The removal of decay-causing bacteria from many foods and the prevention of the sprouting of fruit and vegetables to maintain freshness and flavor. Despite their cancer-causing properties, gamma rays are also used to treat some types of cancer , since the rays also kill cancer cells. In the procedure called gamma-knife surgery, multiple concentrated beams of gamma rays are directed to the growth in order to kill
22331-556: The rest is emitted as electromagnetic waves of all frequencies, including radio waves. The most intense sources of gamma rays, are also the most intense sources of any type of electromagnetic radiation presently known. They are the "long duration burst" sources of gamma rays in astronomy ("long" in this context, meaning a few tens of seconds), and they are rare compared with the sources discussed above. By contrast, "short" gamma-ray bursts of two seconds or less, which are not associated with supernovae, are thought to produce gamma rays during
22494-454: The role with "fine intelligence". Variety deemed her appearance "solid but underused", while Detroit News stated "Connelly has too little to do, but when she lets go, she hits hard." Indiewire wrote that Connelly conveyed the role with a "steady hand", while St. Paul Pioneer Press defined her interpretation as "compelling". Connelly starred in the television series Snowpiercer (2020–2024), her first role in television since
22657-496: The same fictional continuity; for example, allowing her to punch her way through dimensional barriers between different universes. However, she was defeated easily by the original She-Hulk , mainly due to her lack of experience. She shares the Red Hulk's ability to absorb energy, such as the gamma radiation from other gamma mutates, thereby reverting those beings to human form, and at least temporarily boosting herself. According to Banner, there were plans to remove this ability through
22820-451: The same man, that elevates the film to a higher level". A.O. Scott of The New York Times said, "There is, for one thing, Ms. Connelly, keen and spirited in the underwritten role of a woman who starts out as a math groupie and soon finds herself the helpmeet of a disturbed, difficult man." Connelly said afterwards, "[ A Beautiful Mind ] is the film I'm really proud of and really love." In relation to previous roles, Connelly said: There
22983-608: The same process that removed the Red Hulk's based on the fact that this ability would eventually kill her. Also like her father, the Red She-Hulk has yellow blood, produces yellow energy from her eyes when angry, and can discharge energy by touch. The Red She-Hulk can be returned to human form if she is suddenly startled or frightened, though she can revert to her Red She-Hulk form at will. As the Red She-Hulk, she still maintains control of her humanity, though if extremely angered she can become "pure Hulk", further increasing her strength, but losing control of her mind. The Red She-Hulk carries
23146-506: The same year, Connelly recorded an audiobook version of Paul Bowles ' The Sheltering Sky that was released in March 2012 as part of Audible.com 's The A-List Collection . Her next project, starring alongside Greg Kinnear , was the family drama Stuck in Love , the directorial debut of Josh Boone . Connelly played the ex-wife of Kinnear's character, with whom he is obsessed. The film
23309-485: The series' writer. Betty has a miscarriage in The Incredible Hulk vol. 2 #360. Though this occurred during David's run on the series, the issue was instead written by editor Bob Harras . David recalled, "The reason I refused to do it was because Betty was really losing her child to editorial fiat. It was decided by the powers-that-be that Betty and Bruce were not to become parents because that would make
23472-419: The sky. Banner agrees to repair the machines that cause the city to float in exchange for permission to use the advanced equipment to cure Betty. MODOK comes to the island and instigates a fight just as Banner starts the equipment. Banner, nonetheless, escapes the collapsing city with a now-cured Betty. Talbot is eventually rescued by General Ross, Clay Quartermain , and the Hulk. During his time in captivity by
23635-516: The three types of genotoxic activity. Another study studied the effects of acute ionizing gamma radiation in rats, up to 10 Gy , and who ended up showing acute oxidative protein damage, DNA damage, cardiac troponin T carbonylation, and long-term cardiomyopathy . The natural outdoor exposure in the United Kingdom ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 μSv/h with significant increase around known nuclear and contaminated sites. Natural exposure to gamma rays
23798-614: The thriller Blood Diamond (2006), the science fiction film The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008), and the romantic comedy He's Just Not That Into You (2009). In the subsequent decades, she took on supporting roles in Aronofsky's biblical epic film Noah (2014) and in the action films Alita: Battle Angel (2019) and Top Gun: Maverick (2022). She also starred in the science fiction television series Snowpiercer (2020–2024) and Dark Matter (2024). Connelly
23961-813: The top of the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of energy, all extremely high-energy photons are gamma rays; for example, a photon having the Planck energy would be a gamma ray. A few gamma rays in astronomy are known to arise from gamma decay (see discussion of SN1987A ), but most do not. Photons from astrophysical sources that carry energy in the gamma radiation range are often explicitly called gamma-radiation. In addition to nuclear emissions, they are often produced by sub-atomic particle and particle-photon interactions. Those include electron-positron annihilation , neutral pion decay , bremsstrahlung , inverse Compton scattering , and synchrotron radiation . In October 2017, scientists from various European universities proposed
24124-523: The total stopping power. Because of this, a lead (high Z ) shield is 20–30% better as a gamma shield than an equal mass of another low- Z shielding material, such as aluminium, concrete, water, or soil; lead's major advantage is not in lower weight, but rather its compactness due to its higher density. Protective clothing, goggles and respirators can protect from internal contact with or ingestion of alpha or beta emitting particles, but provide no protection from gamma radiation from external sources. The higher
24287-446: The tracer, such techniques can be employed to diagnose a wide range of conditions (for example, the spread of cancer to the bones via bone scan ). Gamma rays cause damage at a cellular level and are penetrating, causing diffuse damage throughout the body. However, they are less ionising than alpha or beta particles, which are less penetrating. Low levels of gamma rays cause a stochastic health risk, which for radiation dose assessment
24450-507: The world's most beautiful women. Jennifer Lynn Connelly was born on December 12, 1970, in Round Top , a hamlet in Cairo, New York, United States. She is the only child of Ilene Carol ( née Schumann ; 1942 –2013), an antique dealer, and Gerard Connelly (died 2008), a clothing manufacturer. Her father was a Catholic of Irish and Norwegian descent, while her mother was Jewish and
24613-414: The years, and cows him into surrendering the gun. Finally, Banner and Betty are pronounced husband and wife. However, Banner begins dying as a result of being physically separated from the Hulk. The two are secretly merged once more. Betty soon discovers this. General Ross later dies before his daughter's eyes, sacrificing his life to destroy an unnamed mutant that nearly killed both Betty and Banner seeking
24776-540: Was a period where I felt like I wasn't quite being considered for the projects that I wanted to work on because maybe people were thinking. 'I'm not going to cast the girl who was in that movie for this adult project.' I've felt for a long time that this is what I want to do so I'm happy at this point to just take my time and work on projects that I feel really strongly about and the rest of the time just live my life. Connelly starred in Ang Lee 's Hulk (2003), because she
24939-530: Was based on a 2002 Japanese film of the same name . She played Dahlia, a frightened young woman traumatized by her past, who moves with her daughter to an apartment in New York City where paranormal happenings take place. In his review, critic Roger Ebert wrote, "I cared about the Jennifer Connelly character; she is not a horror heroine but an actress playing a mother faced with horror. There
25102-474: Was based on the self-help book of the same name. Variety magazine praised her portrayal: "Connelly gives a really rich performance as a woman whose principles back her into a corner." In 2009, she appeared in the costume drama biopic Creation , in which she played Emma Darwin , wife of Charles Darwin , opposite her real-life husband Paul Bettany . Set during the writing of On the Origin of Species ,
25265-480: Was driving Chilean refugees. Initially, director Keith Gordon was reluctant to cast Connelly in this role as he did not consider her a serious actress. Her agent Risa Shapiro persuaded him to watch Connelly's performance in Far Harbor . Gordon later said: "There was a subtlety and depth even to her gaze that captured more of the relationship than I ever could have hoped for." About her role, Connelly said, " Waking
25428-607: Was educated at a yeshiva . Connelly's maternal ancestors were Jewish emigrants from Poland and Russia. Connelly was raised primarily in Brooklyn Heights , where she attended Saint Ann's School . Her father suffered from asthma so the family moved to Woodstock in 1976 to escape the city smog. Four years later, they returned to Brooklyn Heights, and Connelly returned to Saint Ann's School. After graduating from high school in 1988, Connelly went to Yale University to study English literature. She has described herself as
25591-485: Was hard for me and something I thought about...but it's not in a sleazy context". In the same year, director Garry Marshall considered her for the role of Vivian Ward in Pretty Woman , but ultimately felt that she was too young for the part. Connelly's next film was the 1991 romantic comedy Career Opportunities , starring alongside Frank Whaley . People criticized the film for exploiting Connelly's body;
25754-478: Was interested in his philosophical perspective on the Marvel Comics superhero. She played Betty Ross , a scientist and the former girlfriend of the main character, Bruce Banner . The film was a moderate success. Next in 2003, she appeared in House of Sand and Fog , a drama based on the novel by Andre Dubus III . She portrayed Kathy Nicolo, an abandoned wife whose inherited house is sold at auction to
25917-484: Was named Amnesty International Ambassador for Human Rights Education in 2005. She has been the face of Balenciaga and Louis Vuitton fashion advertisements, as well as for Revlon cosmetics. In 2012, she was named the first global face of the Shiseido Company. Magazines, including Time , Vanity Fair , and Esquire , as well as the Los Angeles Times newspaper, have included her on their lists of
26080-471: Was named Amnesty International Ambassador for Human Rights Education. She appeared in an advertisement highlighting the global need for clean water, and sought donations for African, Indian, and Central American drilling projects for the non-profit organization Charity: Water . On May 2, 2009, she participated in Revlon's annual 5k Run/Walk for Women. In May 2012, Connelly was named ambassador for Save
26243-1053: Was premiered during the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival . In 2015, Connelly starred in Shelter , the directorial debut by her husband, Paul Bettany. Connelly had a role in the 2014 film adaptation of the 1983 Mark Helprin novel, Winter's Tale , the directorial debut of Akiva Goldsman , alongside Colin Farrell , William Hurt and Russell Crowe ; as well as starring in the English-speaking directorial debut of Claudia Llosa , Aloft . Working again in collaboration with A Beautiful Mind co-star Russell Crowe, she portrayed Naameh in Darren Aronofsky's 2014 biblical epic Noah . The film opened to favorable reviews. The Washington Post declared Connelly and Crowe's performances "impressively grounded, powerful"; The Denver Post felt that Connelly portrayed
26406-448: Was sent away to boarding school . After graduating, the introverted young woman returned to her father's side while he was in charge of a top-secret project to create a new type of weapon involving gamma radiation , known as the Gamma Bomb. The head scientist on the project was Dr. Robert Bruce Banner . Betty was immediately captivated by Banner's intellect and soft-spoken manner. However, less than an hour after their first meeting, Banner
26569-474: Was sort of a challenge I wanted to take on, I guess". Mulholland Falls was a box office failure. She began to appear in small-budget films which garnered praise from critics, such as 1997's drama Inventing the Abbotts , set in the late 1950s, in which she played the part of Eleanor, one of three daughters of the town millionaire, Lloyd Abbott. The critic from Entertainment Weekly thought Connelly gave
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